Triploblastic Worms

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1.

Beef tapeworm life cycle

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Class Hirudinea (leeches)

-mature proglottid released with feces of human, eggs come out as shelled larvae (ONCOSPHERE) -grass contaminated with eggs eaten by cow, create cysts in muscle tissue, if undercooked meat eaten by ppl scolex pops up and attaches to digestive tract
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blastocoelom (pseudocoelom)

Phylum Annelida, Class Hirudinea (leeches) mostly fresh water predators or ECTOparasites NO PARAPODIA, NO SETAE, NO INTERNAL SEPTA FIXED number of segments, external secondary annulation 3 jaws with teeth (create triangle-like cut) parasites have anterior and posterior suckers clitellum only evident during breeding season; mostly DIRECT development lots of SUPERFICIAL SEGMENTATION locomotion by SWIMMING and INCH-WORM movement Hirudo medicinalis used to remove excess blood after hemorrhaging or limb reconstruction; leech injects anticoagulant 'hirudinin', vasodilator, and anaesthetic
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class Monogenea

-body cavity lined with MESODERMALLY derived tissue on outer surface only -organs NOT surrounded by PERITONEUM -cavity is probably remnant of the BLASTOCOEL from the GASTRULA stage
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Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

endoparasitic class of platyheminthes most reduced in body plan: absorb nutrients- no digestive system, sensory etc, only concentrate on feeding and reproduction looks segmented but NOT-reproductive units (PROGLOTTIDS) SCOLEX-hook-like organ for attachment (but not head, thought to be on posterior end) proglottids: portion of tapeworm containing male and female reproductive organs- HUGE reproductive potentialpinch off end of animal when ready

parasitic Platyhelminthes ECTOPARASITES-well adapted to being attached to outside of host MONOgenea=only one host through life cycle use OPISTHAPTOR (hooked attachment organ) to attach to external surfaces of fish

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Class Oligochaeta (earthworms)

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Class Turbellaria

Phylum Annelida Class OLIGOchaeta mostly terrestrial or fresh water burrowers NO PARAPODIA, FEW SETAE, reduced head appendages hermaphroditic, CLITELLUM secretes mucous cocoon for eggs and sperm direct development (no larval stage)
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Class Polychaeta

FREE-LIVING (only free-living platyhelminthes class) CEPHALIZED: brain, complex organ system, sensory organs muscular sucking PHARYNX, pick up particles of food or wrap around prey RHABDITES-mucous production SENSORY ORGANS: statocysts sense direction of gravityequilibrium ocelli-detect light and direction chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors-detect mechanical forces
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similar to ancestral annelid mostly marine, PARAPODIA pair on every segment (used for locomotion), NUMEROUS SETAE diverse anterior appendages, (modified segments) some function as gills, or gas exchange across parapodia DIVERSE locomotion, feeding modes, ecological niches TROCHOPHORE larva
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Class Turbellaria gut morphologies (4)

Class Trematoda

"FLUKES" parasitic class of PlatyhelminthesENDOparasites live inside bloodstream, digestive tract, or organs subclass Digenea (at least 2 HOSTS) ex schistosomiasis(blood fluke), lung fluke Human Liver Fluke: -fertilized egg passes out of definitive host (human)-reaches water and hatches to freeswimming ciliated MIRACIDIUM -miracidium eaten by snail, penetrates tissues and transforms into SPOROCYST, reproduces asexually to make more sporocysts or REDIAE, which reproduce asexually to produce CERCARIAE -cercariae penetrate second intermediate host, become jeuvenile flukes (metacercariae) -eaten by definitive host and develop into adult fluke

Acoel- mouth, NO gut, small group of solid mass of digestive cells RHABDOcoel- simple sac-like BLIND gut TRICLAD- gut divided into 3 branches POLYclad- NUMEROUS gut branches in all directions

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Class Turbellaria locomotion

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development of triploblasts with a complete gut

