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Trkic Languages
Galina Shuke

Were the Latvians Trks?

Phenomenon of Trkic substrate's presence in Baltic Languages
Daugavpils, 2010, ISBN 978-9984-49-046-5 Galina Shuke, 2010 - - - Google Books www.kaynakca.info/eser_dosya/2161199_turcs_english.doc galile25<oops>yahoo.com Humanity has an unstoppable drive to learn or invent where we came from. It started with inventions, and now is transitioning to learning. Linguistics was circling the subject like Mercury is circling the Sun, too hot to approach, too bright to look at. This posting oers analysis that posits that Latvian and Russian languages grew out of Trkic languages, and thus identies Balto-Slavic proto-language with Trkic language. Galina Shuke expresses an opinion that Trkic language stands closest to the mankind's cradle than any other language, elaborated in her work. In essence, that assertion equates the hypothetic Nostratic language with Trkic languages, and by extension with the Germanic languages. Holistic approach by the researcher bears fruits ung by partial studies. The oered citation from the work of Galina Shuke is a work of practicing polyglot linguist that does not trail the formulaic family tree model that ascribes all phonetic changes to internal development, and instead approaches languages with full understanding that life was intermixing languages and people, and dierent people mutually shaped genetics and communications in largely stochastic evolutionary process. That the ethnically Russian natively Latvian author gained a special appreciation of the Turkish language is certainly noteworthy, it gives a credence to her objectivity and openness of her mind, and adds a dimension of unencumbered creativity to her study. The process of abandoning the family tree model is promising to be protracted and painful, not any easier than was the abandoning the Aristotle's universe, and for many years we are going to see the rear ends of the crouched linguists peeking to see what lays beyond the rim of the world; but the tools in their disposal fall far short from the orthodox pundits who resorted to proclaiming anathema to the unbelievers. The family tree model, which took Eurasia as some remote isolated island in the World Ocean, will probably cloister in linguistic convents and ultimately survive, regurgitating with nostalgia the old asterisked *reconstructions that were once sold as canonic knowledge. The miracle of the current European etymology is not less amazing than walking barefoot on water. The etymological blinds limit horizon to Latin and Greek like they were Noah's children, and from there start the Biblical-like asterisked *reconstructions serving as linguistic Adam and Eve. The Russian etymology follows the epitome, but stops at the limit of Slavic records, something around the 10th c., with strenuous eorts to get to the

holy Sanskrit against all odds. In most cases, the exive nature of the European languages, and the peculiar variety of the original local vernaculars create variations remote enough from the underlying superbly rigid Trkic root morphemes, allowing the blinded and less inquisitive not to see the obvious substrate. The etymological house of cards, however, can be easily disturbed by an innocent observer, and it would suce to detect a single substrate of a single European language to bring the whole Eurocentric linguistics crushing down. Where the etymological denitions ended hanging up in the air, like was the case with the Germanic branch, the blanks can be lled with the substrate Trkic language, closing the loop without any tentative *reconstructions. This amazing miracle can be easily rationalized by simply dropping the mental blinds. Instead of the slew of dead ends and pranks, we follow the guidance of genetics, and in an instant, etymology becomes as rational as a palm of our hand. This linguistic work requires some understanding of the basics used in the discourse. Lexis is all meaningful word forms and grammatical functions of the language. Lexicon is a set of words in the language. If lexis is a building with all its distinction and beauty, lexicon is a pile of various bricks that built that building, irrespective of the mortar, interconnections, and ornaments. A study of lexicon to understand language is like a study of a brick pile to understand building. It is customary in Eurocentric linguistics to ignore the morphology as as whole, and meaning-carrying suxes in particular. Morphology is a practice of forming words, for example in English morphological suxes produce dierent meanings and dierent grammatical functions: teach (v.) => teacher (n.), teach (v.) => teaching (n.), teach (v.) => teacherless (adj.); the suxes carry standard function, -er/-ar makes a person (and so does -er/-ar in Trkic), -ing produces verbal noun (and so does -in in Trkic), -less produces negation (and so does -siz in Trkic). The stem teach can be replaced with another stem, the grammatical result would be the same: kick, kicker, kicking, kickerless. Not all suxes in English are Trkic, some came from Romance group, some were innovations. With stable suxes, coming up with new words is a child's play, they keep appearing daily, as the life requires new names for new realities. A dierent story is with phonetics, or sounds of speech. Sounds are uid, they change with time, with geography, with migrations and admixtures, and who knows what else. Moskov becomes Moscow, tomato becomes tomeito, New York becomes New Yok. Some trends in phonetical changes can be formalized, but most don't fall into any pattern, making the discovered phonetical laws nothing more than gut-feel trends. The imsiness of the phonetical laws is manifested by the fact that they are unidirectional looking backwards; nothing in these laws (lately renamed to rules) tells what would happen in 100 years under conditions unrestricted by media, print, and standardized broadcast, i.e. none of the founders could have written a phrase in the native language in 1870 that would have predicted how the phrase would sound by the year 2010 AD. And without predictive capacity, it is forensics, not some laws. Comparing lexicons and trying to get to the prehistoric level is fraught with lots of noise, like in signal-to-noise relationship. To keep enthusiastic linguists from free ight, linguistics has devised a system of checks and balances that help to put brakes on the ight of fantasy. With the growth of computer literacy grows acceptance of the mathematical methods in linguistics, abhorred by the old linguistic schools. For the lexicon, the Swadesh method, which is equally applicable to the Genetic Tree and Wave models, is used for qualitative analysis of the established kinship, reasonable criteria for establishing kinship were formulated by G.Doerfer , and evaluation of statistical chance resemblances is oered by M. Rosenfelder . These criteria do not apply to the morphology, but with consistent transparency in application and similarity in function, it would take a sly idiot to deny continuity between the English dimension and Latin dimensione, or Trkic baiyar, Russian boyar, and Indian Boyar (caste). The author is analyzing the modern Russian language, with an eye to commonalities between the Latvian and Russian that have baring on their common past, when neither

Latvian, nor Russian have yet existed. Thus, the references to Russian before the 10th c. should be understood as Slavic, before the 6th c. as a branch of Balto-Slavic, and prior to the new era as Baltic. In the work, Russia and Russian are at times also used as geographical terms, referring to the territory of the modern state before the decomposition of the USSR, and accordingly in such cases they include the linguistic areas of Belorussia and Ukraine. The term Latgal/Latgalian refer to the ancestors of the modern Lats (Latvians), and their form of the Latvian language. Transcriptions [pimek] Yellow highlight - problems Tables in alphabetical order Semantical disconnects - explanations Borrowings into Turkish - criteria Translate for Drozdov The posting follows the original English-language publication, with minor typing, semantical and stylistic corrections. The Turkish -in hali case is genitive, possessive, genitival, genitive case, loosely rendered as genitive case in this posting. In squarebracketed Latvian phonetizations j stands for y, as in York, so soya would be phonetized [soja]. The Turkish c stands for j like in jet and is transcribed as j, Turkish / stands for ch like in church and is transcribed as ch, Turkish is silent like gh in light. Page numbers are shown at the beginning of the page. Posting notes and explanations, added to the text of the author are shown in (blue italics) in parentheses and in blue boxes, or highlighted by blue headers. Contents Introduction Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern European 1. Substratum 1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe 1.2. Who Were Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor? 1.3. Ancient Inhabitants of the Territory of the modern Latvia 1.3.1. Testimony of the Folklore Symbols 4 7 7 8 9 10

1.3.2. Language of Ancient People in the territory of the 11 modern Latvia 2. Geographical Names of Trkic Etymology 2.1. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map 2.2. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia 2.3. Baltic Hydronyms on the Map of Europe, or the Problem of Pan-Baltic Discovery of the Trkic Substratum in the Latvian 3. language 3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols 3.2. Man, Earth, Water 3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays 3.4. Parts of Human Body, Objects, Actions 11 16 18 20 23 23 25 27 28

3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature 3.6. Abstract Objects 4. Trkic Grammatical Rudiment in the Latvian language 4.1. Phonetics 4.1.1 Changes in the System of Vowels 4.1.2. Changes in the System of Consonants 4.2. Word Formation 4.3. Morphology 4.4. Syntax 5. Trkic roots of the Russian language 5.1. Trkic Word-Forming Models in the Russian language 5.2. Trkic Origin of Russian Suxes 5.3. Phonetic Correspondences 6. Comparison of Substratum Lexicons in the Latvian and Russian Languages 6.1. Early Substratum Lexis of the Latvian language

30 31 34 34 34 35 35 39 40 43 43 44 49 51 51 53 54 55 56 57 59 60 61

6.2. Early Substratum Lexis of the Russian language 6.3. Similar Substratum Lexis of the Latvian and Russian Languages 6.4. Parallel Development of the Latvian and the Russian Languages on the Trkic Basis 6.5. Substratum Lexis of the Latvian Language of the Period of Demarcation 6.6. Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language of the Later Period 6.7. Conclusions of the Comparative Analysis Polyethnonyms Aesti, Slavs, Ruses, and Other 7. Ethnonyms Conclusion

Galina Shuke

Were the Latvians Trks?

Phenomenon of Trkic substrate's presence in Baltic Languages
To researchers, free from political bias and ambition, who serve Her Majesty the truth, I dedicate this.
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Introduction The world's languages, are they related and how? Scientists divide them into families and groups, but haven't found the common denominator yet. What was the rst language of humanity, that basic mother tongue? The answer to this question seems to be the most important for solving the great number of linguistic mysteries. Progressive scientists of the world have develop a theory of monogenesis. According to it, humanity is one and the same species, and human races are subdivisions within the species that sprang as a result of human's life in dierent geographical zones of the world.

The theory of monogenesis proves that peoples rise from a common parental source and their languages rise from their ancestral language. A Finnish linguist and ethnographer of the 19th century Mathias Alexander Castren has explored languages and ethnography of Finno-Ugric, Tunguso-Manchurian and PaleoAsiatic peoples and has composed grammars and dictionaries for twenty languages. He suggested the theory of kinship of Finno-Ugric, Samodian (Nenets), Trkic, Mongolian, and Tunguso-Manchurian languages. In the 1960s a Russian scientist V. M. Illich-Svitich analyzed similarities of Altaic, Dravidic, Indo-European, Cartvel, Semitohamitic and Uralic language families. He conrmed the scientic base of the Nostratic theory that was proposed by the Dutch scientist H.Pedersen, who wrote: boundaries for the Nostratian world of languages cannot yet be determined, but the area is enormous, and includes such widely divergent races that one becomes almost dizzy at the thought. (...) The question remains simply whether sucient material can be collected to give this inclusion esh and blood and a good clear outline.1 The data given in V.M.Illich-Svitich's works show that in each language family there are dozens of elements that coincide with corresponding elements of other compared language families. Moreover, regardless of their distant relationship, most of the languages preserve some of the most stable systems of morphemes of identical origin. (Illich-Svitich V. M./-, 1964, 5) Studying a map of the world, we can be surprised at the great number of geographical names that sound and look alike. For example, in Russia there is a city in the Siberian region called Kemerovo. In Latvia is a chain of health resorts on the coast of the Baltic Sea, one of them bearing a name Kemeri. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in Turkey there is a resort town with the name Kemer. The name of a tributary of the Dnieper is Tsna, the same name has the river of the Oka basin Tsna. The name of a town in the Perm region (Russia) is Usolye, we nd the same name for a town in the Irkutsk region in Siberia. Everybody knows the river Visla in Poland, but we nd a river with the similar name Vizla in Latvia. Crimea is the name of the peninsula in the Black Sea. In Latvia there is a town with the name Krimulda. Keeping in mind kinship of languages, we should try to look at the geographical names from a new angle, and try to decipher them with the help of the Turkish language. In Turkish the word kemer means belt, the word ts - hissing, usul - roots, ancestors, forefathers, Turkish vz means buzz, hum, krm slaughter, carnage, cutting (of a forest). Why do we turn specically to the Turkish language? What distinguishes it from other languages? What is special about it? The Turkish language is one of the Trkic languages, the group that comprises more than 50 living languages. Turkologists particularly note the archaic age of the Oguz Trkic languages. The name Oguz apparently is made up of the words ak white, grey and uz, the most ancient ethnonym of Trkic tribes, and means old and respectable Trks. Compare it with the Trkic word aksakal beard calling old men and bearing a sense of politeness and respect. One of the most ancient Oguz Trkic languages is Turkish. One would think that all languages have the same age, coming out of Africa at the same time, or in case of few separate migrations, as old as their particular

migration. Here the most ancient is likely most conservative, closest to the vernacular that split into dialects, out of one of which evolved the Trkic language, a dubious proposition based on the dubious family tree paradigm. Evidence shows that in antiquity, the southwestern Ogur languages predominated, they were the languages of the Scythians, Huns and Bulgars, and their numerous aliates; in the Middle Ages the northeastern Oguz languages rose to prominence, they were dominating languages of the Sakas, Trkic Kaganates, Kangars and Bechens, Tatars, and possibly Sarmatians. In Europe, the Oguz languages started taking over in the middle of the Middle Ages, about 10th c., but the substrate Ogur languages still are prominent and easily detectable in the European Trkic languages.
1 Holger Pedersen (linguist) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (2010.22.03) 3

The Turkish language has one and the same word Trk for both the terms Turkish and Trkic that testies to close relationship of the words. The area of Trkic languages is extremely vast in its size and geography. Even nowadays we nd a people of East Europe that speak the Oguz Trkic language and live alongside Slavic peoples. They are Gk Trks, the Gagauz people. The languages of the peoples of Turkmen and Turkey are also Oguz Trkic. It means that these peoples of Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia speak in closely related languages. The origin of Gagauz people for now remains obscure to the extreme. A number of speculations have been advanced, none consensually accepted. One cannot help being surprised at the antiquity of the Trkic runic writing and the area of its spread. The Latvian geographer and journalist Juris Paiders writes that Trkic runes are found all over East Europe and Central Asia. Scientists arm that the resemblance between Germanic runes (that gave birth to Scandinavian runic writing) and Trkic runes is striking (Paiders, 2003, 54 55). Moreover, some of them can't be read in supposedly European ancient languages, but are read in Trkic. Linguists prove the presence of Trkic stem morphemes and word formation axes in the languages of the Basques and American Indians, the languages of the Sumerians and Etruscans, the ancient peoples whose contribution to the world culture is well known. (Zakiev/, 2002) With the help of Trkic languages specialists managed to read the Glozel writing found in France (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glozel, Inscription Corpus). It is surprising that we can nd Trkic root morphemes in the names of many peoples and countries of the world. Compare the Turkish word eski ancient and the ethnonym of the ancient people of the world Eskimo, the word rak far, distant, remote and the name of the country Iraq, the word uramak to call (at a place) and the name of the Ugric people, the verb brmek/brt to clothe/clothed, to wrap/wrapped and the name of the Buryat people that live in Russia and in N. Mongolia as well, the word acar energetic, fearless and the name of the Ajar people of Georgia. Impressive is the number and geography of mountain ranges of the world containing Trkic stems: the Ands, the Alps, the Carpat, the Crimea, the Balkans, etc. (And the most popular generic Trkic word for the mountains, tau/tag/dag covers the whole Eurasia, form

Tavr to Taurus, and most of the written history). All the mentioned facts make us pay especially close attention to the Trkic languages in an attempt to discover the rst language of the humanity, its mother tongue. Here G.Shuke touches on the most interesting concept, the Nostratic theory, gently alluding that Trkic and Nostratic may be synonymous. Nostratists would draw and quarter her for such unheard of heretical idea. Having started studying the Turkish language, the author of the research came across an astonishing phenomenon: many words of her native Russian language appeared to be originated of Trkic stem morphemes. Studying the Turkish grammar gave awareness of Turkish word-forming axes and word-forming models that helped to understand the models used in word formation of the Russian language. The knowledge of the Turkish axes impelled the author to pay attention to the meaning of numerous Latvian geographical names that cannot be explained with the help of the Latvian language, though they can be easily deciphered by means of the Turkish language. The Latvian language is not the author's mother tongue, nevertheless she has been teaching it for many years. The look at the Latvian language through the prism of the Turkish language revealed deep links of the Latvian language with Turkish. The relationship of these languages rises to those remote times when the territory of the modern Latvia was released from ice and started to get settled by humans. The discovery of Trkic roots of the Latvian language motivated the author to conduct this research: to analyze the stages of the mankind's development, to examine the place of the origin of the human culture, to look at the time of people's arrival on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, to study the development of the human language and the connection of that language with the environment. The discovery of the toponyms of Trkic origin in the territory of the modern Latvia, the elements of Trkic substratum lexis and common symbols of the Latvian and Trkic folklore gave rise to the hypothesis of the birth of the Latvian language on the substrate of Trkic in the territory of the modern Latvia during the Mesolithic period. The Russian language that also has Trkic /4/ substrate started its development in the nearby territory around the same time. It took a lot of lexis from the developing Latvian language, for a certain period it was evolving beside the Latvian language in a parallel way, and then followed its own path without losing its links with the Trkic language, while the Latvian language at a certain time lost its connection with Trkic, only retaining possibility of borrowing Trkic words from the Russian language.
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The goal of the work is to show the Trkic roots of both the Latvian and Russian languages, and discover stages of their development on the Trkic substrate. First of all we shall turn to the world history to trace the roots of the Trkic language, its place in the history of the world languages, answering the question when and how the arrival of the Trkic language on the Baltic Sea coast could become possible, and what was the historical period when the formation and developing of the Latvian language on the Trkic substrate could happen. Then we shall have a close look at the geographical map of the world in order to understand better the outstanding role of the Trkic language in the history of peoples and languages of the world. After that, we shall make the analysis of grammatical system of the Latvian language in order to understand how the Latvian language could spring and develop on the substrate of the Trkic language. Turning to the Russian language, we shall examine its connection with the Trkic. Uncovering and comparing the developmental stages of the Latvian and Russian languages, we shall determine the degree of their relationship to one another, and to the Trkic language.

1. Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern European Substratum Linguists state that Indo-European languages in the territory of Europe have elements of non-Indo-European origin. That is so called substratum that leaves its imprints not only in lexis, but in the grammar structure of European languages as well. Let's turn to the history of the humanity in order to examine the circumstances and gure the appearance time of substratum lexis in the territory of Eastern Europe. 1.1. The Role of Asia in the History of Europe The unique role of Asia in the history of Europe was ascertained long ago. The Russian historian and writer of the beginning of 19th century N. M. Karamzin says that the opinion that Asia is a cradle of peoples seems to be fair, as all European languages, regardless of a variety of changes, retain the similarities with the ancient Asiatic (,1995, 51). Archaeological discoveries (With. paleogenetics and investigative genetics) of recent years concluded that Africa is a motherland of humanity, due to its geographical position and climate, and one of the centers of birth and development of human culture, and that it subsequently spread to other regions via Asia Minor. A revolutionary stage in the history of humanity was the period of Neolithic. In Asia Minor it ended several thousands years earlier than in Europe. The Neolithic period is the highest stage of the Stone Age, characterized by new technologies in making stone tools and production of clay articles hardened by heat, the ceramics. This stage is a transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and farming, and consequently to the settled lifestyle: permanent settlements, sturdier dwellings, so-called country lifestyle. The foundation of a new, basically dierent economy was a long and complex process that had independent and original character only in few centers of the world. According to the modern data, Europe didn't belong to any of them, but it was situated close enough to one of them, West Asian, the ancient centre of agriculture and farming.
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1.2. Who Were the Ancient Inhabitants of Asia Minor? About the ancient inhabitants of Syria and Palestine, researchers tell us the following. The Bible contains a number of dim memories about prehistoric tribes. The ancient inhabitants are /5/ depicted at times as giants speaking a completely strange language, at times as spirits of the dead. More realistically, they sometimes are called cave people. All of them are contrasted with the Jews and Canaanites, the later Semitic inhabitants (Udaltsova Z.V. et al./ . ., 1988, 97). In his monumental research work the famous Turkologist M.Z. Zakiev gives a detailed description of the ancient areas of the Trks, mentioning the names of ethnic groups populating the areas, and explaining their names with the help of the Trkic language. As the most ancient region inhabited by Trks the scientist names the region of the West Asia, with a part of Asia Minor and Caucasus. He points out that examining Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian and Urartu sources allowed to show the ancient history of West Asia in a new way. So the Azerbaijan linguist Firidun Agasioglu Djalilov, having studied the above mentioned sources, ascertains that in the 4th-3rd millenniums BC between Assyria and Urartu, near the upper course of the river Tiger, were residing the Trkic-speaking Subar people (subriver, ar people that means people of the river). A little downstream were the Trkic-speaking Kumans, further on were the Trkic-speaking Guti and Lulu, and on the southern shore of the Lake Urmia were settled the Trkic-speaking Turuks. These groups also included Trkic-speaking Kumugs, Kashgays, Salurs, and other tribes.

The existence of the Trkic-speaking areas of West Asia and Asia Minor is also proved by the geographical objects bearing Trkic proper names that were common names in ancient times. M. Z. Zakiev reects on the roots of the Sumerians, the people famous all over the world as inventors of writing, creators of rst civilization, etc. In the Akkadian sources the region south of modern Bagdad was called Kienkir (Kangar), it was populated by Sumerians. The Sumerian people didn't call themselves Sumerians, but Kangars. Kangar is a Trkic ethnonym. The Kangars could live there before the arrival of the Sumerians, or the Sumerians could be the Kangars themselves. If the Sumerians were Trks in 4th millennium BC they were undergoing assimilation by the Semitic-speaking Akkadians. In that case, the Trkic words of their language are not derivations, but a Trkic substratum, i.e. the remains of the Trkic language, native speakers of which switched to the Akkadian speech (Zakiev/, 2002). The great number of the Trkic tribes living in Asia Minor in 4th-3rd millenniums BC, the Trkic toponyms and hydronyms preserved in this area, and references to the ancient non-Semitic inhabitants of this region in the Bible allow to reckon that the original language of the earliest inhabitants in this area could be entirely Trkic. 1.3. Ancient Inhabitants in the Territory of the modern Latvia Archaeological explorations in the territory of Latvia show that rst people arrived there at the end of the 9th millennium BC. Remains of their presence were found near the old estuary of the river Daugava. Anthropologists describe anthropological phenotype of the rst inhabitants in the East Baltic region 2 as ancient Mediterranean type of southern origin (Moora et al./ ., 1959, II, 146). Archaeologists found two Mesolithic settlements that can be attributed to the 6th millennium BC. One of them was situated on the shore of Lake Burtnieku, near the mouth of the river Rja. Nearby, is a Mesolithic burial ground. Until present this is the only burial ground that has been found in the East Baltic region. Red ochre was used in the burial ritual, a very very important fact, as it shows cultural roots of the rst inhabitants. They lead to the burial grounds in the territories of Iraq and Czech Republic, where red ochre was already used in 10th-9th millenniums BC. Red ochre is ubiquitous in the Trkic Kurgan burial tradition that extends to the present time, it is present all archeological sections of all historical works on the horsed nomadic people of the Kurgan culture. Not far from the Mesolithic burial ground in Latvia there is also a Neolithic burial ground, where red ochre was also used, though in smaller quantities.
2. The area of the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.

6 In the territory of the modern Latvia, Neolithic sites were found alongside the Mesolithic ones. Archaeological discoveries prove the continuity in economic and cultural life between the ancient people in the territory of the modern Latvia. For example, rst evidence of using harpoon is dated to the end of the Paleolithic. In the period of Mesolithic the same kind of harpoon was used by the ancient people in the territory of the modern Latvia. Fish-hook of the same kind occurred in the Mesolithic and also inn Neolithic, that is another evidence of the uninterrupted continuity. The Mesolithic settlements in the territory of the modern Latvia belong to the warm Atlantic period, when the life on the coast of the Baltic Sea became possible. Historians

state that about 7th millennium BC, people of Europe acquired skills in making boats of hollowed out trees. At that time the Baltic Sea was a huge basin of fresh water abutting a vast territory of swamps. Rivers owing from the territory of the Carpathian Mountains brought their waters to the Baltic Sea. To move from place to place people used rivers, and settled not far from them. Archaeologists conrm that people reached the dense woodlands by rivers. The warm Atlantic period made people more active than they were in the previous climatic period. Till the beginning of the Neolithic period the population of settlements in the territory of the modern Latvia increased meaningfully. Fragments and whole ceramic objects found in the territory of the modern Latvia testify that the art of ceramics didn't arise there. It was brought to the Latvian territory from southwestern or southeastern regions, and there it was highly developed. 1.3.1. Folklore Symbols Testify Symbolic depictions left by rst inhabitants of the East Baltic on implements and then on ceramics remind the tribal symbols of the ancient Trks. Depiction of comb is an ornamental element after which the East Baltic comb-pit ceramics was named. The symbolic sign tarak comb is one of the tribal symbols of the ancient Trks. Symbolic depiction of the world eternity and sun in the ancient ornaments of Baltic settlers is completely identical to the symbolic signs of ancient Trks called bersh and baybakti. The Trkic sign kocey is depicted as a vertical line. In Latvian ornamental drawings a vertical line is an ancient symbol of force and fortitude. A horizontal line known in Latvian ornamental art from time immemorial as a symbol of constancy and peace is reminiscent of the Trkic sign bura. Latvian symbolic depiction of the sky and home completely coincides with the depiction of the Trkic sign cherkesh. The sign of light and re, energy and happiness depicted like a cross, known in the territory of the modern Latvia since the Palaeolithic, is reminiscent the ancient Trkic sign bagana. The symbol of the sky, the universe, the God is known in Latvian ornamental art as an equilateral triangle with the tip upward. It is known to the Trks as a sign called tumar. In Latvian ornamental drawings, the Trkic sign tumar, depicted as a triangle with the tip downward, is known as a symbol of earth and fertility. Both the Trks and Latvians depicted the sign of re cross connected with four parts of the world. The sign depicted in the territory of the modern Latvia on sacred stones and later on ceramic objects is reminiscent two horses or cocks heads or twin cereal spikes. Since ancient times it has been known to both the Trks and Latvians as a symbol of fertility, wealth and happiness, decorating roofs of dwellings.
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1.3.2. Language of Ancient People in the territory of the modern Latvia Investigators of ethnic anthropology of the East Baltic region nd ethnic links of the ancient inhabitants of this territory with the Europoid (I.e.Caucasoid) southern tribes. They

hold that in the past /7/ on the European coast of the Mediterranean Sea lived multiple non-Indo-European peoples, and the same in the North (e.g. Scotland) which induces them think of similar ethnic groups in other parts of ancient Europe, for example, in the territory of the modern Baltic. Scientists note inuence of non-Finno-Ugric and non-Indo-European languages on the languages in the East Baltic and nearby territories (Moor/o, 1959, II, 153 155). We have already mentioned Sumerians, the people that occupy a distinguished place forging knowledge and culture in Asia Minor. The Sumerians called themselves Kangars. Kangar is the name of the ancient Trkic ethnos in Mesopotamia. That allows scientists to suggest a Trkic origin of the Sumerians, which was corroborated by the analysis of their language. It is fascinating that in the geographical center of Latvia we nd the name Kangarkalni that translated from Latvian means Kangars' mountains. Some distance from the sea we nd a chain of towns. One of them bears the name Kangari. Other names of this chain attract one's attention by ending with i (-ji): Ainai, Ropai, Suntai (Ainaji, Ropaji, Suntaji), etc.

Turning to the Turkish language we can see that with the help of the ax -i (-chi) [chi] and its phonetic variants are formed Trkic words for a man by his occupation, inclination, or connection. For example, in Turkish kundura means shoes, kundura-i (kundurachi) shoe-maker, demir iron- demir-i (demirchi) blacksmith. With the help of Turkish stem morphemes we decipher the names of these Latvian towns: Ainai: in Turkish aynac means one who makes or sells mirrors. We must point out that obsidian mirrors were produced in the territory of modern Turkey in the 6th millennium BC (Masliychuk/, 2006, 18). Ropai: in Turkish rop means female gown without sleeves (English robe). Adding the ax -ci [i], people could call a woman-maker or seller of gowns; Suntai: sunta in Tukish means hardboard, accordingly its maker should be called

suntaci (sunta is an old word, hardboard is a novelty, thus hardboard is a semantical extension meaning); Limbai: in Turkish the word limba means barge, with the help of -i [i] could be called its maker or seller; Kirbii: in Turkish krba means waterskin, its maker or seller is called krba; Allai: the Turkish word allk/all means blush powder, to make a name for a maker/seller we must add the ax -i; Pabai: in Turkish pabu means shoe, pabu - shoemaker, who makes and sells shoes. Surprisingly, we did nd a number of towns that received their names after the goods that were made or sold there. From the Latvian language we can't explain the names of the places and other geographical locations in the territory of the modern Latvia where were found Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements. Looking at them through the prism of the Turkish language, we can conjecture that the name Osa, one of the two Mesolithic settlements, could initially have the name Os. The Trkic phoneme [] (Like i in sit, bit) could have transformed into [] (Interchangeability of the back vowels). The words As, Os are ancient Trkic ethnonyms (Zakiev/, 2002). The name of the river Ia [it] that ows near the settlement cannot be explained with the help of Latvian either. In Turkish the word i/ii [it/iti] means inside, inner, inland, and also heart, soul; the verb imek and verbial noun ie mean to drink/drinking. The name of the river Rja, where was situated the second Mesolitic settlement, in Turkish means dream (rya).
8

River Rja feeds into a lake named Burtnieku, which is consonant with the Turkish verb burtmak to twist (With allophones bkmek, burmak, bklmek, burkmak, burkulmak, all to twist). In Latvian the verb burt means make magic gesticulations, motions to reach a desired. The Trkic word burt beehive' apparently grew into the Russian word [bortnik] collector of forest bees' honey. In the Latvian Mesolithic settlements, were found in great numbers three types of bone harpoons, a sledge runner 2.1 m long, a bone hoe, a bone knife with handle in a form of an elk's head, and other objects. The Latvian names of these articles resemble the corresponding Turkish stems and sound so similar that the origin of these Latvian words from the Turkish stems could be asserted: the Latvian kamanas sledge is sonorous with the Turkish keman curve; sledge runners were attached to the rst pair of uprights 3; the Latvian word ilkss shaft (draft) is sonorous with the Turkish word ilk rst; the Latvian word ebrklis harpoon nds a sonorous stem morpheme in the Turkish words cebretmek/cebren to force/by force, while -ki/-k and -li are frequently used Turkish axes meaning which and with respectively; the Latvian kaplis hoe is close in its meaning and sound to the Turkish verb kapamak to cover, to bury, to hide, li is the Turkish ax with, so the word kaplis could initially have a meaning covering.

As the result of ecological changes that took place in the post-glacial period, Mesolithic population of the Eastern Europe mainly engaged in shing and hunting individual animals (Udaltsova/ 1988, 66) The name of the animal that was one of the main nutritional and economic resources of the rst people in the territory of the modern Latvia is surprisingly connected with the Turkish verb lmak to be taken, catch, l is the verbal noun taking, catch. The Latvian name of this animal is alnis elk. Thus, the ndings and research corroborate that the culture inherited by the Latvians came to the modern Baltic territory, and to the territory of Central and Eastern Europe, from the south. That indicates that the language brought by the rst settlers was the language of people in the south. The great number of Trkic ethnic groups in the ancient population of Mesopotamia makes indicates that rst residents of the South-Eastern Europe were ethnic groups speaking Trkic, because probably at that time no other language even existed. The detected connection of Latvian geographical names, Latvian names for the objects used by ancient people, and surrounding them nature, animals, and plants with the Trkic language allow to formulate that the language of the most ancient inhabitants in the territory of the modern Latvia is rooted in the Trkic language. The recognized mastery, knowledge, and culture that Sumerians probably inherited from their ancestors, tentatively a Trkic ethnos called Kangars, forces to think that with their knowledge, mastery, and culture the Latvians are obliged to the fortuitous event of coming in the Metholoitic period by Kangar or some other developed Trkic ethnic group on the banks of the Baltic Sea. traditions, religion and symbols of folk songs and arts of Lithuanians and Latvians are saturated with the past The Pre-Christian layer appeared to be so old that it undoubtedly arises to the prehistorical times (Gimbutas M./, 2004, 187).
3 The rods that fasten a sledge seat to the runners. 9

The only Mesolithic burial found in the Eastern Baltic near lake Burtnieku testies of the ancient peoples' permanent presence. That allows to surmise that with time their knowledge, mastery, and culture were shared with other newcomer settlers to the neighboring regions. That the substratum lexicon of the Latvian language initially belonged to an ethnos of high culture is conrmed by the archeological nds of workshops in the Latvian territory that testify to the high production technologies. The modern Latvia retained its mastery of hide tanning and production of leather objects, production of ceramics, wattle weaving, and other crafts. Historians testify to high spiritual culture of the ancient Latvians. The religious knowledge of Latvian priests enjoyed respect of the neighboring tribes, they propagated far from the Latvian settlements. On the power of their knowledge, connected with the laws of nature, is evidenced by the preserved among the modern Latvians spiritualization of nature, extensive use of folklore symbolism, following the ancient traditions, and the transfer of the spiritual culture, knowledge, and mastery to the younger generations. 2. Geographical Names of Trkic Etymology From historical sources we know that at the beginning of the Common Era peoples in Europe were polyethnic. Scientists arm that among Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians had more Trkic tribes than the tribes of any other ethnic background living in Europe today (Zakiev/, 2002).

