Fluid and Thermodynamic Parameters - Assignment 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818
Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems
Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1
Page 1 of 31
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Page 2 of 31
Question 1
Page 3 of 31
Question 2
1
Page 4 of 31
= M =
150 3.85 x 10 3.896 kg/s
M 3.896 0.000
= V
= ###### L/s
Flow Rate
= ###### L/s
Question 2 (continued)
Page 5 of 31
Using the mean temperature, calculate the required Glycol flow rates through each section of the piping system.
Section 3 - Plate heat exchanger 2 branch line. Q = M C T Where: M is unknown Q = 100kW C = 3.85 T = 10K Q C T 100 3.85 x 10 2.597 kg/s PIPE SELECTION From the chart (Chart 3 - Friction Loss for Water Piping Systems: Copper Tube, 15.6C), I nominate 50mm copper tube. At a flow rate of 2.5L/s, 50mm copper tube gives: Velocity of: n = 1.4 m/s
= M =
M 2.597 0.000
= V
= ###### L/s
Flow Rate
= ###### L/s
Page 6 of 31
Using the mean temperature, calculate the required Glycol flow rates through each section of the piping system.
Section 4 - Main return line, from branch lines of plate heat exchangers to chiller inlet. Q = M C T Where: M is unknown Q = 250kW C = 3.85 T = 10K Q C T 250 3.85 x 10 6.494 kg/s PIPE SELECTION From the chart (Chart 3 - Friction Loss for Water Piping Systems: Copper Tube, 15.6C), I nominate 80mm copper tube. At a flow rate of 6.3L/s, 80mm copper tube gives: Velocity of: n = 1.6 m/s
= M =
M 6.494 0.000
= V
= ###### L/s
Flow Rate
= ###### L/s
Question 3
Page 7 of 31
Calculate the pressure loss through each section of the piping system
Section 1 - Main supply line, from chiller outlet to branch lines of plate heat exchangers.
a) Reynolds Number n x Re = (kinematic velocity) = (dynamic velocity)
d) Pressure drop through pipework pd = Where: f = L = = n = = pd = pd = pd = f x L x x n 2

2
Where: = = n = = = =
18 0.000 1.6 0.08 0.018 1044
cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m
Friction factor Length of pipe (m) Density of fluid (g/mL) Velocity (m/s) Diameter of pipe (m) Pressure drop (Pa) 0.028 0.028 x x 50.7 0.08 633.8 x x 1044 1044 x x 1.6 2 2 1.28
0.0000172 pd = 23,713.00 Pa 23.72 kPa for Section 1 (pipework only).
Re = Re =
1.6 x 0.08 0.0000172 7,424
e) Pressure drop through fittings Pt = Where: Pt = Kt = Pv = Pv Kt x Pv
b) Flow Type From the Moody Chart, a Reynolds Number of 7,424 gives a TURBULENT FLOW
Total Pressure drop through fitting (kPa) Pressure drop co-efficient in fitting Velocity pressure = 0.5 x x n2 1000 1044 x 1000 1.6 2
c) Friction Factor Relative Roughness: rr = k (average internal pipe roughness) (mm) 0.0015 80 0.000019 mm
Pv Pv
= =
0.5 x
rr rr
= =
1.34
From Moody Chart, using Relative Roughness of 0.00002 @ Re 7,424: f = 0.028
Page 8 of 31
Fitting kt Pv Pt Qty Total P
Gate valve Strainer Check valve Tee (line) Elbow
0.14 1.34 0.19 3 1.25 1.34 1.68 1 2.1 1.34 2.81 1 0.15 1.34 0.21 1 0.32 1.34 0.43 6 Total Pressure Drop through fittings:
0.57 1.68 2.81 0.21 2.58 7.85 kPa
Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through pipework: Section 1 Total Pressure Drop:
7.85 kPa 23.72 kPa 31.57 kPa
Page 9 of 31
Section 2 - Plate heat exchanger 1 branch line.

2
Where: = = n = = = =
18 0.000 1.4 0.065 0.018 1044
cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m
Friction factor Length of pipe (m) Density of fluid (g/mL) Velocity (m/s) Diameter of pipe (m) Pressure drop (Pa) 0.03 0.03 x x 4.3 0.065 66.15 Pa for Section 2 (pipework only). x x 1044 1044 x x 1.4 2 2 0.98
0.0000172 pd = 2,030.50 2.04 kPa
Re = Re =
1.4 x 0.065 0.0000172 5,278
Pv Pv
= =
0.5 x
rr rr
= =
1.02
Page 10 of 31
2 0.34 Gate valve 1 6.35 Globe valve 2 1.58 Tee (branch) 1 100.00 Heat Exchange Total Pressure Drop through fittings: 108.27 kPa Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through pipework: Section 2 Total Pressure Drop: 108.27 kPa 2.04 kPa 110.31 kPa
0.16 6.2 0.77
1.02 1.02 1.02
0.17 6.35 0.79
Page 11 of 31
Section 3 - Plate heat exchanger 2 branch line.

2
Where: = = n = = = =
18 0.000 1.4 0.05 0.018 1044
cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m
Re = Re =
1.4 x 0.05 0.0000172 4,060
Pv Pv
= =
0.5 x
rr rr
= =
1.02
Page 12 of 31
2 Gate valve 1 Globe valve 2 Tee (line) 2 Elbow 1 Heat Exchange Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through pipework: Section 3 Total Pressure Drop:
0.17 6.8 0.19 0.36
1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02
0.18 6.96 0.20 0.37
0.36 6.96 0.40 0.74 80.00 88.46 kPa
88.46 kPa 11.94 kPa 100.40 kPa
Page 13 of 31
Section 4 - Main supply line, from chiller outlet to branch lines of plate heat exchangers.

2
Where: = = n = = = =
18 0.000 1.6 0.08 0.018 1044
cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m
Re = Re =
1.6 x 0.08 0.0000172 7,424
Pv Pv
= =
0.5 x
rr rr
= =
1.34
Page 14 of 31
Gate valve Tee (line) Elbow Chiller
0.14 0.15 0.32
1.34 1.34 1.34
0.19 0.21 0.43
1 1 2 1
0.19 0.21 0.86 80.00 81.26 kPa
Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through fittings: Total Pressure Drop through pipework: Section 4 Total Pressure Drop:
81.26 kPa 23.72 kPa 104.98 kPa
Page 15 of 31
Shawn Taylor Student No 267439818
J027B - Fluid Thermodynamic Parameters
Assignment No. 1
Shawn Taylor - Fluid & Thermodynamic Parameters Assignment No. 1
R22
Page 16 of 31
Assignment No. 1
Question 1a
You decant R22 @ -10C into a charging cylinder that has a volume of 1,000cm3. The cylinder is "safely" filled to 80%. The cylinder temperature rises to the air temperature of 20C. a) What will be the volume of R22 in the cylinder? b) Calculate if the cylinder pressure relief valve is going to be activated due to hydrostatic expansion if the temperature in your service van rises to 50C.
a) v
T
-4 -1 = 11.5 x 10 K = 0.00115K-1 3 = change in volume (cm ) 3 3 = 800cm (1000 x 80%) - original volume (cm ) = 30K (20C - -10C)
(of R22) v V T
v v
3 = 800cm x 0.00115K-1 x 30K
3 27.6 cm
New volume New volume New volume
= Original volume = 800cm3 +