CILIARY GLIDING-ventral cilia and secrete mucous, gliding movementCOMMON PEDAL WAVES-requires communication of muscles, waves of body to produce forward motion LOOPING-same principle as shown with Hydra
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mouth could be formed from blastopore and anus second, or other way around -important distinction for triploblasts
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Free-living nematodes

Class Turbellaria temporary attachment to substrate

Adhesive CILIA (suction-cup like at end) ex acoel DUAL-GLAND ADHESIVE SYSTEM: two viscid glands and one releasing gland beneath body wall, in contact with nerve, anchor cell in epidermis Sucker ex Polyclad- one strong sucker at bottom
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found in all habitats can be predators, herbivores, scavengers, deposit feeders (varied feeding modes) variations in body surface and mouthparts (jaws, teeth, stylets, spines, palps etc) ex. C. elegans
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Hookworm (Necator) life cycle

Common adaptations for parasitic life

lost cephalization, reduced nervous system, fewer sensory organs loss of feeding structures or gut attachment organs or hooked mouthparts sucking mouthparts SYNCYTIAL TEGUMENT avoidance of hosts immune system facultative anaerobes hermaphroditism complex life cycles including asexual reproductive stages high reproductive rates multiple hosts motile or encysted stages that transfer to a new host alter behaviour of their hosts to promote successful transmission

-parasitic nematode hookworms enter when cysts from feces get on hands; parasites of mammalian intestine, beed on blood by attaching to intestinal wall burrow through feet, move to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed to reach intestine
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Hydatidosis

human as the INTERMEDIATE host of a tapeworm, cysts in body ex ppl can get infected by hydatid cyst from sheepdogs (determinate host)

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key features of Phylum Platylhelminthes

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metanephridia

triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical BLIND or NO GUT (one opening serves as anus and mouth) UNSEGMENTED flat PARENCHYMA: cell filling btwn epidermis and gastrodermis muscles: longitudinal, circular, dorsoventral, oblique PROTONEPHRIDIA: basic excretory system NO circulatory or gas exchange system; hermaphroditic
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in all annelids, a type of tubular nephridium with the inner open end draining the coelom and the outer open end discharging to the exterior
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Nematode anatomy

Metamerism (metameric segmentation)

body divided into segments with serially repeating organ systems septum seperate segments, repeated coelomes repeated musculature, circulatory system, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems metamerism allows improved efficiency of locomotion using hydrostatic skeleton PERISTALSIS independent nervous control and movement of segments architectual redundancy allows SPECIALIZATION of segments (ex feeding tentacles), and SURVIVAL/REGENERATION when segments lost

layered collagen cuticle, rigid, covers bodyprotection from hostile environments; molted 4 times during life crossed collagen fibers in cuticle restrict deformation longitudinal muscles in 4 bands, NO CIRCULAR MUSCLES, move by writhing not peristalsis some spp have syncytial epidermis NO CILIA have a brain, dorsal and ventral nerve cords chemosensory organs: AMPHIDS anterior, PHASMIDS posterior NO CIRCULATORY or GAS exchange excretion by RENETTE CELLS dioecious, INTERNAL fertilization; freeliving have no larvae, parasites variable EUTELY: CONSTANT CELL NUMBER in adults

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Parasitic nematodes

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Phylum Annelida: key features

parasites of nearly every plant and animal group, invertebrates, including nematodes hooked mouthparts, cuticle replaced by microvillar epidermis for nutrient uptake, specialized life cycles ex Dracunculus sp. (pic) parasite of human body cavities and connective tissue, migrate to subdermal tissue, induce ulcer, release cysts ex FILARIAL nematodes (heartworm: Dirofilaria; elephentiasis:wucherenia) block organ function or circulatory systems, intermediate host blood-sucking insect like mosquito nematode parasites of plants causing tissue buildup around parasitic infection (root galls)
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triploblastic, bilateral symmetry, COELOMATE, PROTOSTOME (blastopore into mouth), complete GUT SEGMENTED chitinous SETAE in epidermis used for TRACTION PERITONEUM: MESODERMally derived lining of coelom including septa circular AND longitudinal muscles cuticle of collagen overlaying epidermis (similar to nematode) brain, ventral nerve cord, metameric ganglia (and heart) in every segment CLOSED circulatory system METANEPHRIDIA FOR EXCRETION