The aim of this chapter is to point to the endless list of the Trkic toponyms we nd not only in Europe, but all over the world. This indicates that apparently at some time the humanity didn't speak any other language but Trkic. The territory of the modern Latvia is remarkable for its numerous ancient toponyms and hydronyms of Trkic etymology that have been preserved there. This attests that inhabitants of that region, notable for their initial high spiritual culture, preserved their cultural heritage and zealously safeguarded it. Knowing the rules for composing and stringing together the Trkic words allows to perceive and recognize them in geographical names, linguistic lexicons, etc. What distinguishes Trkic words and why it can be easily spotted? 1. Axes of the Trkic language are almost unvarying. Each ax has a xed unequivocal meaning and is easily discerned. 2. Trkic words have distinct inner form with readily detectable semantics. 3. Trkic words can be easily parsed into morphological units. 4. Trkic word roots are laconic and unchangeable. 5. Many Trkic words carry phonetic symbolism, i.e. the words often arouse live images and sensations: drdr is annoying chattering, trtk is nubbiness, serration. This particularity of the Trkic language is the brightest evidence of the exceptional antiquity of the language that takes us to that stage in the development of human's language which stands close to the denition of language of children.
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2.1. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms on the World Map It's not surprising that we nd lots of Trkic toponyms and hydronyms on the map of Central and Middle Asia. Obviously, the name of the continent itself ascends to the ancient Trkic ethnonym As. Maybe the origin of the word e that we nd in some languages (in Turkish as means person who excels in some activity) (This Trkic word is spelled Ace in English) is also connected with the ethnonym s. Then the word Asia should be translated toward Aces (the nal - (-a/e) is the ax of the Turkish genitive case that indicates a direction of an action). The geographical name Siberia also corresponds with the Trkic ethnonym sabr, but the Turkish meaning of the word sabr is patience (The form Suvar found among Suvar linguistic decedents in Tatarstan and in Classical records gives the denition: Suv + ar = Warter/river + people). On the geographical map of America, the name of the Central American plateau Ozark catches our eye. It is reminiscent of a combination of the Turkish words z ark that means primary irrigation channel. The name of the Andes corresponds to the Turkish word nt/and oath. The name Canada has apparently originated from the Turkish kanat/kanad wing, ank. In the geographical centre of Australia is a mountain Uluru, sacred for aboriginals. Its name may sprung from the Trkic stem morphemes ul great, ur outgrowth, swelling and the Trkic ax of the 3-rd person -u (Another sacral term found in Polynesia is the word for divinity Tangaroa = Great Tanga = Hawaian Kanaloa, cognate with the Sumerian Dingir and Trkic Tengri) (The Fennic ur = mountain is apparently a form of

Trkic r = upland, present in Trkic Ural = Urals, originally aplied only to the Southern Ural uplands). In the Nicaragua territory is an island metepe where were found the rst traces of farming. The second part of the word must be the Trkic word tepe hill. The geographical map of Turkey has lots of compound names with tepe: Kzltepe Red Hill, Gltepe Rose Hill, Gktepe Heavenly Hill. In the Pacic and Indian Oceans are numerous islands with Trkic etymology. On one of them, Sulavesi, live the Kayan people. The people believe that the motherland of humanity Tanatova lives on their island. They believe that life started in the sacred forest where appeared rst people and where they live now, so nobody is allowed to enter that sacred forest (Kayi is one of the oldest known Trkic ethnonyms, originated from the word snake; it is known in a number of forms, one of which is another word for the snake, ilan/yilan/djilan, hence Herodotus' Gelons and Persian Gilans; Tanatova must be another form of Polynesian Tangaroa - Tengri). Drawings of red ochre paint on steep lime clis of the island attest that people settled there 30,000 years ago (Enigma, 2008, 67). The name of the island contains the Trkic stem morpheme su water and the Trkic word-forming ax -la meaning with. The name Tanatova consists of three Turkish stem morphemes: tan atmak (for day) to break, to dawn, ova grassy plain, meadow and means plain where it dawns. One of the meanings of the Turkish verb kaymak is to escape, kayan is the form of the present participle, hence the name of the people can mean escapees. The Turkish Russian dictionary explains the words kara yel as Northwestern wind (Yusipov/, 2005, 316). Literally, kara yel means black wind. In the Baltic, black wind in winter is a serious test for the animals. The geographical name Karelia could have derived from these words, then it may be translated as to the black wind, because the Turkish ax (-ya) indicates the direction of an action (Kara also denotes western direction, like in Kara Dingez = Western Sea, which is synonymous with Black Sea, thus Karelia ~ Western Wind). The name of the Donegol plateau in the northwestern Ireland can be translated from the Turkish as icy lake. It is reminiscent of the compound name of the Bingl plateau in Turkey meaning thousand of lakes. This place in Ireland is connected with Celtic legends about the aborigines of the island, the Great People of the Goddess Danu (in Old Trkic dana means wise (Enigma, 2008, 38) (Don/ton is also icy, hence the Greek name of the river Don/Tanais, the tautological Icy Tanais). Kaldra, the name of the ancient graveyard on the Boa island in Ireland, corresponds to the Turkish verb kaldrmak that means to bury according to the rituals, and the name of the island correlates with the Turkish verb bomak to torture, to torment psychologically. In ancient times the name of the Latvian river Daugava (Aka Western Dwina) was Duna, which corresponds to the Turkish word dun meaning low, lower. Remarkably, in ancient times the name of the river Danube was Duna, too (And the form Danube is the apparent adoptation of the old Trkic name Duna. The upper portion of the river Danube, Ister, could very well have a Trkic meaning too). The names of the Visla, Oka, Volga, Kama, and Enisey also stem from the Trkic language. It's noteworthy that the geographical names of Trkic etymology are connected with the traces of the ancient people, with the known stories of the most ancient history of the world. In one or another way they are connected with stories about ancient tribes and

peoples. It allows to conclude that the Trkic language stands closest to the mankind's cradle than any other language.
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2.2. Trkic Toponyms and Hydronyms of Latvia Having heard to his question Where are you from? the answer Im from the Baltic, a Turkmen asked: Baltic, is it a swamp? Linguists hypothesized, connecting the name Baltic with the Rumanian word balta swamp, pond, lake, Albanian balte mud, Lithuanian and Latvian bala puddle, Old Slavic [blato] swamp (Dini, 2000, 29). In Turkish the word balk (balchik, balchug) means clay (swamp). Taking into consideration the importance of clay in the Neolithic, we can imagine that the name Baltic originated from the word balk [baltk]. As was noted earlier, the words of Trkic origin are given away by distinctive form and stable meaning of their axes. Examining the Latvian toponyms and hydronyms we nd some of them ending in -d (-t). Let's try to translate them keeping in mind that the Trkic morpheme -d (-t is a voiceless form) points to the local case and means to be/to be located at some place. The geographical name Dagda that we nd in East Latvia would mean on the hill (Turk. da means highland, mountain), and the town Dagda is really situated on a high hill. The name of the river Amata would mean at blind's, i.e. blind, as ama in Turkish means blind, and the countless windings of this river prove its name: going down this admired by the tourists river is not an easy task. The Turkish morpheme le (-la) shows instrumental case and means with, together with, by means of, by, then the name of the Latvian river Memele may be translated with mother's breast (Turk. meme breast, udder) (And how come that the Sakha Yakuts have meme for breast, did they learned it in Latin universities: mammal - L.L. mammalis of the breast, from L. mamma breast, perhaps cognate with mamma; etymology stops at the Latin like at a brick wall). The name of the Latvian river Msa is reminiscent the Prophet's name Musa who later in Judaism and Christianity received the name Moses. The name of the highest peak in the Balkans is Musala meaning with/by Musa. Maybe the name of the sacred town Musasir of the ancient state Biainili (Urartu) is also connected with the name of the Prophet Musa. With the help of the Turkish language we can decipher innumerous names on the geographical map of Latvia: Mustkalni - hills where an exciting message was received, as mutu (mushtu) in Turkish means pleasing news (English message); Kalupe - river that stays at a place (Turk. kalmak to stay); Durupe - river that doesn't move, in Turkish durmak means to remain at a place; Balupe - honey river, Turk. bal honey; Kurma (lake) - in Turkish kurma means building; Ia (Icha) (river) in Turkish imek means to drink, ie is the form of present participle; Sable, the name of the town may be related to the Turkish word sap bundle of cornstalks, the ax -le means with, i.. with bundles of cornstalks; Talsi, the name of the town corresponding to the Turkish tali secondary, subordinate, -si the ax of the 3rd person; kele (kshele), iskele in Turkish means pier, port, from history we know that this town used to be a signicant port on the river Daugava; Bulduri, the name of this health resort on the coast of the Baltic Sea may ascend to the

Turkish verb buldurmak to make somebody remember something; Sigulda, in Turkish slk/sl (slk/sl ~ slk/sl with silent , like in Sinor) means shallow, the ax da means on, in, so the name of the town can be read as on the shallow (place); Rjena, Turk. rya dream, n is the ax of the 2nd person (ax of belonging), is the ax of dative case (oblique case), the compound means dream to/for you; Koknese, Turk. kken native (place), motherland, - si is ax of the 3rd person, i.. their motherland (Cockney - an interesting English word without transparent etymology, the etymologies of milksop, simpleton; eeminate man; Londoner, as well as spoiled child, milksop; cock's egg; runt of a clutch all appear to be based on late phonetical folk etymologies; the semantics of domestic (language) < motherland seems to be the most suitable survival from the forgotten past; all folk etymologies date from late Middle Ages, a thousand years after the collapse of the substrate language) Ataiene (Atashiene), Turk. ate (atesh) re, ateine (ateshine) - to your re (-in ax of the 2nd person, is ax of direction); Kamalda, Turk. kama fortication, -la > l with, -da in, i.e. in fortication > fortied; Krimulda, Turk. krm of krmak to exterminate, to break, to destroy, to cut down (trees), da is ax in: the name may be explained in a clearing. Azanda, Turk. az little, -n ( > a) is ax of genitive case 4, da is ax in; the name can be explained in small (number, quantity), in shortage; Dindas [jinjas], Turk. cinci [jinji] sorcerer (bringer of evil spirit); Jrsika [yersika], the name of the town apparently derives from the Turkish yer [yer] place (earth), -si is ax of the 3rd person, -ki is ax that, which, so the name means belonging to that place; of that place. Compare this with the Russian ecclesiastical term [jeres'] (heresy) which means opposite to common viewpoint/understanding, usually belonging to a certain place; the heresy originates from the same Turkish morphemes. Heresy was rst used by Lyon Bishop Irenaeus (ca 130 ca 202 AD) from Smyrna/Izmir, who somehow knew the Trkic lexicon and probably the Greek derivative of yersiki = choice; he was an apologetics who tried to make sense of the Christian faith by looking for a rational basis for it, probably a shot at Tengrian syncretic rationalization. 200 years later Lyon was overtaken by Burgunds, the nomadic horse husbandry people of Sarmatian root. Kente, the name of the rst fortied town in the territory of the modern Latvia, surprisingly coincides with the Turkish word kent town. As there is the Trkic ax te meaning in, the name probably meant in the fortied place.
4 Corresponds to the genitive 12

The Russian historian and writer of 19th century N.. Karamzin spoke about Slavic pagans that had the same gods with the tribes in the territory of the modern Latvia. He believes that the name of the Russian tribe Krivichi proves that the tribe regarded the Latvian priest Krive to be a head of their faith (Karamzin N../, 1995, I, p. 91). The name of the Latvian town Krivanda may arise from the name rive, but the Turkish axes -n- (3rd person) and da in, at allow to translate it at riv's (people). Oziki, Turk. zini place abundant with water, -ki that. The name of the town could mean the place that is abundant with water. The etymology of the Latvian city Rezekne apparently can be explained with the help of the Turkish word rzk/rzkn (form of 2nd or 3rd person, accusative) meaning one's daily

bread. Compare it with the Russian verb [ryskat], that means hunt down. The name Uava may be derived from the Turkish word ua high and ova plain. One of the Trkic ethnic names is Kangali. It is reminiscent of the Baltic ethnic names Zemgali and Latgali (Kangar = Kangly > Kangaly; -g is a part of nasal ng and is not a word-producing morpheme). The Turkish word gl lake can be found in geographical names of Turkey: Bingl, Karagl, Glpazar. The name of the Latvia region Letgola may ascend to the Turkish word gl lake and mean lakes of Letts; the name of the Latvian region Zemgale may originate from the Turkish word cemi all and gl and mean all the lakes. The Baltic ethnic name emaiti [emaiti] corresponds to the Turkish word that has the following meanings: group, crowd, religious community. 2.3. Baltic Hydronyms on the Map of Europe, or Problem of Pan-Baltic In the 1960s linguists started addressing innumerable hydronyms of origin in the vast territory of East Europe. A further research work led expansion of the Baltic hydronyms area so far that explorers couldn't stop being surprised. Because of this phenomenon, a number of Lithuanian scientists ventured to trace the border of the ancient Baltic peoples to the Urals. As to their western border, it was earlier demarcated alongside the river Visla, but then it stretched much further west, which is vigorously discussed. An Italian specialist of Baltic philology P .U. Dini points out that this surprising spread of Baltic elements requires to follow strict methods in the research work on hydronyms, not to create a comfortable panacea for pan-Baltism as a simplest solution of all questions (Dini, 2000, 34).
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A Latvlian scientist A.Breidaks wrote that linguists had discovered innumerous Baltic Old Balkan onomastic parallels. One third of Latgalian names for the rivers have similarities with the Old Balkan names, partially with Central European and Asia Minor onomastics as a whole, and with hydronymy in particular (Breidaks, 2002, 3540). As has already been shown, a great number of ancient Baltic hydronyms and toponyms corresponds to the Trkic lexis and can be easily deciphered with the help of Turkish stem morphemes. Their semantics is very close to the semantics of the Turkish stems. Moreover, Turkish stems always provide underlying descriptions for them. Let us look for some more geographical European names that could arise from the Trkic stems. The map of the Central and Eastern Europe has a great number of geographical names that in Latvian end in ava/-ova: Daugava, Kuprova, Varava, Maskava (Turk. Moskova). In Turkish language the word ova means plain, meadow, then the name Varava (Varshava) could mean suburb meadow (Turk. varo suburb). Compare this with the geographical name Yeilova (Yeshilova) green meadow that we nd in Turkey. Oba in OTD is translated clan, tribe, following M.Kashgari, but the semantics of its usage tends to lean more to state, motherland. One of the earliest names of the river Daugava/West Dvina, as well as the name for the North Dvina, was Duna. t can be explained with the Turkish dun low, lower. In Turkish the word vzlamak means to buzz, to hum, to keep on complaining. The name of the river Visla is reminiscent of the Turkish word vz buzz, hum, the Turkish

ax -la means with, so the name can be translated as with buzzing, or noisy. We nd a river with the same name Vizla in Latvia as well. The name of the river Volga in Russia (on its banks even now live many peoples whose languages are not understandable for the Russians) may correspond to the old Turkish name of a kind of a shing net vol a (Turk. yulga river, body of water > Volga river, also > vlaga water, and numerous Sl. derivatives) . The name of the Danube tributary Tisa resembles the Turkish verb tslamak to hiss. The name of the river Nmunas (Niemen), with widely open phoneme (I.e. ) in the Lithuanian language, may arise from the Turkish stem nam glory, reputation, fame (Turk./IE stem nam ~ name is one of those Nostratic words, but why anybody would call a river Name?). The name of azuria (North Poland) that once was a part of Prussia can have its origins in the Turkish word mazur excused, excusable. Both in Europe and in the Urals we nd rivers with the same name Kuma that could spring from the Turkish word kum sand. A great number of geographical names of Trkic etymology in the territory of Europe must be attributed to the times when Neolithic inhabitants of Asia Minor were settling uninhabited territories of Europe. They were bringing their knowledge, culture, and their language, the stem morphemes of which served to produce new lexis with their ancestors, gods and people, geographical objects, animals, plants, and nature, parts of human's body, clothes, activities, fruits of labor, terms of social life, and so on. Remarkably, the Russian scientist Y. N. Drozdov, depicting panorama of Europe in the rst centuries AD, nds a countless number of Trkic ethnic names on that territory. The scientist also explains the names of modern European countries by means of the Trkic language: Austria Country of As 5 Sowers, England Country of Quick-witted men, Russia Country of As Men, etc., etc. (Drozdov Y. N./, 2008, 366) (Austria = Celtic nor- east or eastern > Roman Noricum > Germ. Bavarian Ostar- = east or eastern > Latinized Austr.+ ia; of that, only -ia = possession is Lat. borrowing fr. Trkic; the Germ. reich and Lat. regis and rex ascend to the same Trkic aryg = noble, respected, pure, sacred).
5 The word As is the most ancient Trkic ethnonym. 14

3. Discovery of the Trkic Substratum in the Latvian language So, the great number of Latvian geographical names read with the help of the Turkish language leads to unveiling and deciphering of the substratum lexis in the Latvian language. Since the revealed substratum lexis constitutes a great body of words in the Latvian language, it is possible to compile words into groups according to their meanings. 3.1. Ancestors, Gods, Names of People, Symbols Probably, preserving traditions of polytheism helped Latvian people to save words that present a greatest interest for a linguist. In the Latvian language spirits of dead are called vei, urgui, ii, elki. In Turkish the word veli means patron, saint, the word uruk/uru means tribe, clan, the Turkish ax i/i (-ji/-chi) is used to produce occupational nouns with nominal stem's meaning. The Turkish word ilgi with the corresponding Latvian word ii means relation, connection. The Latvian word elki is reminiscent of the Turkish word el which means hand, the ax ki means that. But more likely, the word elki (with open

phoneme [] (I.e. []) in the rst syllable) formed from the stem morpheme of the verb almak take and the ax ki, and had a form alki meaning taker, because according to the beliefs the spirits of ancestors take gifts brought over by living people. Compare elki with the name of the Latvian river Alkupe (Engl. river elki, i.e. river of gifts taker). In Lithuanian the word alkas means hill or another place for sacricing. The famous archeologist . Gimbutas, describing pagan rituals of the Baltic tribes, writes that their sacred grottoes usually were situated on a hill called Alka ( .Gimbutas/, 2004, 192). In Poland, not far from the Belorussian border, is a town called Elk. The Latvian word urgui for the spirits of ancestors attracts a special attention, it was still used at the end of the 19th c., in the modern Latvian language it has fallen into disuse. It must be pointed out that the words of substratum lexis are the most ancient words of the Latvian language, and they gradually disappear. The name of the ancient Latvian god si (Usinsh) could derive from the Turkish word us reason, intellect. Compare it with the Russian idiom (wind on us) that means understand and remember (Equivalent to Eng. x in mind) where the word [us] appear to be of the same origin. The most popular and beloved Latvian name is Jnis [ja:nis] (Yanis). It is celebrated with a greatest Latvian holiday, that coincides with the day of summer solstice, and is preceded by a night of bright res set on the lake shores, river banks, and on the sea coast. It is called a Day of Jnis. In Turkish the word yan [jan] means burning, it is connected with the verb yanmak [janmak] to burn. The Latvian name Krijnis (Krishyanis) apparently arises from the Turkish kar yan opposite re. The etymology of the Russian name [Uljan] can be explained with the help of the Turkish words ulu yan great re (Yan is a Trkic name like Yan Arslan ~ Fiery Lion, Yan is a popular Old Slavic name that retained its popularity to the present, Chinese annals document a subordinated to Kangar state/tribe Yan in the Urals-Aral area, later Alan; yan has an Ogur counterpart yar which means reverent, sacred, eager ~ ery and was a popular component of early Slavic names like Yaropolk ~ Trk. Fiery Warrior or Reverent Warrior). There is a line of popular Latvian male and female names Guna, Gunta, Guntis, Gunrs, having the same stem with the Turkish words gn [gyn] 6 day, gne [gynesh] sun. In the Latgalian language, a language related to Latvian, the word gus means re, in the Latvian language re is uguns, in Russian /ogon. In the English language we also nd the corresponding word gun (The etymological source of the Sl. /ogon from the Trkic yangn is obvious; Vasmer cites Anc. Indian agn and Lat. ignis, which points to the Nostratic origin and also ultimately connects to the Trkic root gn in respect to Sun) . The Latvian names Ainrs, Aigars, Aivars may ascend to the Turkish word [aj] moon. Compare them with the Turkish names Ayla with the moon, Nuray full moon. As the Turkish word var means is the Latvian name Aivars can be read in moonlight. In the dictionary of Latvian names we nd an old female name Aila, totally identical with the Turkish female name Ayla (Sili, 1990).
6 In this work the Turkish vowel represented by is transcribed as [y]. 15

The etymology of both the Latvian female name Sarma and the word sarma hoarfrost may originate from the Turkish verb sarmak to embrace, to cover. The verb has also a meaning to interest, to captivate, so the name Sarma can be connected with that meaning.

The Turkish verb oymak [ojmak] to scoop out, to engrave, to carve and its participle oyar [ojar] carving, engraving, scooping out could produce the Latvian male name js. The Latvian male name Egils can stem from the Turkish verb eilmek to get down to (a job). The etymology of the Latvian male name Varis can arise from the Turkish word varis meaning inheritor (Turk. varmak to have). For both the Trks and Latvians, the symbolic depiction of objects they worshipped was of great importance. Numerous Latvian folkloric symbols correspond to the Trkic mythological symbols. The Latvian word jumis [jumis] for the symbol of family success and fertility corresponds to the Turkish word yom [jom] bringing luck, good news. The Bulgarian Trks depicted the symbol of dawn, home and family success as a two-headed bird ergi eagle. The Latvian word erglis eagle must be connected with the Trkic word ergi (Turk. -li means with) (That is how this symbol became the symbol of the Trkic clans, then the symbol of their dynasties, then the symbol of European dynasties, and nally the emblem of a number of the modern states) . In the pre-historic times ornaments of amber were made in the territory of the modern Latvia. They were believed to have magic power. The Latvian word dzintars means amber. It can be explained with the help of the Turkish words cin [chin] evil spirit and ters opposite, contrary, so the word calls the object opposing or ghting evil spirits. The etymological dictionary of the Latvian language gives a version of the word dzintars with the second syllable ters: dzinters (Karulis, 2001, 255). 3.2. Man, Earth, Water The Latvian word cilvks (chiveks) man and dzve (jeeve) life correspond to the Turkish words civelek [chivelek] lively, vivacity, communicative and civcivli [chivchivli] lively, crowded, busy that makes us notice the initial connection between the Latvian words cilvks (chiveks) and dzve (jeeve). It is clear that both the Turkish and Latvian words have the same stem morpheme civ. It's worth to point out that once the Latvian verb dzvot (jeevot) to live was used with the word darbs work, and dzvot darbu meant to work. The Russian historian and writer of the 19th c. N.M.Karamzin, speaking about the pagan religion of Old Slavs, mentions their Goddess of Life named [Siva] or [zhiva] (Karamzin N.M./ 1995, I, 89). The Latvian word dzsla vein (Turk. la means with) corresponds to the Turkish word cisim [chisim] body. The Latvian words sen long ago and sencis ancestor relate to the Turkish sene year. The Latvian adjective sensens very old, ancient, immemorial is composed by doubling the root morpheme. In Turkish this type of word formation is used in making adjectives expressing a high degree of a quality, for example, gzel gzel very beautiful, byuk byuk very big, etc. The Latvian word zeme coinsides with the Turkish word zemin with the same meaning earth, ground, beneath. Latvian has the words zem under, zems low and the verb of the /16/ same stem pazemot humiliate, demean. In Turkish, the verb zemmetmek means reprove, condemn, blaspheme, vilify, and it is formed of the words zem reproach and etmek to do, to make (In Slavic, earth, ground is zemlya, with a root zem, sux -l, and variable endings, which makes it an exact Trkic match. In Russian, the word expanded its

semantics to numerous derivatives rooted in the concept of common land: Zemlya = planet Earth, zemsvo = district council, zemlyak = ountryman, zemlya = plowland, etc.) .
16

The name of the sacred well Zemzem (Engl. Zamzam) of Kaaba in Mecca draws attention in this connection as well. We nd the Turkish stem morpheme su water in the Latvian word sula juice, where the Turkish ax -la means quality dened by stem morpheme, and which corresponds to the Turkish word sulu meaning juicy. The Latvian map has many geographical names containing the Turkish stem morpheme su, for example, Sudarbe, where the Turkish word darbe means blow, stroke, therefore the name Sudarbe can be read as water blow. Perhaps, the Latvian word darbs labour ascends to the Turkish word darbe, and it is not accidental that the Russian language has an expression ( = udarnyi = prex u- + dar + sux -n- + various endings). In the Bulgarian language the word darba means labor as well. Commonality of linguistic traits, like other ethnological traits, allows to trace linguistic aliations of the peoples and nations. Likewise, a distinct absence of commonality is also helpful in tracing peoples and nations, like in the case of Gagauz and Persian, where studies draw on the absence of mutual linguistic borrowings. The shared Turkish word darbe = labor, Bulgarian darba = labor, and Latvian darbs = labor allows to connect the dots between Sarmatian migration into the modern Poland in the ca 150 BC, the Trkic substrate of the Latvian language, and the absence of the historical connections between Baltic and the Eastern European Oguz tribes (10th-12th cc. AD) and their descendents Seljuk and Ottoman Turks. Given that neither Bulgaria, nor the Oguz tribes extended into the Baltic area, the only viable source of the Latvian darbs are the Sarmatian tribes, known as Onogur confederation in the North Pontic of the Classical times (5th c. AD), also known as Bulgars, and the Vandals (Germanic wendeln Wanderers) and the tribes of the Vandal circle in the Poland and Baltic areas: Przeworsk culture, Vandals, Burgunds, Varini, Carini, Guttones (Guzes and Goths), and Assi ~ Osi, and Hasdingi. The Sarmatian loop is closed by identication of Burgunds with the North Pontic Onogurs (Agathias, ca 530-582/594 AD). The name of the town Subate could be derived from the verb batmak to sink, to go below the surface. In Latvia are streams with the names Sulka, Suda, Sumulda, Sumanka, etc. containing the root morpheme su and the Turkish axes la/-l, -da, -ki/-ka, therefore they can also be deciphered. We can nd the Turkish root morpheme su in many geographical names not only in Latvia. So, near the PolishBelorussian border is a town Suvalki, its name could ascend to the Turkish vali governor with ax -ki that, and mean water administrator. The name of the river Daugava tributary Suraki could be composed of the words su water and rae tremble, quiver, ripple and mean water ripple. Poles fondly called their town Suvalishki. The common Slavic ax -ishk- probably also goes back to the Turkish diminutive ax -ik-. The Turkish word valide governor corresponds to the Latvian verb valdt to rule (Actually, valide has a constellation of meanings centered around ruler: governor, mother, proconsul, prefect, dey, ban, exarch, chief magistrate. Via cognates in Baltic valdt and in Slavic volodet of the Trkic valide ruler and of the Trkic mir/pir ruler was formed the Slavic tautological title-name Vladimir = vladi ~ ruler + mir ~ ruler, the

title-name Volodar ~ Ruler, and the title-name Vladislav ~ Slavic ruler, and other clones. Vladimir may also be a form of Evlad = children, i.e. originally generic collective term that grew to become a proper name). The Latvian word sauss dry, waterless must have its origin in the Turkish adjective susuz that has the same meaning (the ax suz in Turkish shows absence of quality) (And the Slavic, Greek, Illirian, Balkan Albanian, Baltic, Hindu, Avestan hushka, all ascend to the Trkic su = water and a form of negation cognate with suz. The Avestan hushka demonstrates the s/h transition that in s dialect is sushka, an exact match to the Russian word sushka; the Middle Asian s/h transition is found in the words Huar < Suar = Turk. Water People and toponym Huaras = Suaras = Water People As > Chuarasm = Horezm. The spread of the semantics not watery = dry points to Nostratic origin based on the Trkic su = water in the noun, adjective, and verbal forms. The Nostratic commonality was facilitating transactions between the Trkic and local vernaculars) . The Latvian word dens water with open phoneme [e] (I.e. []) stands closest to the Turkish word sudan out of water, from water, with the help of water. In the Russian language we nd the words [udit] to sh, [uda] shingrod and [voda] water (Vasmer has homophonic verb [udit] with semantics to ripen, but none for [udit] with semantics to sh, which thus hangs up in the air. The Latvian form for water dens and emaite (Jemaite, a Lithuanian tribe) unduo appear to be transitional between the Trkic sudan and Slavic voda). The etymology of the Latvian word jra sea must be connected with the Turkish verb remek to increase, when the Latvian ezers lake arise from the Turkish ezer melting that is a present participle of the Turkish verb ezmek to melt, to run over. In Turkish there is a verb akmak to ow, to run (water), eux. The Latvian word aka well can be connected with this verb. The name of the Latvian town Akniste associates with the Turkish word akn torrent, stream (with Turk. ax of the 3rd person s and ax of the locative case -te 7), and must mean in the stream. The Latvian word dibens has a corresponding word dip/dibi in Turkish that has the same meaning bottom. In Turkish upuzun means very long; the word consists of up and uzun long. In Latvian the word upe means river. The morpheme up can be found in the Latvian words lejup down, downwards, augup up, upwards, malup at/on/to the side. The Latvian word urga stream could be derived from the Trkic root morpheme ur and the Trkic ax ga. The Turkish word ur means outgrowth, in the Tatar language [ur] means ditch, dyke, [urgl] rapid, gush, [urglu] seethe. In Latvia is a river called Ura. We nd the Turkish ax -ga in the Turkish words yonga chip, shaving (of wood), kavga ght, quarrel. The Turkish word kavga corresponds to the Latvian verb kauties to ght. The language of Itil Tatars, commonly called Tatar language in Russian lingo, is a blend of many Trkic dialects, mostly of Oguz variety, superimposed on the Ogur Bulgar language, which in turn was a blend of numerous Ogur languages (Bulgar, Burjan/Burgund, Suvar/Savir/Subar, Eseg/Esegel/Sekler, and more) with possible minor Oguz admixture. Via the Bulgar language, the modern Tatar language ascends to the Sarmat vernaculars, which creates a link between the Sarmatian substrates in the Tatar and Baltic. Hence, the Tatar ur moat, Lith. rvas moat, but Latv. sdzba < Tr. su = water.
7 In Turkish it is -de hali, the case expressing location.

17

3.3. Home, Parents, Holidays In Turkish there are two words maya, one of them means female of a herd animal, another word means origin, blood. The Latvian word mja home may originate from one of them. In the Bulgarian language the word aa (maika) [majka] means mother. The word nams house apparently appeared later than the word mja home, house and it is probably connected with the Turkish word nam meaning name, fame, reputation, too. The origin of the Latvian word istaba room could arise from the Turkish verb stmak (isitbak, isitba with m/b alteration and with Ogur truncation) to heat, to warm. This name could appear when people had learnt to build houses with a room heated by a clay stove (ni, 2003, 198) (Among numerous cognates of the Latvian word istaba in numerous European languages are some that are closer to the Trkic substrate than more reprocessed versions: Sl. and OCS ist'ba, Czech jistba (with trace of j/i alteration, j being the Ogur version), Luj. jstwa, Germanic stub. Phonetically, no explanation without Trkic origin is able to account for the initial i. The predominant independent semantics in numerous languages of bathhouse, heated room is consistent with the Trkic origin of the word, pointing to the source of the semantical drift). The (later) Russian word [izba] house, a hut must have descended from the Latvian word istaba: *stba > istaba > izba. The Latvian language has a colloquial word ata So long! See you! (aka Hasta la vista). The etymology of this word may arise from the Turkish word at horse in the form of the dative case 8 meaning mount horses! The Latvian verb jt to ride a horse must also arise from the Turkish word at, where the phoneme [j] was added (Jat would be an Ogur version of Oguz at). Practically every Trkic language has two versions of the base root at = horse, one with a prosthetic consonant and b in the root, and one without a prosthetic consonant, demonstrating a long and extensive history of join existence of dierent groups in various Trkic states and confederations: Turkish, Azeri alaa/at/yaby; Karachai - alaa/at/jabu; Tatar - alaa/at/jabak; Uzbek, Uigur oloa/ot/jaby; Chuvash - laa/ut/jupax; Turkmen - alaa/at/jaby/jabymak; the eastern Trkic vernaculars have more pronounced distinctions: Tuva at/awydaq; Yakut at/sybydax; Khakass - at/abdax; Chuvash is aligned with the western forms. The voiceless version of yaby/jabu produced the Greek hippo and English hippodrome, unrelated to the IE equine and its cognates, pointing to the borrowing from the pre-Scythian or Scythian Ogur version resembling yaby/jabu. O.N. hross, O.Fris. hors, M.Du. ors, Du. ros, O.H.G. hros, Ger. Ro "horse" The Latvian words tta father with the open phoneme [] (I.e. []) (compare it with the Russian [t'at'a] (tyatya) 9 father) and mamma mother may originate from the Turkish words ata father and meme breast, udder. Nowadays one can hear a Latvian calling a capricious child memmes dls mother's son, i.e. suckling. In Turkish the word kem means evil, sinister. In the Latvian language the word ms means scarecrow, bogey. In the Latvian language masked people going all round the village with jokes and songs (that was connected with the ritual of blessing and fertility) are called budi (sing. budlis). In Turkish also is a word budala meaning fool, foolish, crazy (about), for example, moda budalas crazy about fashion. Turkish has some more words of the same stem: budalamak (budalashmak) to become stupid/crazy, budalalk stupidity,

foolishness, craze. If the Latvian word egle r-tree (Russ. [jel']) arise from the Turkish verb elemek to amuse, the custom of decorating New Year tree ascends to remote past. It becomes clear why in the Russian is another word (calque) for a decorated r-tree , meaning amusement, of the same stem with the word to amuse. In a book of Latvian folksongs we nd a description of a Latvian burial ritual, where after a burial the deceased's family is ogged with a r branch and a rant Don't die! Don't die! (Jansons, 1942, 184). The now secular tradition of decorating sacral tree is an extension of the Tengrian prayer ritual at the sacral tree, which survived to the present, for Ut-Ana = Mother Fire service, the tree is decorated with chalama (ribbons of blue, red and white color), and its branches brought home, set in the oor around the hearth, and decorated likewise (see details R.Bezertinov Ch.3 Deity). Notably, of all IE peoples in Europe, only Germanic people retained that tradition from their monotheistic past, labeled Arianism by the militant Early Church, the Slavic people rooted in Trkic traditions, and the remnants of the Trkic people who did not fall into Christianity or Islam. 3.4. Parts of Human Body, Objects, Actions Latvian language has words for parts of a human body stemming from the Turkish words. So, in Turkish the word amak means to open, in Latvian the word acs/aele (aks/acheno) (dim. form) means eye. In the Latvian etymological dictionary we nd an old word aka (achka) that had two meanings: one-eyed and clever, mysterious person (Karulis, 2001, 55) (Amak is a polysemantic word with a dictionary's 83 meanings, centered around uncover, an unlikely substitute for an eye in any language, but the connection discover/uncover ~ observe ~ reveal ~ make visible suggests a viable path) .; The Latvian word elkonis an elbow is connected with the Turkish el hand. The Latvian word is created with the help of the Turkish axes -ki and n and its meaning is related to hand. The Russian word [lokot] elbow came to the Russian language from Latvian having had some phonetical changes.
8 In Turkish this is e genitive case, indicating direction 9 Here the soft variant (labilized) of the Russian consonant represented by is transcribed as [t'] 18

The Latvian word kja [ka:ja] (kaya) leg could relate to the Turkish ayak [ajak] leg with transposition of syllables. It could also correspond to the Turkish verb kaymak to slip, to slide, to skid, ayak skies. It is remarkable that the most ancient depictions of skiers have been found on the clis of the east shore of Lake Onega and the west coast of the White Sea. They date to the Neolithic (Artsikhovsky/, 1954, 56) (Dating of petroglyphs require isotope technology that still is not used in the former USSR space, so all published datings are purely speculative). It seems evident that the Turkish word aya palm (of the hand) gave birth to the Latvian verb aijt to lull (to sleep). The origin of the following words also seems to be connected with the Turkish stems: the Latvian zarnas intestines, gut with the Turkish zar membrane, pellicle, the Latvian galva head with the Turkish kelli head, the Latvian dzsla vein with the Turkish cisim body. The Latvian word ddas bagpipe corresponds to the Turkish words dudu hum, buzz, drone and dudak lip. Ddia is Latvian aectionate appellation for a child.

Latvian language has a word pastalas pastalas (piece of sole-leather formed as simple foot-wear). In Turkish post means skin, postal is gaiter (Slavic postoly). Turkish word aka [jaka] means collar, the Latvian jaka [jaka] is parka. The Latvian word kapuce [kaputse] hood could arise from the Turkish word cover, top. The Turkish word ut means greatcoat. The Latvian word kaplia crypt corresponds to the Turkish verb kaplamak to cover and the adjective kapl covered (The Trkic kapmak (v.) and kap (n.) 1. container, vessel, box, 2. cover; and all the compounds from the vessel and cover are most productive, they produced 39 derivatives listed in a small Turkish dictionary, they are innate to Germanic languages, and are mirrored in the European languages, from cap to cup and far beyond. Moreover, derivatives like hood ~ bonnet cap, a trademark of the Scythian, Sarmatian, and Trkic dress across millennia called kapon (kapshon) in Trkic, retained both its Trkic stem and Trkic ax in loanwords: Engl. capuche, Germ. Kapuze, Spanich capucha, French capuchon, Lat. kapuce, Russian kapushon, Arm. kapot, It. Church capuccino (Order of St. Francis), and so on). The Latvian verb durt to stub, to prick corresponds to the Turkish drtmek to prod. The words dre st' and piedurkne sleeve of the Latvian language apparently have their origins in the Turkish verb drmek to roll up. Dikmek means sew in Turkish, the corresponding word diegs in the Latvian means thread, cotton. In Turkish lle lle means with curls, curly, the Latvian words lelle doll apparently arose from Turkish lle ile with curls, curly. The Latvian verb lolot to cherish, to pet can be connected with the word lle, too. Compare it with the Russian word [l'ul'ka] cradle. In Russian folklore is a personage of Golden-haired Lel (Russ. ) (Vasmer has homophonic noun [l'ul'ka] with semantics smoking pipe, from Trkic ll = smoking pipe but none for [l'ul'ka] with semantics cradle, which thus hangs up in the air). In Latvia there is a town Lielvrde. The name is reminiscent of the Turkish words lle vard there was a spring, as the word lle also means spring. There are cases when residents of Latvia build a house over a spring. The spring remains under the house, and only the house owners can use it. The Latvian word ipars doll, baby coincides with the Turkish kpar blinking one's eyes, it is the present participle form of the Turkish verb kpmak to blink. The Turkish word ier [iter] (icher) drinks (imek to drink) is reminiscent of the Latvian dzer drinks (dzert -to drink). There is a river in Latvia called Ia [ita] (Icha), toos The Latvian verb st to eat must have its origins in the Turkish verb yemek to eat. Compare the Russian dialectal form [jist] (yist) eats with the Turkish. yiyor [jijor] (yiyor) eats (The linguistical spread of ye/et/ed/es from Trkic to Germanic to Slavic to Latin and Greek and Armenian and Avestan for verbs, nouns, and adjectives for edibles and eat points to the Nostratic origin and consequently can't be linked to any particular language). In Turkish burtmak means to make twist, in the Latvian language the verb burt means to conjure, to practice magic (In Turkish twist has 13 verbs and 19 nouns, apparently the Trks engaged in lots of dierent twisting, with dierent particular semantics and numerous derivatives and idiomatic expressions, one of which could easily be conjuring picked up by Balts).

More words belonging to this group are shown in Table 1.

19, 20

Table 1 Turkish word tapa ile verev man dokumak ilk kuka tur/turta Translation stopper with, together with diagonal bow weave rst ball, tangle Latvian word tapa lens virve kamanas deis ilkss Translation stopper awl rope sledge blanket shaft cake

ka/kuka cake/kitchen

round/pie, tart torte

The Enlish word tart (an open pastry containing jam, etc.) is connected with the Old
10 Both tarte and tarta French tarte and Latin medieval tarta with unknown origin. resemble the Turkish turta consisting of the root morpheme tur and locative case ax -ta.

3.5. Animals, Plants, Nature Table 2 Turkish word kedi bbr zil sla sla lmak/al duymak sunmak kurmak asmak/asar l asmak/ast ut/ut yeri t Translation cat leopard bell motherland motherland to be taken/verbal noun to sense to direct to build to evade geol. alluvium Latvian word kae/kais bebris zle slis sils elk dja suns kurmis asaris lnis Translation pussycat/tom-cat beaver titmouse jay pine forest
11

elk (moose) pigeon, dove dog mole (animal) perch tench tail louse to ride a horse

to aste hang/suspended shame/genitals uts horse jt

armak/karp ilk gbrelik/gbre uur ki krba kiraz baldran zel koan burkmak elmekto arpa iek emen ezmek/ezer ak mn 12 kk yosun alkanmak/alkant aarmak/gn aaryor zp: zp diye ayna duman gani gani/ganisi olmak

to mix/mixed rst, initial, primary dung/dunghill 1) hen/pu 2) good luck waterskin cherry hemlock special, particular stem (of a vegetable) to turn amuse barley ower

karpa ilknis guba guris irbis irsis baldrins ozols kacns burkns egle vrpa zieds

carp tusk, fang heap cucumber pumpkin cherry valerian oak cabbage head carrot r-tree spike (cereal) ower cumin lake stone tree moss roar (sea) early lightening landscape, scenery pasture enough, that's enough waternymph, mermaid

cumin (aka Lat., imene Gr., Heb., Arab) melt/melting white, clear, unspotted, old root moss ezers akmens koks sna

rough alkoa (sea)/wave (sea) to dawn/dawn suddenly mirror haze, smoke abundant, rich abundant, rich agrs/agri zibens ainava

dmaka/dmi haze/smoke ganbas gan/gan

narin

delicate, slim

nra

10 Swannell, 1995, p.120. 11 Remember the story about the Kayan people that believe that the life started in the sacred wood. 21

The history testies that the ancient inhabitants of the East Baltic region worshipped oak growths where they believed the God of justice Prove was dwelling (Karamzin N.M./, I, 1995, 85).

Sacral trees and mountains are locations for Tengrian prayer rituals, they were known sacral landmarks, as much related to the adobe of the Almighty as chapels, temples, churches, mosques, and synagogues are adobes of the Supreme God. Misunderstanding of the Tengriism is fed by derogatory disinformation propagated by the new militant religions. On substance and rituals, see R.Bezertinov Ch.3 Deity, M.Adji Tengrianism, L.Potapov Origin of Altaians. L.Gmyrya Hun Country. The names Thor, Prove, Perun are appellations for Tengri. The Latvian name of oak is ozols that corresponds to the Turkish word zl special. Some special treatment of oaks (trees that are witnesses of the human history) on behalf of the Latvians we can watch nowadays as well.
12 Man/men is the Turkish root morpheme of compound wards indicating a person or an object. 21, 22

3.6. Abstract Objects The table contains Latvian words that correspond to Turkish root or stem morphemes. The words meaning is also connected with the corresponding Turkish words. Table 3 Turkish word komak srma bayat/bayatlamak dumur akl katra i/iine ya ara stne varmak varmak sur ki onu kavga bildirmek mihr manita yuk vermek/vergi patak/pata Translation to run, to chase silver thread Latvian word kos sirms Translation bright grey (hair) spoil stupid, silly (demented) blind every inside yes outside can, dare severe who, that him struggle, ght ght propose, objected/remarked, added peace cheat, deceive yoke slave whip, knout/to whip

not fresh, stale/to bojt get stale atrophy albugo, walleye drop (liquid) interior, inner/inside yes oppress dare fortune who, that him quarrel inform ransom swindle load, burden give/gift, tax beating dumj akls katrs/katra iekiene j

gap, intermediate r vart srs kas viu ca kauties bildint, iebilda/piebilda miers mnt jgs vergs ptaga/ptagot

varmka/varmcba oppressor/oppression

snmak/sndrmak defeat

dn devas yeni acemi aylak [tailak] dul/dulluk kunt lmak/alg alak saplamak enebaz, kfrbaz angal sk tek yl/yllamak /ylmak/yl mayi/mayimak uzluk/uzman kakmak danmak teke resim

yesterday gigantic, giant-like new beginner, inexperienced

diena dievs jauns lis [ta:lis] clis [tsa:lis]

day god new, young guy, chicken crazy, mad, foolish regular customer (patron) wages longing/greedy pain, ache to shove, thrust, poke negl. nickname of a Latgalian tiny, small only, solely for a long time soft, gentle to watch swindle Latvian folk song (and Rom., Mold.) go/run at saunter gait to draw yearning greedy few snack thing

widow/widowhood dulls/dullums stout, solid take/wages low, mean to stick, thrust, pierce talkative (ene jaw), foul-mouthed (kfra curse) support, prop thick, frequent only, solely year/stay for a long time/to bore/terror liquid, uid/to grow soft push, encrust to trust, support, last shrimp, he-goat (riding animal) picture, drawing kunda alga alkas/alkatgs sps

bzt

angals sks tikai ilgi maigs

mastery/specialist uzmant kaka mksla daina tect rast

melody/composer, beste/bestekar, honor/honest, namus/namuskar, krs embrace/ghting komak/kokar ram az az man few few man/thing maz azaids manta

The Latvian folksongs and fairy-tales contain lots of substratum lexis. The older the word is, more likely is detection of its Trkic roots. Mei rca, mei ca, Bites gja kumuriem. For example, in two lines of this Latvian folksong we nd the word kumuriem, unusual for the modern Latvian language. Turning to the Turkish dictionary, it has a Turkish word kme pile, heap, mound, kme kme means in heaps/groups. Knowing that Turkish

ordinals are created from the numerals with the help of the ax ()er: birer one apiece, ikier two at a time, er three apiece, etc. bir, iki, , etc., we can deduce that the Latvian word kumuriem was composed with the help of the ax er (-er > -ur), and the word means in a group: km > kumuriem. The vowel in the ax has changed according to the Trkic vowel harmony rule. 13 Researcher Irek Bikkinin in his scientic work addresses the most ancient English lexis borrowed from Trkic language. For example, in English the old Trkic word tapor was superseded by the Germanic axe. Remarkably, this word was borrowed by Arabic, Persian and Russian languages. and is active now there and in eastern Trkic languages. The word tapor stems from the Trkic tapa to cut. In western Trkic languages, for example in Turkish, the word tapor was superseded by the word balta with the same meaning. In the Tatar language the word remains in the form tapagych () [tapagyt] meaning vegetable chopper. 14 We can add that Turkish has the word tapa stopper that can be connected with the Trkic tapa to cut, exactly the same word with the same meaning tapa stopper is in the Latvian language. Turkish also has a word apa (chapa) hoe, while the Russian has the word [tyapka], probably also connected with the Trkic tapa to cut.
13 Synharmony of vowels: vowel morphemes of axes depend on vowel morphemes of the stem; it's a kind of progressive assimilation 14 . www.karabakh doc. ( 13. 25.12.1998)// Tjurkizmy v angliyskom yazyke www.karabakh doc.(Tatarskaya gazeta 13. 25.12.1998) 23