3 = 827.6cm
Change in volume
27.6cm3 @ 20C
Page 17 of 31
Assignment No. 1
Question 1b
b) Pressure relief valve would activate when the entire volume of the tank is filled with liquid refrigerant. Therefore, will the initial volume of 800cm3 (@10C) expand beyond the total volume of 1,000cm3 @ 50C? i.e. Will "Change in volume" be greater than 200cm ?
3
T
-4 -1 -1 = 11.5 x 10 K = 0.00115K 3 = change in volume (cm ) 3 3 = 800cm (1000 x 80%) Original volume (cm ) = 60K (50C - -10C) 3
(of R22) v V T
v v
= 800cm =
x 0.00115K-1 x 60K
3 55.2 cm
Page 18 of 31
</body>
Click Image to Enlarge
If you never paid much attention to what kind of refrigerant is circulating inside your plastics ch
rs. For example, R407c is already widely used in chillers from European suppliers, like this portable unit from Frigel.
If you never paid much attention to what kind of refrigerant is circulating inside your plastics chillers, it may be time you did. New regulations
1. ITS THE LAW 2. YOU CAN KEEP YOUR OLD CHILLERS 3. THERE ARE NUMEROUS ALTERNATIVES 4. DOES IT MATTER WHICH ONE I USE?
Whats happening is not a conspiracy of chiller suppliers to make you buy new equipment. It all goes back to an international agreement call
It is not illegal to continue to use chillers that contain R22. In fact, for a little while longer, you may be able to buy chillers built before Jan. 1 th
Three alternative refrigerants are most commonly used in plastics chillersR407c, R410a, and R134a. They are readily available and are no
Probably not very much. And in some cases, there isnt much choice anyway, because technical reasons limit the range of applicable refrige
A number of suppliersincluding Advantage Engineering, AEC, Conair, Delta T, and Mokonagree that R134a is preferable for very small u
Two less commonly mentioned refrigerants are used for especially low-temperature chillersR507 or R404a for temperatures below 20 F an
Although European equipment makers tend to rely largely on R407c, the chart shows that major domestic suppliers are leaning toward R410
Advocates of R410asuch as AEC, Conair, and Thermal Carepoint out that its the most efficient refrigerant. That means that users may e
Another point of comparison between R407c and R410a is cost. Chiller makers agree that the cost of components for chillers with R407c is a
Overall, it is difficult to compare efficiency, compactness, and cost of new vs. old chillers strictly on the basis of refrigerants. One reason is th
One other point of debate concerning refrigerants is maintenance issues. Some sources note that industrial refrigeration service firms (as op
All these various issues, whether or not of practical importance, appear to have motivated firms such as AEC, Advantage, and Thermal Care
5. DO I NEED A WHOLE NEW CHILLER?

