RESISTANCE FIRING CIRUIT The resistance firing circuit is shown in figure. Here the gate current is supplied by an a.c.

source of voltage Vs through load, Rmin, R2, D and gate to cathode.R2 is a variable resistance used to vary the gate current and peak gate voltage Vgp.

The circuit operates as follows: As Vs goes positive, the SCR becomes forward biased from anode to cathode; however it starts conducting only when its gate current exceeds Ig(min) or when gate voltage Vg becomes Vgt. The positive voltage Vs also forward biases the diode D and the gate cathode junction of SCR. The gate current Ig starts to flow. The potentiometer setting R2 determines the gate voltage amplitude. When R2 is large, current Ig is small and the voltage across R, ie; Vg=IgR is also small as shown in figure. As peak gate voltage Vgp is less than gate trigger voltage Vgt SCR will not turn on. Therefore load voltage Vo=0, io=0and supply voltage appears across SCR (VT) as shown in figure. By decreasing the value of R2 the magnitude of gate current can be increased and when Vgp=Vgt the SCR will turn ON. As soon as Vg becomes equal to Vgt for first time SCR is turned on at a firing angle of 900. If R2 is decreased further gate current Ig will increase and Vg will increase above Vgt. This causes SCR triggerring at angles less than 900. When the SCR is on the voltage VT across it will reduce to almost zero. The load voltage will increase to the supply voltage. The SCR remains ON and Vo=Vs until Vs decreases to a point where the load current is below the SCR holding current. This usually occurs at wt=. The SCR now turns OFF and remains in OFF position as its anode to cathode is reverse biased when Vs is negative. SCR acts like a closed switch and load voltage will be zero.

The purpose of diode in the gate circuit is to prevent the gate-cathode reverse bias from exceeding peak reverse gate voltage during the negative half cycle of Vs. The diode is chosen to have peak reverse voltage rating greater than the input voltage Vmax. The same sequence is repeated when Vs again goes positive. Thus by varying R2 the firing angle() can be controlled from 00-900. As R increases increases. Design: Rmin: While varying R2 it should be taken care that the gate current should not exceed the maximum permissible gate current Igm. In the worst case, that is when supply voltage has reached its peak Vmax,

Stabilizing Resistance R: Resistance R should be such that maximum voltage drop across it does not exceed maximum permissible gate voltage Vgm.

( (

) )

The SCR will turn on only when the instantaneous anode voltage Vs is
( )(

Where ( ) = minimum gate current to turn on thyristor VD = voltage drop across diode Vgt= minimum gate voltage to trigger, it corresponds to Ig(min) Advantages: 1. It is the simplest and economical SCR triggering ciruit Disadvantages: 1. Firing angle range is limited in 0-900. 2. It is not possible to have zero degree firing angle, it can be brought near (20 40).

R-C TRIGGERRING CIRCUIT Figure shows a RC half wave trigger circuit. In this triggering circuit firing angle can be controlled from 00 1800 by changing the amplitude and phase of gate current. The circuit operates as follows: In the negative half cycle, capacitor C charges through diode D2 with lower plate positive to the peak supply voltage Vmax at wt=-900. After wt=900, source voltage Vs decreases from Vm to zero at wt=00.This causes the capacitor voltage Vc to fall from Vc= Vm to some lower value Vc=-oa at wt=00. Now as SCR anode voltage passes through zero and becomes positive, capacitor C begins to charge through variable resistance R from initial voltage Vc=-oa. When the capacitor charges to positive voltage equal to equal to gate trigger voltage Vgt(=Vgmin+Vd), SCR is triggered and after this ,capacitor holds to a mall positive voltage as shown in figure. The gate current flows through R, D1 and gate cathode. Diode D1 is used to prevent the breakdown of gate to cathode junction during the negative half cycle. Design: In the range of power frequencies it can be empirically shown that, RC for zero output voltage is given by

where

= period of ac line frequency in seconds.

The SCR will trigger when capacitor voltage Vc= Vgt+ Vd where Vd is the voltage drop across diode D1. With this voltage, gate current should be equal to Igmin. Therefore the maximum value of R can be obtained as
( )

By using this circuit firing angle can be varied from 00 to 1800.

UJT TRIGGERRING UJT Working: