Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism 1. The U.S. vs.

England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans. 2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war. 3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the American System to build up the economy. 4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an EastWest line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to stay away! IDENTIFICATIONS: Rush-Bagot Agreement The Rush-Bagot agreement between Britain and the United States severely limited naval armament on the lakes. Better relations brought the last border fortifications down in the 1870s, with the happy result that the United States and Canada came to share the worlds longest unfortified boundary5,527 miles long. Second Bank of the United States In 1816, during the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union. Francis Cabot Lowell Lowell led a group of merchants called the Boston Associates and added a new dimension to factory production. Many of the earlier factories used Slaters cotton spinning machines and set up hand looms. In 1813, Lowell combined the spinning machines with power weaving machines at the Boston Manufacturing Company plant. Lowell was able to mechanize the entire process and mass produce standardized cloth. Era of Good Feelings The period from 1817 to 1823, also during Monroes presidency, in which the Federalist party completely diminished and the Republicans were able to dominate the government with a spirit of nonpartisan harmony. Adams-Onis Treaty In this treaty, also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the United States, and America gave up its claims to Texas. The U.S. and Mexico border was also set so that Texas and the American Southwest would be part of Mexico.

Panic of 1819 A time when the good feelings of the era ended and economic panic began increasing. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment and overcrowded debtors prisons. This resulted from over-speculation in the strong Bank of the United States. Tallmadge Amendment The agreement stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. A roar of anger burst from the slaveholding southerners after this agreement and were joined by many depression-cursed prisoners who favored unhampered expansion of the West. Missouri Compromise The compromise asserted that Missouri be admitted as a slave state, but at the same time have Maine become a separate free state. This kept the eager balance of North and South states in Congress. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 3630- the southern boundary of Missouri. John Marshall Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. His commanding personality and powerful intellect helped shape the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other figure. His most notable case is the Marbury vs. Madison, in which he ruled that only the Supreme Court has the right of judicial review. Latin American Revolution The Latin American people in this revolution have several wars of independence, wars against European colonial rule that led to the independence of the Latin American states. This revolution was strongly inspired by those of America and France. Monroe Doctrine It was created in 1823 when the Monroe incorporated into his annual message to Congress a stern warning to the European powers. Its two basic ideas were noncolonization and nonintervention. He proclaimed that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and that henceforth the hunting season was permanently closed. He also issued a warning against foreign intervention, concerned with regions to the south where fears were felt for the fledgling Spanish American republics.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: On to Canada over Land and Lakes Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough 1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada. The U.S. navy was extremely successful in the fight for Canada because American craft on the whole were more skillfully handled, had better gunners, and were manned by non-press-gang crews who were burning to avenge numerous indignities. American frigates had thicker sides, heavier firepower, and larger crews, of which one sailor in size was a free black. The American navy was able to get the vital control of the Great Lakes. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans 2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain. The United States did not fight the War of 1812 very effectively, because the Capitol and White House were completely burned by the British, and Fort McHenry was hammered by the British Fleet. The British also sent a harsh blow at New Orleans, menacing the entire Mississippi Valley. Despite the great damage done by the British, the Americans were able to keep their guard and gain victory from the British. The Treaty of Ghent Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay 3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain. The Treaty of Ghent was not necessarily advantageous to the United States because both sides simply agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. United States did not make any mention of grievances for which America had ostensibly fought: The Indian menace, search and seizure, Orders in Council, impressments, and confiscations. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention 4. What did the Hartford Convention do? In the Hartford Convention New England Federalists men met in complete secrecy from December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815, to discuss their grievances and to seek redress for their wrongs. Despite alarming claims, the convention was quite moderate and only demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade, sought to abolish the 3/5 clause in the Constitution and prohibit the election of two successive presidents from the same state. However, when these New England delegates went to the Capitol to present their complaints, the recent victory at New Orleans made their requests almost treasonous. This marked the death of the Federalist party.

The Second War for American Independence 5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812? One of the long term effects of the War of 1812 was sectionalism, that the nation was full of sectional disunity after the war. Also, the Indians were forced to make such terms as they could and reluctantly consented to a series to treaties, relinquishing their vast land. Manufacturing prospered behind the British blockade, and the War of 1812 bred greater American independence. This also formed great nationalism and patriotism. Nascent Nationalism Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur 6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812? A prominent evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812 is the distinctively national literature. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s, as the nations first writers to use American scenes and themes. School textbooks also were beginning to be written by Americans for American schools. The nationalism can be seen in the revived Bank of the United States in 1816. "The American System" Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal 7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years? Nationalism can be seen in the economics of the post-war years when Patriotic Americans took pride in the factories that immerged from the heavy embargoes. The Congress, very nationalistic and filled with Republicans, passed the Tariff of 1816, the first protective tariff in American history. More nationalism can also be seen through Henry Clays home market and American System. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings 8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings? James Monroes presidency was not the Era of Good Feelings for long. After the War of 1812, there was a boost in the nationalism, especially when Monroe took a goodwill tour to inspect military defenses. He was heartily welcomed by the American people. However, soon after, sectionalism and the conflict over slavery began to demolish the Era of Good Feelings. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819 9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819. The causes of the Panic of 1819 was the over speculation in frontier lands. the Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling. The effects of the Panic of 1819 include deflations, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors prisons.

Growing Pains of the West 10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War? The continuation of the generations old westward movement, the announcement of cheap land, and The Ohio fever led to the settlement of the West in the years following the war. Some other developments also played a role in the expansion. Acute economic distress during the embargo years turned many pinched faces toward the West. The crushed Indian now made the frontier safe and opened up vast virgin tracts of land. Slavery and the Sectional Balance Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution 11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive? Missouris request for statehood was so explosive because Missouri was a slave state, which threw off the balance of North and South states in Congress. By adding Missouri, the Congress of the unequal amount of votes, which means the South would have dominance in the Senate. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night" 12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain. Although the North and South were appeased for the moment, since the North and South amount of representation were equal, the North and the South were not completely pleased with the Compromise. The Compromise did not solve the problem, but rather pushed the problem further back until the Civil War. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden 13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional." Through this statement, Marshal was arguing that Constitution was made to fit in society forever, despite the many years that had passed since its ratification. He was giving a doctrine of loose construction to this statement. He asserted that Constitution was intended to give the government the right to adapt and act accordingly and with the best benefit of the nation in whole. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster 14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess. John Marshall, who presided over the Supreme Court through the cases of Marbury vs. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, and Gibbons v. Ogden, made several significant decisions that are felt even today. He buttressed the federal Union and helped to create a stable, nationally uniform environment for businesses, and checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819 15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain. Andrew Jackson was more important to American territorial expansion. He was the idol of the West and the scourge of the Indians, and saw opportunity in the undefended swamplands. Jackson swept across the Florida border in 1818, hung two Indian Chiefs, and executed two British subjects. He also seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area. The Menace of Monarchy in America Know: George Canning 16. How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America? Great Britains foreign secretary, George Canning, approached the American minister in London with a proposition asking the United States to combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory and specifically warning the European despots to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics. Monroe and His Doctrine Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine 17. How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas? The Monroe Doctrine is most renowned U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. The doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or intervention of monarchs. The United States did not keep a large standing army but were not militarily weak either. They also had just defeated Britain and were a well respected country. Monroe's Doctrine Appraised 18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history. Although known as the Self Defense Doctrine, the Monroe Doctrine was mainly the expression of the post 1812 nationalism energizing the United States. Although directed at a specific menace in 1823, the doctrine became the most famous of all the long lived offspring of nationalism.