As noted above, the higher operating pressures of most of the R22 replacements necessitate substitution of beefier compressors, piping, se
6. ITS NOT THE END OF THE STORY
Chiller suppliers doubt that the switch from R22 to the current stable of refrigerants will be the end of the story. Several others are being activ
One looming factor in refrigerant choices is global warming potential, or GWP. This is another atmospheric impact of refrigerants besides th
de your plastics chillers, it may be time you did.
e you did. New regulations took effect on Jan. 1, which limit the types of refrigerants that can be used in new chillers and reduce worldwide production of th
nternational agreement called the Montreal Protocol for protection of the atmospheric ozone layer, signed by the U.S. in 1987 and enforced by the Clean A
chillers built before Jan. 1 that contain R22. As of last month, a few suppliers still had some of these units in stock. For some years to come, you will be ab
eadily available and are not really new technology, as they have been used in automotive and home air conditioning for a number of years. R407c is found
range of applicable refrigerants. As shown in the table opposite, most suppliers offer a range of refrigerants, often segmenting them by application (tempe
s preferable for very small units. The reason is that it is the only commonly available refrigerant that operates at a pressure lower than that for R22; all the o
emperatures below 20 F and down to -40 F.
rs are leaning toward R410a. Even some, like Mokon and Frigel, that are focusing initially on R407c, believe that R410a could be the wave of the future w
hat means that users may experience energy savings (kw/ton) of anywhere from 2% to 5%. Sources at Advantage Engineering and Conair are not so sure
s for chillers with R407c is about the same as for R22, but building a chiller for R410a currently costs an average of 5% to 10% (and sometimes up to 15%
rigerants. One reason is that in redesigning their equipment for new refrigerants, suppliers have simultaneously implemented a number of upgrades in com
eration service firms (as opposed to home refrigeration specialists) may be less familiar and comfortable with R410a and the higher pressures involved. R4
vantage, and Thermal Care to offer both R407c and R410a for their most popular chillers, though they are encouraging customers to choose R410a.
er compressors, piping, seals, etc. Whats more, the alternative refrigerants are not compatible with the mineral-type compressor oils used with R22 and re
veral others are being actively considered, and something new could pop up. In Europe, there is even interest in propane or butane for very small chillers
ct of refrigerants besides their ozone-depletion potential (ODP), and some chiller suppliers think it could become the next front for U.S. environmental regu
e worldwide production of the old R22 refrigerant you have been using. Chiller suppliers are now talking about a welter of replacement refrigerants with des
nd enforced by the Clean Air Act of 1990. Since then, there has been a global phase-out of the most ozone-damaging refrigerants, solvents, and foam blow
ars to come, you will be able to get additional R22 to service your existing chillers. However, supplies will steadily decrease, and the cost is expected to ris
ber of years. R407c is found in many European-built chillers, since the European Union phased out R22 years ago. A number of domestic suppliers have b
them by application (temperature range), compressor type, or equipment size. For example, some suppliers say only R134a is compatible with central chil
r than that for R22; all the others operate at higher pressures. Lower pressures mean that lower-horsepower compressors can be used, which reduces op
be the wave of the future when a wider range of high-pressure components become available and component prices ease with higher volumes.
and Conair are not so sure, pointing out that slightly greater compressor efficiency is only one factor in the overall efficiency of a chiller system. Advocates number of upgrades in compressors, condensers, and controls.
(and sometimes up to 15%) more, though costs may come down in the future. Some chiller suppliers, however, say they have not raised prices on chillers
gher pressures involved. R407c is more similar in pressure to R22, so more service firms may be equipped to handle it, at least initially. On the other side o
ers to choose R410a.
or oils used with R22 and require synthetic oils instead. While it is theoretically possible to replace the oil, compressor, and other componentsespecially
tane for very small chillers up to 1 ton.
for U.S. environmental regulators. GWP is already said to be the primary driver in European refrigerant regulation. R22 and most of the current substitutes
ement refrigerants with designations like R410a, R407c, R134a, R404a, and R507. What does all this mean for you?
ts, solvents, and foam blowing agentsfirst R12 in the 1980s and now R22, which has been the standard in plastics chillers. Under U.S. law, no new chill
d the cost is expected to rise accordingly. January 1 saw a 60% drop in the global cap on R22 production mandated by the Montreal Protocol, and prices s
domestic suppliers have been using R134a in the very smallest chillers for years. Some of the major U.S. suppliers began introducing models with R410a
compatible with central chillers based on oilless, centrifugal compressorswhich are sold by Thermal Care and Frigel.
be used, which reduces operating costs. Lower pressure and compressor horsepower with R134a are also the reasons why some suppliers favor it for the higher volumes.
a chiller system. Advocates also note that the efficiency of R410a allows use of smaller internal components and piping, which could enable a slightly more
ot raised prices on chillers with R410a.
initially. On the other side of the coin, it is sometimes pointed out that R407c is a mixture of three gases, while R410a is a more compatible mix of two gas
r componentsespecially if the switch is to R407cit may or may not be cost-effective to do so. That would depend on the size and technological age o
st of the current substitutes have GWPs within a fairly similar range.
nder U.S. law, no new chillers could be built to use R22 after Jan. 1, 2010.
treal Protocol, and prices simultaneously jumped more than 20% higher. The global production cap will drop another 60% in 2015, and all R22 production
oducing models with R410a or R407c more than a year ago. They report that there have been no issues with these units in field.
me suppliers favor it for the largest central chillers as well. Components for building very large chillers with the highest-pressure refrigerant, R410a, are not
could enable a slightly more compact chiller design. Advantage sources again believe that overall chiller design is a bigger influence on footprint than sligh
compatible mix of two gases. One may encounter arguments that if a chiller with R407c leaks some refrigerant, the lighter components escape first, there
e and technological age of the chiller. Mokon sources said it could be cost-effective to switch a smaller chiller to R407c. However, no supplier interviewed
15, and all R22 production is scheduled to cease in 2020. After that, R22 will be available only from recovered and recycled stock.
refrigerant, R410a, are not yet readily available. R410a operates at 340 to 390 psi or higher, vs. 215 to 245 psi for R22.
ence on footprint than slight differences in component sizes.
ponents escape first, thereby changing the composition of the remaining mix and its refrigeration performance. That allegedly means the leaking chiller co
ver, no supplier interviewed has received any requests to retrofit a unit for the new refrigerants.
means the leaking chiller could not simply be topped up with more R407cinstead, the whole refrigerant charge would have to be removed and replaced
be removed and replaced, at higher cost. Because of the more compatible mix of ingredients, R410a reportedly is not susceptible to these issues. Bu
ble to these issues. Bu
1,500
Glycol Chiller Entering Temp: Leaving Temp:
250kW 0C -10C
R22
Bladder Type Expansion Tank
7,500
1
3500
2500
7,000
8,500
4,700
9,000
1,500
Plate Heat Exchanger 1 Cooling Load 150kW;
Plate Heat Exchanger 2 Cooling Load 100kW;
2,800
3
8,500
9,000
Shawn TaylorUPRIGHT BOTTLE CABINET Student No. DRAWING REFRIGERATION PIPEWORK SCHEMATIC 267439818
UNIT UEENEEJ032B COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEM DESIGN DRAWN BY DATE SHAWN TAYLOR 8 OCT 2012 DWG REFRIGERATION SCHEMATIC 001 SIZE SCALE DWG NO. REV A4 NTS RS-001 A
PROJECT
Shawn TaylorUPRIGHT BOTTLE CABINET Student No. DRAWING REFRIGERATION PIPEWORK SCHEMATIC 267439818
UNIT UEENEEJ032B COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION SYSTEM DESIGN DRAWN BY DATE SHAWN TAYLOR 8 OCT 2012 DWG REFRIGERATION SCHEMATIC 001 SIZE SCALE DWG NO. REV A4 NTS RS-001 A
PROJECT

