SummaryofLecture4 Chapter2

Typesofnaturalradioactivedecay Units Decayratesand dhalf h lflife lif Naturalgammaradiationasshaleindicator Gammarayabsorption Previewofgammarayabsorptionlogging Elasticandinelasticneutronscattering

GammaRay and GammaRay yAbsorption p Logs

ReadingAssignment
BassiouniCh.7GammaRayLog BassiouniCh.8GammaRayAbsorptionLogs Liu, ,C( (Richard), ),UH(API) ( )NuclearLogging gg gCalibrationFacility yPowerPointpresentation p J.S.WahllJ.TittmanlC,W.Johnstone,TheDualSpacingFormationDensityLog,,JPT1964

Whereareweheading?
Gammaraydetectionasashalinessindicator. indicator

Detectors
GeigerMuellertube Proportionalcounter Scintillationcounter Thalliumiodidedopant emits it UVorbl blueli light ht Fastandefficient Heldagainstformation byspring rays y scattermultiple p timesscatterbefore reachingthedetector

AveragingEffectson ApparentGammaRayIntensity i
Propagationtothedetector Electronicaveragingindetector Logging i speed d Toollength

Othernecessarycorrections
Borehole effects Eccentricity Casing C i and dcement tifpresent t

AveragingofStatisticalVariations and dEffect ff onLoggingSpeed d

Everynucleushasafixed,finiteprobabilityof decay Theactualdecaycountvaries,butthis statisticalvariationhasnothingtodowith formationevaluation Toproduceaninterpretablelog,weaverage outthestatisticalvariationselectronically Theelectronicaveraginghasasideeffecton loggingspeed

ElectronicAveraging
Pulses Open Circuit,i.e., veryhigh impedance

J single-charge pulses per second Q electric l t i charge h I in JQ V R At steady state I in I out so I out V JQR

LoggingSpeed
Theelectronicaveragingtimeconstant imposesanupperlimitonloggingspeed

ShaleEstimation from GammaRay yLogs g

Assumethelog response after response, correctionforknown effects,islinearly proportionaltothe amountofshale

min

sh

log

log min I sh sh min

Whatcangowrong?
Higherradioactivitycancomefromshale or i could it ldcomefrom f sandstone d (or ( other) h )rocks k withunusuallyhighamountsofradioactive minerals i l lik likeuranium. i

GammaRaySpectrometryLogs
Don tjustcountthepulsesbutdetecttheir Dont energyaswell

Approximation schemeforquick calculationof separate elementallogs

Assumetotal responseis i a linear superposition ofthreelogs: Th,U,K Also, GRS=Th+K= uranium i free f

ExampleofBetterShaleInterpretation
Wewouldnaively interpretasshale wouldnt ld twe? ? Inbothsandstone andshale ~3Xinshales

RuleofThumbCalculation of fSpectral lComponents

For Schlumberger g devices

(API units) 4CTh ( ppm) 8CU ( ppm) 16CK (% wt )

GammaRayAbsorptionLogs
Completelydifferentphysics: ActivesourceofgammaraysCs137 orCo60 Ultimately li l wedetect d gammarayabsorption b i bythephotoelectriceffectwhichdependson the h number b of favailable il bl electrons l
I I 0e where N e number of electrons per unit volume
N e pe x

pe cross section for p photoelectric effect

SimpleEarlyDetector
Complicatedscattering path Susceptibletoborehole effects

DualDetector
Cancompensate somewhatfor boreholeeffects
MudcakeThickness Mudcakedensity

SpineRibPlots

Howtouseaspine&ribplot