Diagnostic of PD in Cables

PD activity incipient faults in cables. PDM is best indicator of insulation degradation being caused by cavities, electrical trees and other such defects, etc Provides Early Warning insulation fault. XLPE more susceptible to PD than paper insulation.

PD in Cables can be caused by

Interfacial tracking in joints stress cones. Surface discharge at cable termination. Discharge in Bulk XLPE insulation. Joints/splices termination can sustain >> 100 pC for weeks. Bulk XLPE does sustain ~ 100 pC in hours BD. Once PD occurs in XLPE insulation, an electrical tree initiates and can progresses very rapidly

On-line PD Testing
Provides quick Look-See tests on large number of feeders in a power network identify locate. Monitors and evaluate PD levels, cumulative activity and provides trends to compare with other and past data for asset management. Considered the most cost effective diagnostic technique that helps to avoid unplanned outages.

OLPD System Acquired at KSU is based on 4-phase approach

Phase 1: On-line PD Screening with handheld PD surveying devices Phase 2: On-line PD Testing with PD diagnostic spot testers Phase 3: PD Location/Mapping with on-line PD cable mapping Phase 4: On-line PD Monitoring with portable on-line PD monitors

Phase-I: Surveyor
Long experience on cable network shows 5-20% of cable circuits have high PD in prescreening (Ph-I) quick cheap. PD surveyor: hand held. Ultrasonic / acoustic sensor. HFCT BW is 20 MHz. TEV BW is 100 MHz Provides LED based PD level Identifies 5 to 10% of cables feeders that may experience failures.

Phase-II: Longshot Spot Tester

Utilizes HVPD Longshot unit with software. It measures / records PD activity synchronously on four channels fed from the sensors attached on the cables on PC based 400 MHz CRO. Sensors used are:

HFCTs. TEV RF Antanae.

Most prominent challenge in OLPD is to differentiate and isolate PD pulses from high Electromagnetic interference (Noise) prevalent in the field. Noise sources are: Frequency converters / thyristor firings. Variable speed drives. Surface discharges on external Insulation. Radio frequency interference. Cross talk from neighboring equipment.

PD pulses undergo attenuation and dispersion during their travel in the cable and their rise time / fall time values change. To isolate attenuated PD pulses from the noise pulses, state of the art filtering techniques are required.

Longshot Unit

Long shot + set of filters, it is possible to: Differentiate PD signals from noise. Establish location of PD. Device based on Windows PC + On board LAN Port.

Online PD Monitoring Sensors

HFCT
To capture PD travelling along the length of cable

TEV
To capture locally induced PD signals inside switchgears

RF Antenna
To capture external noise and interference

Online PD Monitoring Sensors

Frequency response of HFCT

High Frequency Current Transformer HFCT

Transient earth voltage sensor

Cable PD Monitoring

15

Cable PD Monitoring

16

Earthing Requirements
There are two prerequisites for conducting a successful online PD measurements. There must be independent access to either the earth-strap or the core of the cable at the switchgear/transformer. There must be an insulated gland between the cable earth and the switchgear earth.

Earthing Requirements

CT Around Earth Strap in a Substation

Work to continue to understand the usefulness of this system

Laboratory Experimental Setup

Long cable with proper terminations One end connected to HV transformer Other end open Toroid is used at the end to relief electric field stress around sharp edges of conductor. HFCT around core or earth TEV near the termination

Laboratory Experimental Setup

HV Transformer with primary and secondary circuit Insulation breakers Insulation screen Sheath Stress cone Metallic shield Toroid

Long Cable

AC

Conductor

HFCT

Measuring instrument

C1

C2

Filter with 50 Ohm termination

Laboratory Experimental Setup

500m

Joints

HFCT

B
HFCT

A
HFCT 500m 500m HFCT 500m

Start of PD pulse HFCT

B
Joints

C D
HFCT HFCT

HFCT

Cable PD Source Localization

Single-ended PD site location method

PD pulse train as seen from the measurement end Location from measurement end (% of Cable Length) = 100*(1-T/L)

Cable PD Source Localization

Cable PD Source Localization

Segment Waveform 50

Volts (mV)

0 -50

Main pulse
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9

Reflected pulse
10 11 12 13 14

Cable Length = 100m Time Difference = 1.2s Defect Location = 0% of the length (approx.)

Cable PD Source Localization

Segment Waveform 10

Volts (mV)

5 0 -5 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Main pulse

Reflected pulse

Cable Length = 100m Time Difference = 1.19s Defect Location = 0% of the length (approx)

Cable PD Source Localization

Reflected pulse

Main pulse

Cable Length = 1500m Time Difference = 19.2s Defect Location = 0% of the length (approx)

Cable PD Source Localization

Segment Waveform 6 4

Reflected pulse

Volts (mV)

2 0 -2 -4 -6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Main pulse

Cable Length = 1500m Time Difference = 6.4s Defect Location = 66.67% of the length (approx)

PD Pulse Propagation

Conventional and Online System

= 100 m

Filter Software Noise rejection PD mapping

Location of Defects on Cable

Comparison of HVPD and Conventional System

a) Knife cut in the insulation at position # 3 b) Mechanical damage-sharp cut extending from cables sheath down to its insulation c) Test on a field aged water treed XLPE cable.
OLPD Defect Type (a) (b) (c) PDIV (kVrms) 8.0 8.7 13.0 qm (pC) 125 268 281 Conventional PD System PDIV (kVrms) 8.0 8.7 13.0 qm (pC) 136 320 350

qm=1025%

5. Using OLPD to Detect PD from Cable Defects (1/6)

Surface discharge at termination.
4.1 kV (1150 pC)

6.5 kV (790 pC)

Knife Cut in Insulation (2/6)

8.5 kV (327 pC)

Metallic Protrusion (4/6)

8 kV (20 pC)

Water Tree + ET Degraded Field Aged Cable (5/6)

13.0 kV (52 pC)

Defective Joint (6/6)

5 kV (123 pC)

PD Pulse Shapes
Segment Waveform 200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Volts (mV)

Surface Discharge

Segment Wavef orm 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Volts (mV)

Cut in Insulation

Segment Waveform 30 20

Volts (mV)

10 0 -10 -20 -30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Electrical Tree

Segment Waveform 60 40

Volts (mV)

20 0 -20 -40 -60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Cavity Discharge

Segment Waveform 600 400

Volts (mV)

200 0 -200 -400 -600 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Surface Discharge

Segment Waveform 10

Volts (mV)

5 0 -5 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time us 9 10 11 12 13 14

Tap Charge