Fluid and Thermodynamic Parameters - Assignment 1

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Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

150 3.85 x 10 3.896 kg/s

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

a) Reynolds Number n x Re = (kinematic velocity) = (dynamic velocity)

d) Pressure drop through pipework pd = Where: f = L = = n = = pd = pd = pd = f x L x x n 2

18 0.000 1.6 0.08 0.018 1044

cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m

0.0000172 pd = 23,713.00 Pa 23.72 kPa for Section 1 (pipework only).

1.6 x 0.08 0.0000172 7,424

e) Pressure drop through fittings Pt = Where: Pt = Kt = Pv = Pv Kt x Pv

From Moody Chart, using Relative Roughness of 0.00002 @ Re 7,424: f = 0.028

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Gate valve Strainer Check valve Tee (line) Elbow

0.57 1.68 2.81 0.21 2.58 7.85 kPa

7.85 kPa 23.72 kPa 31.57 kPa

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Section 2 - Plate heat exchanger 1 branch line.

a) Reynolds Number n x Re = (kinematic velocity) = (dynamic velocity)

d) Pressure drop through pipework pd = Where: f = L = = n = = pd = pd = pd = f x L x x n 2

18 0.000 1.4 0.065 0.018 1044

cP (0.018Pa/s) 3 g/mL (1,044kg/m ) m/s m

0.0000172 pd = 2,030.50 2.04 kPa

1.4 x 0.065 0.0000172 5,278

e) Pressure drop through fittings Pt = Where: Pt = Kt = Pv = Pv Kt x Pv

From Moody Chart, using Relative Roughness of 0.00002 @ Re 5,278: f = 0.03

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

0.16 6.2 0.77

1.02 1.02 1.02

0.17 6.35 0.79

Shawn Taylor Student No: 267439818

Diploma HVAC R Hydronic Systems

Refrigeration Thermodynamics Assignment Number 1

Section 3 - Plate heat exchanger 2 branch line.

a) Reynolds Number n x Re = (kinematic velocity) = (dynamic velocity)

d) Pressure drop through pipework pd = Where: f = L = = n = = pd = pd = pd = f x L x x n 2

18 0.000 1.4 0.05 0.018 1044