4. Trkic Grammatical Rudiments in Latvian language The rudiments of the Trkic grammar found in the Latvian language, their systemic regularity, and ability to trace the Trkic roots of the grammatical categories in the Latvian language, further convince of the non-accidental connection between these now seemingly unrelated languages. 4.1. Phonetics The phonetic system of the Latvian language, like the phonetic system of the Turkish language, is characterized by simple and clear articulation of morphemes. The phonetic system of the Latvian language qualitatively doesn't dier signicantly from the Turkish sound system. It should be appreciated that while the present comparisons use Turkish (Oguz) language, the Baltic substrate language was Sarmatian Ogur language or languages, Hunnic Ogur language or languages, and Bulgarian Ogur language or languages. That change is irrelevant for the changes in vowels, because Oguz and Ogur languages treat vowels identically, but is signicant in comparisons of lexicons, anlaut vowels, and consonants. The dierence can be appreciated by comparing the relevant Chuvash and Turkish linguistic properties. Some phonetic properties retained in the Latvian language are likely a continuation of the Sarmatian phonetics, reections of the Sarmatian pronunciation made visible by comparing the Latvian versions with the matching versions of the modern Turkish language. The Latvian and the Turkish languages belong to dierent geographical zones with the following typical changes:

 In Latvian language is stressed the rst syllable, while people in the South usually stress the last syllable; in the case of Turkish, the tressed is predominantly on the last syllable, apparently because people speak faster. In Latvian language have appeared long vowels, which is natural for the slower speech of the northerners vs. southerners. Notably, the drawn-out articulation of Latvian vowels helps to preserve their clarity, preventing truncation. The length of the Latvian vowels allows to preserve a clear articulation of the phomemes. Due to particularities of the Latvian phonetic system, it underwent certain phonetic changes. 4.1.1. Changes in the System of Vowels The phonetic systems of Turkish and Latvian languages don't contain reduced vowels. Consequently, Latvian vowels experienced no signicant changes, although the following modications are observable: The Turkish front rounded vowel [] has changed to the diphthong [ie] or to the mid front vowel []: dn > diena (> dena), or to the back vowel [u]: gne > uguns, drtmek > durt; (The easy explanation for multiple outcomes of the same process is polyethnicity and polylinguality of the indigenous population; this eect is very visible in the territory of the modern Russia, where Slavic dialects greatly vary with geographical territory, and in the Caucasus, where Russication is very young, and the forms of Russisms, Sovietisms, and Internationalisms vary greatly from valley to valley and from vernacular to vernacular; in English it is a phenomenon of tomato vs. tomeyto; standardization process did not begin before the age of genocide, radio, and TV) The Turkish front rounded vowel [] has changed to the diphthong [uo]: kk > koks (> kuoks), zel > ozols (> uozols), or to the mid front vowel []: bbr > bebris; The Turkish back vowel [] (like i in dip) has changed to the back vowel [], or to the mid front vowel [], because articulation of the vowels is almost the same: Rzkn < Rezekne, alg < alga, or to the front vowel [i] (like in deep): srma > sirms, kpar > ipars (English preserved the distinction between front [] and back [i] vowels) ; The Turkish front vowel [i] has changed to the diphthong [ie]: mihr > miers, iine > iekiene; The Turkish mid front vowel [e] has changed to the diphthong [au]: yeni [jeni] > jauns [jauns], or to the back vowel [a]: keman > kamanas, kedi > kae, or to the front vowel [i]: tek > tikai, or to the diphthong [ie]: devasa > dievs; The Turkish back vowel [u] (u in bush) changed to the long back vowel [] (oo in pool): duman > dmaka, dmi; sur > srs; kuka > kka, us > si; The Turkish back vowel [] has changed to the open vowel [9] ([]) that is close to the back vowel [a]: almak > elki; The Turkish back vowel [o] has changed to the back vowel [u]: yom > jumis. The Turkish short vowels in single syllable words became long vowels: sur srs, ya j, zil zle, sik sks, yuk jgs.
24

Formation of the substrate lexis in the Latvian language went on according to vowel harmony principle characteristic for the Trkic language:

 When changes involve vowel substitution, all vowels of the word change exclusively to the vowels of the opposite pattern: Turk. dokumak weave > Latv. deis blanket; We can see cases of ideal adherence to the principle of vowel harmony, where the Turkish words deviating from the vowel harmony are even corrected to follow the principle: Turk. keman curve > Latv. kamanas sledge. Although all Trkic languages follow the principle of vowel harmony, the degree of its application vary among the languages, with languages more syncretic with other languages, like for example exive languages, accumulating more deviations, and in extreme cases losing the vowel harmony altogether (e.g. some dialects of Uzbek). The Turkish language absorbed volumes of admixtures from other Trkic and non-Trkic languages, and inescapably accumulated numerous exceptions to the vowel harmony principle, raising with that its level of tolerance for exceptions. A more rigid adherence in the Latvian points to a more rigid adherence innate to its substrate language, a process of adoption visible in the modern Trkic languages with signicant recent exposure to structurally diering languages (Russian, Chinese, English). There are words of substrate lexis where is observed appearance of consonants at the beginning of the words (see Table 4). Consonants at the beginning of the words can arise in two independent processes: - the substrate word initially had the anlaut consonant, typical for Ogur languages; this distinction is called dj/y alteration, which is the appearance of the prosthetic consonant in front of the initial vowel, nominally [dj], but with phonetic variation of [dj] > [dz], [g], [j], [t ~ ] and [z], for example: djigit ~ jigit youth, agile, Baht-djan ~ Bahtn ~ Bahn -. male proper name, djer ~ jer ~ dzer ~ zer earth, juku ~ uku wise, julga ~ yulga river; this is the case for substrate languages - the prosthetic anlaut consonant is added in the course of adjusting foreign phonetics to the native language in linguistic borrowings, for example: ata ~ Vater > father father, onuq ~ Sl. vnuk grandson, julga ~ yulga river ~ Sl. vlaga water ~ Volga river. Table 4 Turkish word t arpa az ata onu remek jre Ogur version jat/djat Translation horse Latvian Translation word jt vrpa maz tta viu jra to ride a horse spike (cereal) few father him, her, it sea

jarpa/djarpa barley yas few father, ancestor him, her, it increase

Translations of Trkic polysemantic roots can't be represented by a single semantic choice, although unrelated semantical elds can be omitted for clarity, to minimize clatter and confusion. Good examples are the verb remek, a noun

re, and an adjective re, with grammatical function dened by appropriate agglutinated axes. The Turkish verb remek has 6 main meanings, with each leading a cluster of derivative nouns and adjectives: propagate, proliferate, increase, be reproduced, pullulate, and increase in numbers. Of these, the semantical eld of pullulate (teaming, abundant) literally copies one of the Trkic names for Pontic, Banty, which means Abundant. Accordingly, the reconstruction of the Baltic name for the Baltic Sea should follow the closest existing example, re/jre = pullulated, burgeoning (sea) > jra = sea (Baltic), applicable to Baltic Sea because it was the only sea bordering on the indigenous people's territory. Examples of other semantic elds are a noun re = urea, urine, of urea, and an adjective rem = reproductive, breeding, uremia, which do belong to the same semantical cluster, but would be poor candidates to form a generic term for the sea. In addition, the analysis is further complicated by indirect references (idiomatic expressions), lexical dierences between the Oguz and Ogur languages, and semantical shifts. In case of the Baltic jra = sea, the semantical shift may have turned an once proper name re/Jre into a generic re = sea long before the Sarmartian tribes relocated to the Baltic area sometime around 150 BC, starting a new vernacular which eventually, retrospectively by 2 millennia, and in a state modied by time and inuences, came to be known as Balto-Slavic. 4.1.2. Changes in the Consonant System The Turkish phoneme c (ch) has changed in the Latvian into the phoneme [j] (dj): Turk. civcivli [chivchivli] Latv. dzve, Turk. cisim [chisim] Latv. dzsla, or into the phoneme [zh] () 15: Turk. celal [chelal] > Latv. lot, Turk. cebretmek [chebretmek] > Latv. ebrklis, or into the phoneme [ts]: Turk. civelek [chivelek] > Latv. cilvks [tsilvks]. Sometimes the Turkish phoneme [t] has changed into []: Turk. iine > Latv. Iekiene, or into z : Turk. iek > Latv. zieds, or into [ts]: Turk. iek > zieds [ziets], Turk. amak > Latv. acs, although [t] does not change before the front vowels: Turk.amak > Latv. acs/aele [atele]. The voiceless consonant k in the auslaut (end position) has changed into the voiced g: Turk. yuk Latv. jgs, Turk.dik Latv. diegs. Sometimes such a change takes place at the beginning of the word as well: Turk. kelle > Latv. galva (galva = Baltic predecessor of Slavic glava, golova). The Turkish kelle head is a cognate of the ancient word form which produced Slavic glava and golova: Trk. kelle > Latv. galva > Sl. glava, golova, hlva, glowa, hlowa; and English skull < general Scandinavian skulle/skult; and Aramaic gulgulta, lit. (place of the) skull", cognate with Hebrew gulgoleth skull", the famous name for Golgotha where Jesus was executed; Armenian glu head . The predominance of anlaut g and presence of Slavic anlaut forms hl point to original glottal stop phoneme /q/, transmitted with local phonetical tools, with Oguz Turkish kelle being only one of the dialectal forms. The spread of the word from northwestern Europe to Levant and Mesopotamia doubtlessly singles out the horsed Kurgan riders as the source of the borrowings, and allows to assign terminal dates of the borrowing by following the traces of the migrants' genetic mutations and literary traces. Another notable shared feature is the use of the same root in numerous languages for the generic kill, exemplied in English, where the word behead stripped the word kill from its origin, while the semantic behead from the kelle survived in other languages, like the Russian obezglavit () = behead.

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4.2. Word Formation 4.2.1. Numerous words of the Latvian substratum lexis are similar with the words found in Turkish. They have similar phonetics and the same or almost the same meaning (see Table 5). Table 5 Turkish tapa stopper kedi cat zemin ground keman curve gani enough yom good luck nam name vergi gift, tax patak/pata beating varmak to dare varis inheritor yl year veli protector koan stem of a veget. yaka collar kem malicious budala foolish dip/dibi bottom drtmek to prod akl wall-eyed ilk rst srma silver thread Latvian kae pussy-cat Turkish Latvian kas who tta father vrpa spike (cereal)

tapa stopper ki who ata father

zeme ground arpa barley kamanas sledge

meme breast, mamma 15 udder mother ozols oak j yes jauns new sauss dry sens ancient dzve life cilvks man zle titmouse dievs god koks a tree iekiene the incide

gana enough zel special jumis symbol ya yes of fertility nams house vergs slave yeni new susuz dry

ptaga whip, sene year knout vart can, to civcivli lively dare Varis (male name) civelek lively

ilgi for a long zil bell time vei spirits of devasa ancestors gigant-like kacns head kk a root of a cabbage jaka a coat ms fool, fright budlis masquer dibens bottom durt to stab akls blind ilkss shaft sirms grey iine incide

alkant wave alkoa (sea) roar (sea) lle curl u this sla motherland aya palm of the hand alg wage maya female stock animal lolot to cherish /is this sils pine forest aijt to lull alga wage mja home

ye preferable jga sense postal coarse boot pastala simple foot-wear

tek only

tikai only

15. In this work the Latvian voiced consonant represented by is transcribed as [zh]. It has the corresponding voiceless consonants []. The Turkish words that formed this substrate vocabulary, primarily consist of Turkish root morphemes: sene, meme, ilk. The substrate vocabulary formed from Turkish words that have easily distinguished motivational stems and derivational formants: akl, susuz, alg, iine. 4.2.2. A great part of the Latvian substratum lexis has been formed according to the structural-semantical models active in the modern Turkish language. The meaning of the words depends on the meaning of the Trkic root or stem morphemes and the word-forming axes. Turkish axes that we nd in substratum lexis are axes (with their phonetic versions) productive in the modern Turkish language: ki (-k, -ku, -k, -gi, -g,-gu,-g) , -li (-l, -l, -lu, - l), -da (-ta, -de, -te), -n (-in, -n, -un, -n), -si, - i (-, -u, -), -e (-a, -ye, -ya), etc. Combinations of these axes were widely used in forming substratum lexis. The same phenomenon we can observe in the modern Turkish language. The inner form of the words of the substratum lexis is easily determined due to the xed meaning of the Turkish axes. Table 6 shows the word-forming types of substratum lexis in the Latvian language. The Turkish words are motivating words for the Latvian substratum lexis. Table 6 Meaning of Turkish ax which, that Substratum lexis in Latvian language Oziki place name dunka side strike with st Mmele river name Sable place name dzsla vein Ataiene place name Rjena place name Talsi place name Koknese place name Dagda place name

Turkish ax

Turkish motivating word, its translation

ki I, ki (-k, -ku, - k, -gi, -g, -gu, -g)

zini place rich in water dun low, lower

with, together -li (-l, -l, -lu, -l, -la, with, le) by means of, by -n (-in, -n, -un, -n) genitive case ax

meme breast, udder sap sheaf cisim body

ate re rya dream

-si, - i (-, -u, -) -d/-t/-de/-te

3rd person tali secondary subordinate ax kken motherland on, in da mountain

-li(-l, -l, -lu, -l, -la, le) + -d/-t/-de/-te

with + in

kama strengthened place krm slaughter, cutting (forest)

Kamalda place name Krimulda place name Ainai place name Ropai place name Suntai place name Ojrs male name ipars doll, clown, baby

-i [i]/c /cu /c/i [ti]/u/

ax ayna mirror forming rop female's cloak without occupation, sleeves inclination, sunta hardboard connection present participle ax oymak/oyar [ojar] scooping out, engraving, carving kpmak/kpar to blink/blinking (eyes)

-ar/-er

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4.2.3. In Turkish, verbal nouns are formed by complete or partial truncation of the innitive ax: lmek to measure l measure donatmak to equip donat equipment sarmak embrace - sarma envelopment In the Latvian is found the same model of forming verbal nouns, by truncation of the innitive ax and adding ending: dzvot to live - dzve life redzt to see - redze sight, eyesight dzirdt to hear dzirde ear, hearing makst to paymaksa pay, fee rtmek to cover rt roof dlamak to twist, to wind dolam one turn of any coiled object

Many nouns of substratum lexis were produced according to this model, Table 7. Table 7 Turkish sarmak to embrace Latvian sarma hoarfrost Turkish drmek to roll up Latvian dre st

alkanmak to be alkoa roar dikmek to sew diegs thread rough (sea) (sea) varmak to have dokumak to wieve kurmak to set up, to form kurmak to set up, to form, to establish Varis (male name) deis blanket akmak to ow aka well

komak [komak] kos [kos] bright, to run beautiful

Kurma (name snmak to test, ca ght of a lake) to try out kurmis mole duymak to feel, dja dove, pigeon to sense

dayanmak to daina Latvian kapamak to trust, to support, folk song close to last eilmek to get down to (job) amak to open remek encrease dmek to fall Egils (male name) acs an eye jra sea slikta da to feel sick yanmak to burn elemek to amuse alnmak/aln to be taken/taken sunmak to submit burkmak to twist kapamak to close

kapi graveyard Jnis (male name) egle r-tree alnis elk suns dog burka jar kpa dune

burmak to twist buras sail aarmak to dawn

27

agrs early

4.2.4. Nouns of substratum lexis are also derived from the participles and past forms of the Turkish verbs: Turk. asmak/asar to evade/evading Latv. asaris Zool.perch Turk. asmak/ast to hang/hung Latv. aste tail Turk. oymak/oyar to scoop out, to carve/scooping out/carving . Latv. Ojrs male name Turk. karmak/karp mix/have mixed Latv. karpa Zool. carp Turk. boymak/boyar to paint/painting - Latv. bajrs boyar(d) Turk. ezmek/ezer melt/melting - Latv. ezers lake Turk. ipmak/kipar to blink/blinking (one's eyes) - Latv. ipars doll, clown, g. baby. 4.2.5. The origin of some words in the substratum lexis can be understood by perceiving combinations of the Turkish words: Turk. Turk. Turk. Turk. Turk. Turk. stne varmak to suppress Latv. varmacba violence kme kme in groups Latv. kumuriem in groups lle lle curly - Latv. lelle doll gn aaryor it's dawning Latv. agri early uur ki that is a good luck - Latv. guris cucumber cin evil spirit, ters opposite Latv. dzintars amber