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Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) complete gut with mouth and anus free-living (usually microscopic) or parasitic triploblastic, BLASTOCOELOMATE PROTOSTOME (blastopore becomes the mouth) unsegmented, round in cross section, tapered on both ends

Peristalstic locomotion (burrowing)

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efficient by independent muscle contractions in segments

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Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) overview

phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) overview

phylum ANNELIDA Class POLYCHAETA: marine, parapodia for locomotion, NUMEROUS SETAE, TROCHOPHORE larva, very DIVERSE Class OLIGOCHAETA: terrestrial or freshwater burrowers, NO PARAPODIA, few setae, NO LARVAL STAGE (direct development) Class HIRUDINEA (leeches): freshwater predators or ectoparasites, NO PARAPODIA, NO SETAE, NO INTERNAL SEPTA, mostly direct development

phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class Turbellaria: free-living Class Monogenea: parasitic, ECTOparasites ex Opisthaptor Class Trematoda: parasites, ENDOparasites, "FLUKES" ex subclass Digenea (human liver fluke) Class CESTODA: parasitic, ENDOparasites, TAPEWORMS

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Polychaete feeding methods

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Siboglonid Polychaetes

TENTACLES: used for SUSPENSION feeding and DEPOSIT feeding stick tentacles up, worm lives in tube; or lives in burrow, uses tentacles for scooping up stuff on bottom EVERSIBLE PHARYNX: scavenging, deposit feeding, predation MODIFIED PARAPODIA used for FILTER feeding (lives in burrow, modified parapodia secrete mucous net, fans beat so water moves through mucous net)
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NO MOUTH, GUT, or ANUS digest chemosynthetic bacteria that grow in specialized organ (TROPHOSOME) deriving energy from reduced chemicals in the environment ex tube worms @ deep sea hydrothermal vents, live in H2S ex tube worms in cold methane seeps ex worms specialized to live on decomposing whale carcasses (H2S created in anoxic environment)
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summary of development

Protonephridia (in Phylum platyhelminthes)

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syncytial tegument

protonephridia: primitive osmoregulatory or excretory organ consisting of a tubule terminating internally with a flame bulb or solenocyte (unit of a flame bulb system) beat of flagella draws water into space enclosed by tubule (lumen); ->collecting ducts containing folds/microvilli function in reabsorption OSMOREGULATORY

common adaptations for parasitic Platyhelminthes many cells fuse, form multi-nucleate layer

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triploblastic body cavities (3)

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Turbellarian Rhabdites

aceolomate: no body cavity btwn gut and body wall PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES BLASTOcoelomate (or pseudocoelomate): internal cavity lined w/ mesodermically derived tissue on the OUTER surface only PHYLUM NEMATODA CEOLOMATE: internal cavity (coelom) lined with mesodermally derived tissue (PERITONEUM) on BOTH inner and outer surface PHYLUM ANNELIDA
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composed of fused vesicles from Golgi, SWELL to form a protective MUCOUS SHEATH around the body when discharged with water important in mucous production for many purposes (inclding chemical defense properties?)
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Wuchereria (elephantiasis) life cycle

trochophore larva

-parasitic nematode elephantiasis: blockage of the lymphatic system

larva of Phylum Annelida Class Polychaeta trochophore larva form also occurs in molluscs free-swimming; bands of cilia around middle and at ends for locomotion *look at notes on larva dispersal and settlement (larvae respond to various environmental cues from physical and biological environment when selecting a settlement site)
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Turbellarian Reproduction

monoecious (hermaphroditic) stylet penis pierces mate's body wall (some have multiple penises-'penis fencing' produce free-swimming larva MULLER'S LARVA