M.

Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2

August 2012 2-1
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Strain
Relating strains to displacements is a problem in geometry.
Learning objectives
Understand the concept of strain.
Understand the use of approximate deformed shape for calculating
strains from displacements.
Kinematics
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
August 2012 2-2
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Preliminary Definitions
The total movement of a point with respect to a fixed reference coordi-
nates is called displacement.
The relative movement of a point with respect to another point on the
body is called deformation.
Lagrangian strain is computed from deformation by using the original
undeformed geometry as the reference geometry.
Eulerian strain is computed from deformation by using the final
deformed geometry as the reference geometry.
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
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Average Normal Strain
Elongations (L
f
> L
o
) result in positive normal strains. Contractions
(L
f
< L
o
) result in negative normal strains.
Units of average normal strain
To differentiate average strain from strain at a point.
in/in, or cm/cm, or m/m
percentage. 0.5% is equal to a strain of 0.005
prefix: = 10
-6
. 1000 in / in is equal to a strain 0.001 in / in

av
L
f
L
o

L
o
-----------------

L
o
------ = =
A
B
L
o
L
f
A B

av
u
B
u
A

x
B
x
A

------------------ =
A
B
x
A
x
B
A
1
B
1
(x
A
+u
A
) (x
B
+u
B
)
L
f
L
o
L
0
x
B
x
A
=
L
f
x
B
u
B
+ ( ) x
A
u
A
+ ( ) L
o
u
B
u ( + = =
x
x
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
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C2.1 Due to the application of the forces in Fig. C2.1, the displace-
ment of the rigid plates in the x direction were observed as given below.
Determine the axial strains in rods in sections AB, BC, and CD.
Fig. C2.1
u
B
1.8 mm = u
C
0.7 mm = u
D
3.7 mm =
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
3
F
2
F
1
x
D C B A
1.5 m 2.5 m 2 m
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
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Average shear strain
.
Decreases in the angle ( < / 2) result in positive shear strain.
Increase in the angle ( > / 2) result in negative shear strain
Units of average shear strain
To differentiate average strain from strain at a point.
rad
prefix: = 10
-6
. 1000 rad is equal to a strain 0.001 rad
/2
A
B C
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape

A
1
C
B
A
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
Wooden Bar with Masking Tape
(a)
(b)
Undeformed grid Deformed grid

av

2
--- =
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Small Strain Approximation
2.5
2.6
Small-strain approximation may be used for strains less than 0.01
Small normal strains are calculated by using the deformation compo-
nent in the original direction of the line element regardless of the ori-
entation of the deformed line element.
In small shear strain () calculations the following approximation may
be used for the trigonometric functions:
Small-strain calculations result in linear deformation analysis.
Drawing approximate deformed shape is very important in analysis of
small strains.

small
Eq. 2.6 Eq. 2.5 % error
1.0 1.23607 19.1
0.5 0.58114 14.0
0.1 0.10454 4.3
0.05 0.005119 2.32
0.01 0.01005 0.49
0.005 0.00501 0.25
L
f
L
o
2
D
2
2L
o
D cos + + =
L
f
L
o
1
D
L
o
-----


2
2
D
L
o
-----


cos + + =
D
P
P
2
P
1

A
L
0
L
f

L
f
L
o

L
o
----------------- 1
D
L
o
------


2
2
D
L
o
------


cos + + 1 = =

small
D cos
L
o
---------------- =
tan sin cos 1
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C2.2 A thin triangular plate ABC forms a right angle at point A.
During deformation, point A moves vertically down by
A
. Determine
the average shear strain at point A.
Fig. C2.2

A
0.008 in =
3
i
n
.
5 in.

A
A
B
C
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C2.3 A roller at P slides in a slot as shown. Determine the deforma-
tion in bar AP and bar BP by using small strain approximation.
Fig. C2.3
Class Problem 1
Draw an approximate exaggerated deformed shape.
Using small strain approximation write equations relating
AP
and
BP
to
P.

P
0.02 in
110
40
P
A
B

P
0.25 mm
75
30
A
P
B
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Strain Components

xx
u
x
------- =

yy
v
y
------- =

zz
w
z
-------- =
w
u
v
z
x
y
z
y
x
u
v
z
x
y
x
y

2
---
xy

xy
u
y
-------
v
x
------- + =

yx
v
x
-------
u
y
------- +
xy
= =
z
y

2
---
yz

y
z
x

yz
v
z
-------
w
y
-------- + =

zy
w
y
--------
v
z
------- +
yz
= =
v
w

2
---
zx

z
x
z
x
y
w
u

zx
w
x
--------
u
z
------- + =

xz
u
z
-------
w
x
-------- +
zx
= =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
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Engineering Strain
Engineering strain matrix
Plane strain matrix
Strain at a point
tensor normal strains = engineering normal strains
tensor shear strains = (engineering shear strains)/ 2
Strain at a Point on a Line

xx

xy

xz

yx

yy

yz

zx

zy

zz

xx

xy
0

yx

yy
0
0 0 0

xx
u
x
-------


x 0
lim
x
u
= =

yy
y
v
=

zz
z
w
=

xy

yx
u
y
-------
v
x
------- +


x 0
y 0
lim
y
u
x
v
+ = = =

yz

zy
z
v
y
w
+ = =

zx

xz
x
w
z
u
+ = =

xx
x d
du x ( )
=
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C2.4 Displacements u and v in the x and y directions respectively
were measured by Moire Interferometry method at many points on a
body. Displacements of four points on a body are given below. Determine
the average values of strain components at point A shown
in Fig. C2.4.
Fig. C2.4

xx
,
yy
, and
xy
x
y
0.0005 mm
0
.
0
0
0
5
m
m
A B
C D
u
A
0 =
u
B
0.625mm =
u
C
0.500 mm =
u
D
0.250mm =
v
A
0 =
v
B
0.3125mm =
v
C
0.5625 mm =
v
D
1.125 mm =
M. Vable Mechanics of Materials: Chapter 2
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C2.5 The axial displacement in a quadratic one-dimensional finite
element is as given below.
Determine the strain at Node 2.
u x ( )
u
1
2a
2
--------- x a ( ) x 2a ( )
u
2
a
2
----- x ( ) x 2a ( )
u
3
2a
2
--------- x ( ) x a ( ) + =
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
x
x
2
= a
x
3
= 2a x
1
= 0