4.2.6. Some words of substratum lexis have prexes in front of the Trkic roots, obstructing the spotting of the words in the substratum lexis, since Turkish does not have prexes: Tur. drmek to roll up Latv. piedurkne sleeve Tur. zemmetmek to speak ill - Latv. pazemot to humble, to abase 4.2.7. In Turkish can be found nouns that explain the origin of some Latvian verbs: Turk. teke he-goat Latv. tect to trot Turk. resim drawing Latv. rast to draw Turk. vali/valide ruler/mother Latv. valdt to govern, to rule 4.2.8. In Latvian can be found names of plants that were created by translating names of plants in Turkish (calque):

Turk. unutmabeni forget-me-not (don't forget me!) Latv. neaizmirstulte forget-me not, Russ. [nezabutka] forget-me-not (calque); Turk. horoz mantar chanterelle (cock's mushroom) Latv. gailente (little rooster) chanterelle, Russ. [lisichka] chanterelle (Fr. little fox); Turk. itburnu dog rose (dog's nose) Latv. suu roze dog-rose (dogs' rose) Russ. [shipovnik] briar
28

4.3. Morphology The morphology and syntax of the Latvian language, and its phonetics and word forming morphology contain rudiment of the Turkish grammar. 4.3.1. The forms of passive and reexive verbs of the Turkish language are created with the help of the ax -in/-n agglutinated to the verbal stems: almak to take - alnmak to be taken ykamak -ykanmak to wash oneself In the Latvian language, the ax -in is used to create transitive verbs from intransitive verbs: degt to burn dedzint to burn veikt - vecint augt to grow audzint to bring up dreb to tremble drebint to shake 4.3.2. The Latvian demonstrative pronouns (chee) (fem.) this , is (chis) (masc.) this are homophonic with the Turkish demonstrative pronoun u (chu) that, this (The forms chi and chis are not too far from the English pronouns she (shee) and this, not only pointing to the common origin, but also pointing to the possible original form) . 4.3.3. The forms of the Latvian personal pronouns es I manis (gen.) me, man (dat.) to me/me, mani (acc.) me match Turkmen forms of the personal pronouns men I: menin (gen.) my/mine', mena (dat.) me, meni (acc.) me. 4.3.4. Latvian accusative case form of the personal pronoun vi/via - viu (third person singular) coincides wit the Turkish accusative case form of the personal prooun onu (third person singular). It's remarkable that there is one and the same form of feminine and masculine gender in both languages: Turk. onu Latv. viu Turk: onu tanyorum. I know him/her. - Latv.: Es viu pazstu. I know him/her. Turkmen, like Turks, belong to the Oguz linguistic group, which is thought to come to the Eastern Europe as Kangars and Bechens in ca. 750 AD, when the Baltic group not only had been formed, but already stratied into Baltic and Slavic groups. Prior to ca. 750 it is believed, based on the available linguistic information, that the Eastern Europe was dominated exclusively by the Ogur languages. That scenario does not allow explanation of neither how Balto-Slavs acquired Oguz pronoun system, nor when it could have happened, which obviously makes the standing scenario unsustainable. Linguists speculate that Balto-Slavic period lasted 600 years, and archeologists speculate that it lasted during Corded Ware Culture 3200 to 2300 BC and ended with Lusatian Culture dated from 12 to 6 cc. BC, which would bring specically Oguz lexicon into the west of the Eastern Europe by about 3200 BC, necessarily associated with the advances of the Kurgan Culture, because the material and social culture of the

mobile Trkic people drastically diered from the agricultural cultures of the settled populations. Absence of gender is one of the high and visible ridges that distinguish Trkic languages from the IE languages, and serve as one of the testing indicators of anity with the Trkic languages. English is a good example of genderless language, it is notorious in its struggle to accommodate gender distinctions inherent and innate to the IE languages, hence the ugly composites like she-wolf and tom-turkey (Fr. loup/louve and dinde/dindon), quite dierent from the eloquent IE-style actress and seamstress. Thus, by the gender index, English is not an IE language, or is a deviant IE language, as much IE as a mule is a horse. The ears are sticking out. The Slavic forms of the Trkic words starting with vowels added a prosthetic consonant (Turk. onu > Latv. viu > Sl. vin), thought to arise in the rst centuries of our era. However, in the fanciful chronology, the Slavic sharing this process with Baltic defers this event to the time of the Balto-Slavic unity, into the linguistically unreachable and therefore unprovable 3200 BC, a most unreal scenario. A more reasonable dating follows from the Turkological studies, where amalgamation of the proto-Baltic people with the Sarmatians on a meaningful scale started ca 150 BC and proceeded for 25 generations till ca 350 AD, when the Hunnic expansion absorbed and further amalgamated with the diverse BaltoSlavic populace and singled out the Trkic-conversant part of the population with an exonym Sl = speak > Balt. slvu > Sl. slovo = word, speak > Slav, which in Greco-Roman world soon acquired a connotation of slave. By 600 AD, after another 10 generations, the Slavs formed a distinct group of population covered by their own ethnonym Slav. Sometime during that period, some Slavs acquired Kangar ruling elite of Serbs and Chorbats > Harvats > Croats, while the majority of the Slavs continued to be ruled by the extracts of the Hunno-Bulgar elites. The Russian (I.e. Slavic) dialect form of the personal pronoun in the accusative case [onu] (third person, singular, both fem. and masc.) sounds precisely like the Turkish form. 4.3.5. The Latvian adverbs divat two together, trijat three togrther, etrat four together and so on have been created of the Latvian cardinal numerals divi, tr, tri with the help of the Turkish ax -ta, the ax of the locative case. The Latvian cardinal numeral tri = four is a cognate of the Iranic ahar (chahar), distinct from other IE forms for four, and close to the Sl. chetyre (). Genetical tracing allows to follow the transmission of this form from the Eastern European plain to the Iranian highlands and to the Indian subcontinent by the proto-Baltic farming tribes in the 2nd millennium BC. They were Aryans. 4.3.6. The Turkish ax -gen is used to form qualitative adjectives from verbal stems, e.g. ekinmek to be timid ekingen timid. In Latvian the same function performs ax g: kautrties to be timid - kautrgs timid baidties to be afraid bailgs easily frightened smaidt to smile smaidgs smiling 4.3.7. The Latvian noun ections of the third person singular -s, -is may have arisen

from the Turkish ax si that expresses belonging of an object or subject to a 3rd person singular: Turk. annesi his/her mother, babas his/her father Latv. ttis father, brlis brother Same in English: his, its, her's, Adam's, and Johnnie's. 4.3.8. The feminine noun ending with -ija found in both Latvian and Russian parallels the Turkish ax of the third person -i and the dative case (-e hali) ax -e/-a/-ye/-ya. An example of this is the name Karelia, which probably originated from a combination of Turkish words kara "black" yel "wind" in the dative case (-e hali) form, indicating direction of action: *Karayeliya - toward the black wind. The Turkish e hali marks direction of action: kara yel > *Karayeliya - to the black wind. 4.3.9. It is striking that verb forms encouraging action in both Latvian and Turkish have the same nal ax: Turk. gidelim! Latv. brauksim! Let's go! Turk. sevielim! - Latv. mlsim! Let's love! 4.3.10. The Latvian verb ir to be in 3-rd person both singular and plural forms may have derived from an ancient Turkish verb er- preserved in the Turkish ax -dir: Turk. iyidir. Latv. vi ir labs. He is nice (2 out of 3 are Trkic forms: vi ir < onu + -(d)ir) Turk. iimdir Latv. tas ir mans darbs. This is my job (2 out of 3 are Trkic forms: tas ir < is + -(d)ir) English to be in 3-rd person singular is may also have derived from the same Trkic 3-rd person to be with r/s rhotacism between Ogur (r) and Oguz (s) languages er-/ir- es/is.. That could be the same eect as that noted in 4.3.3 above
29

4.3.10. The Latvian sux -ul- used in forming nouns from adjective and verbal stems is reminiscent of the Turkish postposition ile/-le meaning with and expressing presence of a quality indicated by the root. This model of word forming is productive both in the modern Turkish and in the modern Latvian languages: skaists skaistule beautiful beauty smuks smukule pretty pretty female bailes - bailule fear, fright person that can be easily frightened pkstt pkstule to squeak squeaker, whiner 4.4. Syntax 4.4.1. Both in the Turkish and Latvian languages nouns are widely used in the attributive function, preceding the noun described (Like the English expressions coat hanger and apple sauce). For example: Turk. ocukluk arkada Latv. brnbas draugs friend of one's childhood. If a word has several nouns in the attributive function (Like coat hanger closet and apple sauce blender lter) it can be dicult for a foreigner to understand the meaning of such word combination. This phenomenon is typical for both the Latvian and Turkish languages. Latv. pavasara beigu posms Turk. ilkbaharn sonun dnemi last period of spring

This is also a trait in English and other analytical languages, which are also held to be pidgin or creole languages, i.e. blends of languages with conicting grammars, typically a result of amalgamation of incompatibly dierent linguistic groups, which brings about a loss of linguistic traits and forging of innovations; a trait of that process is a severe atrophy of morphological elements from both sides of the mixture. Other languages in this category are Chinese and Old Slavic. 4.4.2. Like in Turkish, in Latvian are sentences where a subject of a sentence is not the subject of the participle clause of the sentence. Compare: Latv. Mazgjot logu, uz paklja sabira grui. When I was cleaning the window some rubbish fell on the carpet. urk. Ate olmayan erden duman kmaz. f there is no re, there is no smoke either. 4.4.3. In Turkish, postposition is placedd after the word it refers to. In Latvian are some prepositions that are placed after nouns, like the Turkish postpositions: Turk. benim iin - Latv. manis d for my own sake Moreover, Latvian has so called adverbs placed after nominal parts of speech and in a certain cases they are used as prepositions. As a rule, such adverb can be replaced with a preposition placed before the noun (Like Where are you from? vs. From where are you?). Compare: Turk. aras peine Latv. naudai paka (adv.) pc naudas (prep.) - for money (to get money) (peine > paka ~ pc after) Turk. ormandan Latv. meam cauri (adv.) - caur meu (prep.) through the forest (Turk. (Ogur) mish = forest > Latv. meu ~ meam) Turk. dostlar arasnda Latv. draugu starp (adv.) - starp draugiem (prep.) among/between friends The Latvian prepositions may have arose from adverbs that switched to the front part of the sentence. 4.4.4. The coincidence of verbal accordance in the Turkish and Latvian languages is striking: The Latvian kuzatvs (accusative) corresponds to the Turkish -i hali (accusative): Turk. seni grmek Latv. tevi redzt to see you Even the same nal vowel -i appears in the pronouns of both languages.In Turkish and Latvian are also found nouns that end in similar nal vowels. Nouns also have the same end. In Turkish a direct object is usually placed before the noun, in Latvian it usually stands after the verb, although in the case of emphatic expression, it can be placed before the verb: Turk. yaray sarmak Latv. prsiet brci to bandage a wound n Latvian language the dative case corresponds to the Turkish e hali case (Turkish dative/genitive case). For example: Turk. Bu habere inanmam. Latv. ai ziai neticu I can't believe this news.
30

4.4.5. Turkish has a postposition of joint action or tool for producing action ile (-la, -le), meaning with, by. In Latvian language, the preposition ar has the same meaning: Turk. arabayla Latv. ar auto by car

Turk. akyla - Latv. ar nazi with a knife 4.4.6. The Latvian words sen long ago, sencis an ancestor are connected with the Turkish word sene year. The Latvian adjective sensens ancient is formed by doubling the stem. In Turkish this word-forming model is used in creating adjectives of a high degree of quality expressed by its stem: gzel gzel very beautiful, byuk byuk very big. 4.4.7. In Latvian language, after the verbs iet go on foot, braukt go (by) expressing motion, the nouns indicating direction can be used in a locative case. This phenomenon must have arose from the Turkish e hali case, i.. the Turkish dative case. Compare: Turk. stambula gidelim! Let's go to Istanbul! Latv. Brauksim Rg! Let's go to Riga! We have discussed a number of the Latvian grammar traits testifying on the initial kinship of the Latvian and Turkish languages, i.e. origin of the Latvian language on the substrate of the Trkic language. To prove this hypothesis, could be given more examples.

5. Trkic Roots of the Russian Language

Speaking of Trkic substratum lexis in the Latvian language we couldn't escape comparing it with the similar Russian lexis, as both Latvian and Russian started to form approximately in the same place and at the same time. The next chapter compares the substratum lexis of these languages to understand better their relation to the Trkic language, the connection between the Latvian and Russian languages, and their role in forming other East European languages. The author of the research didn't aim to conduct a scrupulous exploration of the Russian grammar to show the Trkic substrate of the Russian language. In this chapter we shall just trace the Trkic origin of suxes in the Russian language that can serve as clearest evidence on the Trkic roots of the Russian language. For the Trkic lexicon in Russian language, refer to much maligned, scrupulously avoided, and institutionally ignored, but still outstanding and invaluable work of Elizaveta (Elizabeth) Shipova Dictionary of Trkisms in Russian Language. The famous saying that there is half of Trkic blood in Russian people may sound strange, but the knowledge of Turkish enables discovery of a surprising subject: a great quantity of Russian words have Trkic roots. For example, the word [bagul'nik] (in Russian transcriptions apostrophe marks a palatalized consonant) (name of a herb) has a corresponding word in Turkish, the verb boulmak to suocate (and its derivatives), and the herb really has a special suocative odor. The word [ujut] comfort rises from the Turkish verb uyutmak to put to sleep, to soften. The knowledge of the Turkish grammar allows to spot countless words in Russian with Trkic roots, because the Turkish word-forming models used in forming the Russian language vocabulary can be clearly seen. Trkic substratum lexis and Trkic grammar rudiment in the Russian language witness of a long path in formation of the Russian language on the Trkic substrate.
31

5.1. Trkic Word-Forming Models in Russian Language The distinction of the Russian language among other Slavic languages is most visible in its morphology, which demonstrates adoption process of Slavic lexicon

into the innately Trkic grammar, plugging Slavic stems into Trkic morphology, while retaining Slavic syntax. This creates structurally quite complicated assemblage: predominantly Ogur Trkic lexicon, with predominantly Oguz Trkic agglutinative morphology, ts into syntax typical of exive languages with their freedom of word order. Notably, Indo-Iranian languages, like the Trkic languages, tend to have a rigid SOV word order, which rules out the Indo-Iranian substrate for Slavic languages, in spite of the numerous distinctly Indo-Iranian lexical cognates in Slavic and Russian languages. In Turkish word formation, axes have distinct and permanent meaning. They are widely used in Turkish word formation. For example, the ax ki (and its phonetic variants) is intensively used in forming nouns of verbal stems: smek to cut - keski coulter chisel basmak to press - bask press saymak to respect - sayg respect. The meaning of the ax ki is that, the one that, i.. the one that is connected with the action named by the verbal stem. The Russian language takes Trkic verbal stems and with the help of the ax -ki forms its own lexis: Turk. amak to lose (one's way) Russ. [aki] checkers, draughts Turk. imek to swell, to get swollen - Russ. [ika] cone, bump Turk. komak to chase - Russ. [koka] pussy-cat Turk. Turk. Turk. Turk. Turk. susmak to keep silent - Russ. [suslik] gopher, ground squirrel 16 koymak to put, to place - Russ. [kojka] bed' ksmak to lessen, to reduce - Rus. [kusak] piece, bit kaymak to slip, to slide- Russ. colloq. [kajuk] ruin, death, the end krmak to break Russ. [kirka] pick-(axe)

