Chamila Sumathiratna - FIVT

A wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another, accompanied by a transfer of energy. Oscillation is the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value or between two or more different states.

Object repeats the same motion over and over again in a cyclic pattern is called periodic motion or oscillation. Starts with equilibrium point when disturbed. Restoring forces The objects are at stable equilibrium only under go oscillations Examples are the pendulum of a grandfathers clock, the vibrating strings of a musical instrument, the pistons in a engine, a child playing on a swing.

Consists of travelling oscillations Are important because it carries energy from one place to other. Also waves are harmful when enormous energy is carried. Natural disasters like tsunami and earthquakes happened because a energy at one place is propagated in the form of waves If the wave is simple harmonic then the wave is sinusoidal

distance between any two consecutive points in the wave shape is call the wavelength of the wave, denoted by . Time taken to travel one wave length is called periodic time.

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Mechanical waves

Waves

Electromagnetic waves

Matter waves

Transverse waves

Longitudinal waves

Needs a medium to travel Can be transverse or longitudinal progressive

Time

Travelled distance %

Energy in the wave is in the form of potential energy and kinetic energy. There is a constant exchange of energy from potential energy to kinetic energy The amplitude of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) becomes smaller. It is called damping Damping is due to loss of energy

 Reflection

Refraction

Diffraction

Interference

All types of waves subjected to reflection at a fixed boundary.

Resulting wave front depends on the shape of the boundary

This process is called refraction. . Causes the speeds difference of the boundaries. Wave length changes Helpful in various applications like cameras, Ultrasound imaging etc.

property of waves that allows a wave to bend around an obstacle.

Diffraction around a corner Diffraction through an opening

Since radio waves have long wave lengths they get diffracted but waves that are used in cellular phones do not diffract much

Through small apertures diffraction is greater Through large apertures diffraction is negligible

total amplitude at any point in space and time is equal to the sum of the amplitudes of all waves that occur at the same point in space and time

Wave 1(red) has a single wavelength and frequency, as does wave 2( blue). Wave 3 contains two different frequencies

Interference is a special case of the superposition principle. Happens when two or more waves of same frequency overlap.

Wave length and frequency of resulting wave is same

If the two waves are same total destruction can happen

Constructive Interference

Destructive Interference

Microphone samples the noises The microphones are connected to a powerful computer chip Sound made destructively interfere with noise

With respect to blue wave Red wave is lagging Green wave is lagging With respect to green wave red wave is leading

Why certain musical instruments have chambers? Resonance in waves occurs when boundaries reflect a wave back on itself. Formed due to theory of super position

The wave profile doesnt move.

Stationary waves are found in musical instruments

Also the size of a system should match with the wavelength of a wave. Resonance preserves the energy of waves of certain frequencies Applications-micro waves, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Fundamental frequency depends on the tension length and mass of the string

vibrator

When two frequencies of sound are close, but not the same, the sound waves drift in and out of phase and make beats.

When a source of sound is in motion relative to listener, the frequency of the sound heard by the listener is not the same as the source frequency. This is known as dopplers effect

Is the rate at which energy is transported by the wave, per unit area, across a surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The intensity of the faintest sound wave that can be heard by a person with normal hearing is about 10-12 W/m2. total power carried by the wave=intensity x perpendicular area

For a sound system for a 2000-seat auditorium, suppose we want the sound intensity over the surface of a hemisphere 20 m in radius to be 1 W/m2. What acoustic power output would be needed from an array of speakers at the center of the sphere?

Loudness describes the perception of sound by your ear and brain. Logarithmic scale vs linear scale

Logarithmic intensity scale is usually used.

The intensity level (or sound level) of a sound wave is defined by the equation

intensity level () = 10
I
0=

10-12 W/m

10 0

Find out the powerfulness of waves having following intensity levels 50dB, 30dB, 3dB, -3dB

The frequency spectrum breaks a complex wave down into its component frequencies and shows the amplitude.

Single frequency

Multi frequency

This theorem says any repetitive wave can be reproduced exactly by single frequency waves with different amplitudes. There is an equation to find the frequency and the amplitude of component waves

Graphical interpretation

equation

Electromagnetic (EM) waves do not need a physical medium. They are vibrations of electric and magnetic fields. Examples include radio waves, microwaves, and Xrays etc.

In empty space, all EM waves travel at the same speed, called the speed of light.