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Electromagnetic Optics
EM wave beam ray
Electromagnetic optics accounts for the polarization (vector nature) of the electric and magnetic fields in the light waves Wave optics is scalar approximation to electromagnetic optics Ray optics is the approximation to wave optics when the objects that the light interacts with are much larger than the wavelength
Vector nature of light determines the amount of light reflected and refracted at the boundaries; governs the light propagation in waveguides and laser resonators.
Optoelectronics and Optical Components
Electromagnetic Wave
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Electromagnetic Wave
E ( r ,t ) H ( r ,t )
http://electronicsgurukulam.blogspot.ca/2012/04/how-electro-magnetic-wave-propagates.html
Described by coupled electric and magnetic field vectors, changing in time and space.
Maxwell's Equations
In free space
E H =0 t H E = 0 t E = 0 H = 0 1 c0 = 0 0
0( 1 / 36 )109 F / m 0 ( 4 )10
7
Ex, Ey ,Ez
1 u satisfy 2 u =0 2 2 c0 t Hx,Hy,Hz
Wave equation stems from Maxwell's equations: Take ( E ) to prove.
H/m
Optoelectronics and Optical Components
Maxwell's Equations
In a medium
In a medium with no free electric charges or currents, two additional vector fields are required:
These two extra vectors include medium response to the electromagnetic field.
Constitutive Relationships
D=0 E + P ; B =0 H + 0 M D H = t B E= t D = 0 B = 0 P - polarization density; M - magnetization density
In free space:
P =0 ;
D=0 E ;
M =0 ; B =0 H ;
Maxwell's equations reduce to those in free space.
Boundary Conditions
In a homogeneous medium:
E , H , D , B are continuous.
At the Interfaces:
E t ,1= E t , 2 H t ,1= H t , 2 Dn , 1 = D n , 2 B n , 1= B n , 2
Tangential components of electric and magnetic fields, and normal components of electric and magnetic flux densities should be continuous accross an interface between two media.
Optoelectronics and Optical Components
S= E H S H
The magnitude of time-averaged Poynting vector is optical intensity:
I ( r , t )= S
Poynting Theorem
Energy Conservation Law
Applying the vector product identity
( E H )=( E )H ( H )E
and Maxwell's equations, we arrive at
1 P M 2 1 2 S = 0 E + 0 H + E +0 H t 2 2 t t
Power densities delivered to electric and magnetic dipoles The power flow escaping from the surface of small volume equals the time rate of change of the energy stored inside the volume.
Optoelectronics and Optical Components
P ( r ,t )
The medium is linear, if P(r, t) depends on E(r, t) linearly. The medium is nondispersive, if response is instantaneous. The medium is homogeneous, if the relation between P depends on E does not depend on position r. The medium is isotropic, if the relation between P depends on E does not depend on the direction of vector E.
E H = t H E = t E = 0 H = 0
1 1 u 2 u 2 2 =0, c = c t c0 n = = 0 0 c
Nonmagnetic medium:
= 1+ =0 , n= 0
Poynting Theorem:
W S = t
= 2
H =i E E =i H E = 0 H = 0 U + k U =0 k = n k 0=
2 2
Electromagnetic Waves
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