As Turkish wordforming models are clear and simple we can found lots of Russian words made on this model, when the ax ki is attached to the Turkish word stem: Table 8 Turkish ul haircloth lle 'a curl yol road soba
17

Russian [tulok] stocking [l'ul'ka] cradle [jolka] r-tree [sobaka] dog [ver'ovka] rope [peka] pawn (/ peshiy/peshkom by foot)

chimney, stove

verev diagonal e (pene gitmek to follow) back, rear

The particle ki/k is widely used in the modern Russian colloquial speech, i.e. it stays popular nowadays as well. As is seen from the examples below, the ax ki/-ka can be attached to any part of speech: - ? (The particle ki is attached to the verb) - . (The particle ki is attached to the adverb) In the modern Russian language we can observe the endless creation of new words with the sux ki, for example: [spasibki] (inform. from thanks);

 [rodnul'ka] (compare with the Turkish word benimki mine (about husband, children) from benim my and ki that). Russian children can easily make words attaching the ax ki/k to verbal stems, e.g. [bojaka] (from the verb to be afraid). The Mughal emperor Babur, a son of Tamerlan, famous as a poet and writer, made a sport of creating new Trkic words for his poetry by agglutinating suxes into fancy strings, with transparent meaning of the new words due to the transparency of each morphological component. Russian preserved this Trkic trait, allowing creation of humongous concoctions known as ocial speak, e.g. uchastvuyushchaya she is participating, somewhat lightened by prexes in comparison with the Trkic solely agglutinative constructions. It should be noted that obviously the Russian axes k, -ok, as well as the Russian particle - ki, have sprung from the Trkic ax ki.
16 Turkish ax li with has also been used in forming this word. 17 Turkish sobaki evdeki means all the family (those on the stove ledge and in the house) 32

The Russian language has plenty of words created from probably the most ancient and simple Trkic axes and Trkic stem morphemes. For example, the Old Russian word mleko milk was derived from the Turkish meme breast and the axes le with and ki that and meant that of the breast: mleko < *memeleki. The word [sudak] pike-perch may ascend from the Turkish stem morpheme su water and axes -da in and ki that and meant that in the water. The word is participle buran twisting of the verb burmak to twist, an so on Old Sl. word milk mleko < *memeleki = Trkic meme breast + axes le with and ki that = that of the breast > mleko. A constellation of Eurocentric ~ Slavophile ~ Iranophile lnguists have dug in to come up with IE etymology: Brueckner, Berneker, Endzelin, Ernu, Frenkel, Hirt, Janko, Lve, Lyapunov, Meillet, Meyer, Obnorsky, Pereveden, Schrader-Nehring, Selishchev, Semerene, Sobolewski, Trubachev, Uhlenbeck, Walde-Hofmann, Yagitch (, , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , , -, ). None of the august linguists understood morphology or connected distinct geographical spread Germanic-Baltic-Slavic with obvious probable source. O.E. meoluc (W.Saxon), milc (Anglian), O.N. mjolk, Du. melk, Ger. Milch, Goth. miluks, O.Ir. melg; the derivative verb is O.N. mjolka, Du., Ger. melken, Gk. amelgein, L. mulgere, O.C.S. mlesti, Lith. melzu "to milk". The purported IE etymology comes fr. Skt. verb marjati "wipes o", which ostensibly produced IE verb "to milk" and on to produce a noun "milk", which is neither philologically nor evolutionary sustainable, since the breast milking came long before domestication of cows and sheep. Applying concept of Skt. "wiping, stroking", in reference to the hand motion in milking an animal, to the human breastfeeding is preposterous. The memeleki milk must be one of the most ancient Trkic lexemes introduced into European languages ca 4800 BC via circum-Mediterranean Kurgan route, or ca 2,500 BC Trkication of Europe and South-Eastern Europe. Lexically speaking, the Aryans of the Eastern Europe that reached Iranian highlands and Indian subcontinent, although genetically associated with the Eastern European farmers of the 2000 BC, were of a dierent ethnicity, because the Persian milk is

shir milk; lion; water-tap, and to milk is dushidan, quite dierent from the Illyrian, Scandinavian, Baltic, and Germanic folk. They did not bring the milk lexicon or culture to India either, since lactose intolerance is innate for India, and Skt. milk lexicon is cognate of Persian, not European.

Trkic Roots of Russian Suxes

Turk. -in Russ. - [-in] In Turkish the ax -in is the ax of in hali, i.e. the genitive case: sen you senin your/yours annem mother annemin my mother's. In Russian is the sux of the genitive case, too: mother [mamin] mother's father - [papin] father's Turk. ar (-r [r]/-ir/-r/-ur/-r) [yr]/-r Russ. (-,-,-)/- ()/() [-ar/-ar'/-jar/-jar'/-r /-r'/-ir/-ir'] 18 The ax of the Turkish language ar serves for making participles of present-future tense. Substantive participles have the meaning that or the one that constantly performs the action named by the stem: yazmak yazar to write writer okumak okur to read reader gelmek gelir to come income In the Russian language the sux ar (-r [r]/-ir/-r/-ur/-r) [yr]/-r (-,-,-)/-()/-() is widely used in forming verbal nouns that name a person performing or that can perform the action called by the stem: [doit'- dojar]' to milk milkman/milker [pahat'- pahar'] to plough ploughman [pasti - pastr'] to graze/pasture cattle shepherd/herdsman [vodit'- povodr'] to lead (a blind man, a state, a campaign) guide The example of milk-related [doit'- dojar]' to milk milkman/milker blends the Aryan/Persian/Indian milk = Skt. dud with the Trkic morphology of ar/ir/er = man, illustrating direction of linguistic development, N.Pontic + Trkic > Baltic > Slavic; the IE root for Russ. doit = to milk comes from IE to suck, to breastfeed, consistent with the direction of human evolution, and unrelated to Skt. wipe o of the illustrious linguists. The great number of phonetic variants of this Russian sux gives away its Trkic origin. Turk. (-ya)/- (-ye) [-a/-ja/-e/-je] Russ. (-) [-a/-ja] The Turkish ax a/-e serves to form present participles from verbal stems: konumak konua to talk talking akalamak akalaa to joke joking In the Russian language we found exactly the same phenomenon, i.e. the formation of

present participles with the help of the ax a/-ja: [sheptat'- shepta] to whisper whispering [kritat'-krita] to shout shouting
18 In this work the soft (palatalized) variant of the Russian consonant is transcribed as [r']. 33

Turk.-an Rus. [-an] The Turkish ax an is used to form presentfuture participles of verbal stems. Substantive participles have the meaning something or somebody that performs an action named by the stem: kapmak kapan to seize trap burmak buran to twist whirlwind In Russian, the sux [-an] is used to form nouns: [smuta smut'jan] trouble - trouble-maker [intriga inrigan] intrigue schemer The connection is closer than meets the eye, participles are routinely used adjectivally, acting for nouns, e.g. Give me your troubled, Send back to me the spoiled, Isolator for the sick, hence trouble-maker = troubled, spoilage = spoiled, person = sick. It seems that the Turkish kala hip in Russian is associated with the word (kolchan) - quiver. This insight of the author allows to etymologize previously little understood names for quiver, found in various languages across Eurasia. Trkic language formed the words for quiver as participles of location, and the locations for holding arrows were on the saddle, on the hip or shoulder, and in the bootlegs. Hence, quiver comes from: generic ok/yay durumda = arrow/bow case (lit. arrow/bow is) casing kobur, kurban = made casing > Eng. quiver, O.E. cocur, O.H.G. kohhari, O.Fris. koker, said to be Hunnic word vessel qobdu = case, long and narrow box, from qobur vessel boots sadaq, saadaq , saadak, sagadak, sagaidak = in boots (bootlegs); in Chinese annals, saidak is recorded as Hunnic for boots hip kolchan, kolcan, kulcan = hipped, from kala hip saddle taftui, tahtui, tachta TALQ I SIRMAQ -(MKI 471). tevi qom ( III 136) BOJNAQ I , ( III 175) ER EDR ( 4110). KE . ke qurman . ( I 444). OQLUQ ( I 100). Turk. cak/-ck/-cik/-cek/-cuk/-uk/-k/ik [-chak/- chyk/- chik/- chek/-chuk /-tuk/- tuk/- tik] Russ. /-/-/-/-/-/-/- [tok/-tek/-tik/-tuk/-ok/-ik/- ek]

(this cacophony of suxes is equivalent to the English diminutive endings -y and -ie, like Tom - Tommie, Kate - Katie, ball - bally and ballie) Diminutive axes provide a best illustration on morphological adaptation of lexicon: the adopted stems are t into the adopter's morphology. Thus, the English words adopted into Russian morphology gain gender and suxed derivatives: astronaut => astronaftka (fem.); computer => computeru, computera, computery, computershchik, computerskiy, etc. In reverse direction, the Russian words adopted into English morphology lose their gender and axes: Ivanova (fem) => Ivanov; Sovietsky, Sovietskomu, Sovietskih => Soviet and Soviets; sputnik, sputnikam, sputnikov, sputniku => sputnik and sputniks. This analogy allows to detect the direction of assimilation into the Russian language: non-Trkic words were adopted into the originally Trkic morphology, converting the analytic pidgin Old Slavic language into a morphologically Trkic morpheme-rich Russian. In that process, the originally Trkic lexicon that underwent Baltic assimilation was treated as non-Trkic, gaining anew an additional complement of Trkic axes. In contrast, Trkisms entered and dissolved into the Slavic Bulgarian with its Old Slavic analytic morphology, losing most of the agglutination richness, and supplying only the stripped stems, and gaining the Slavic markers of gender in process. The originally Trkic lexicon that underwent Baltic assimilation was treated as Slavic native, retaining elements of its original Trkic morphology as integral part of the Slavic stem. This linguistical observation must be consistent with demographical and biological markers, allowing to reconstruct missing ingredients. Direction of assimilation detects the dominant language as an adopter's language; the adopter's language is demographically predominant; the predominance must be manifested in the biological markers like relative frequencies of blood groups, mt and Y chromosomes, proportion of lactose tolerance mutations, and every other distinguishing parameter. In Russian language are found numerous diminutive suxes that correspond to the diminutive suxes of the Turkish language. Compare the following Turkish and Russian diminutive word forms: kuzu kuzucak lamb lambie kpek kpekcik dog doggie gz gzcek eye eyelet ku kuuk bird birdie In the Russian language are found the following examples: drum drummy station little station landowner landowner's little son When a stem ends in k the regressive assimilation of morphemes takes place: sign badge hook dim. form' When a stem ends in [t] the conuence of morphemes takes place: key little key ball ballie

Both in the substrate Turkish (I.e. Trkic) and Russian languages we found a great number of variants of this ax that is explained by vowels harmony of the Turkish language. Russian has suxes with phoneme [t], not with the phoneme [j], which is not typical for the Russian language. Turk. -i/-i/-cu/-u [-chi/-ti/-chu/-tu] Russ. , -/- [-tij/-ets/-lets] 19 In Turkish the ax -i with its phonetical versions is used to form a noun naming a person that produces an action: nahr - nahrc herd of cows - herdsman barut barutu gunpowder powdermaker' The Old Russian word [zotij] an architect is a best example of creating words according to this Turkish word formation model: [zd] clay > [zdtii] pot-maker
19 In this work, the Russian consonant represented by is transcribed as [ts]. 34

The sux of a person performing an action is not a productive in the modern Russian language, though it has a number of old words containing this sux: [p'evtij] singer in a church choir one who helped the Russian tsar at the dinner table person organizing performance of household duties at the tsar palace (Otkupshchikov/,1986, 9). This ax [ij] exemplies how one older form of a Trkic ax is replaced with another, modied form under inuence of dierent Trkic dialects: the ax [ij] was replaced with ax / [si] (/ chik/shchik) sometime after conquest of Kazan in 1552: vremenshchik temporary, podrqdchik contractor. The obsolete (or non-productive) suxes illustrate the period of the Slavic and Russian history when the alien lexicon was adopted by the Trkic community, absorbing the foreign stems pev sing, krav skill, and stryap do into the existing Trkic agglutinative substrate morphology. From the direction of adoption, the spread of the lexical innovations across population, and social signicance of the borrowings, it can be gleaned that innovators were a demographical minority, either numerically, or in social standing, and likely belonged to the imported craft people with particular trade specialization. The innovations, absorbed into the mainstream language, naturalized and created the Baltic Sprachbund, which germinated Baltic and Slavic linguistic families, enabling importation of the ancient European stems, with their ancient Trkic packaging, into other languages, including re-importation back into the Trkic languages that were not exposed to the innovations and borrowed them as indivisible stems, adopting them at much later time into their current morphological structure. The obsolescence in one language and readoptation into another language allows to trace processes inaccessible in the Linguistic Tree model which is unable to reconstruct a genetic ancestral Proto-language from the linguistic blend, but aords parsing of the Sprachbund blend into its linguistic components. A live example of reimportation provide the Danube Bulgarian and Hungarian languages, which between 8th and 10th-11th cc. absorbed formed Slavic vernaculars respectively into Trkic Bulgarian and

Hungarian-Trkic blend. The Russian axes -/- [-ets/lets] must have arisen from the Turkish ax -i. The Russian axes -/- [-ets/lets] are used in forming nouns naming persons who perform actions expressed by the word stems. These suxes are added to the verbal stems as well: [it' - vets] to sew a tailor [zhit' zhilets] to live a lodger [titat' - ttets] to read a reader The Russian sux /- (-shchik/-lshchik) that also indicates a person performing an action probably appeared some time later. It looks like a combination of the Turkish axes -ci/i and ki that/which where the Turkish -ci/i [chi]/[ti] was substituted by the Russian [t] that is something in between the Turkish morphemes [ch] [t]: In the Russian, this sux is used to produce nouns from verbal stems as well, which appears that Russian uses its beloved Trkic suxes as much as possible: [nakl'eit'- nakl'ejstik] to stick a person that sticks [nabit'- nabojstik] to heel a shoe a person who heels shoes [s'ejat'- s'ejal'stik] 21 to sow sower (a person ) Turk. a [at] Russ. [at] In Turkish the ax a (-ach) is used for creating nouns naming instruments, tools or means for performing actions by attaching it to verbal stems: saymak saya to count meter, counter tkmak tka to cram, to jam stopper The Russian sux [at] is used to create nouns of the same meaning as in Turkish. It also forms nouns denoting a person that performs an action that is expressed by the stem. This remains a productive sux in the modern Russian language: [pugat'-pugat] to frighten a toy that looks like a pistol [rvat' - rvat] to tear a greedy person that thinks only of personal prot [tkat' - tkat] to weave a weaver In Russian, the ax forms nouns from adjectives as well: [bogatj - bogat] rich a rich person [lovkij - lovkat] quick to take advantage sharp fellow, a sharper [sil'nj -silat] strong a strong person - strogiy - strogat] stern a stern person , -a : kul , - kula stern a stern person .-ak - . -/-/- In Turkish, we also nd nouns formed with this ax from the noun base:

kul , - kula arm span, wingstop Turk. -ak Russ. -/-/- [-ak/-ag/-yag] In Turkish the ax forms nouns from verbal stems indicating place of an action, the subject or object of an action: snmak snak to take shelter shelter umak - uak to y a plane korkmak - korkak to be afraid coward In Russian, the sux - serves to form nouns with the equivalent meaning: [l'ezhat' l'ezhak] to lie bench sleeper [terpat' - terpak] to scoop a scoop The Russian sux /- must be a voiced variant of the ax : [brodit' brod'aga] 22 to wander wanderer [rabotat' rabot'aga] to work hard working person In Russian, nouns with sux can be formed from adjectives as well: [b'ednj b'edn'ak] poor a poor person [holostoj holost'ak] single, bachelor bachelor
20 [n'] and [m'] are soft versions of the Russian morphemes [n] and [m]. 21 [s'] is a soft variant of the Russian phoneme [s]. 35

Turk. t [t] - Rus. [ot] The Turkish ax t is attached to a verbal stem to form a noun: yapmak yapt to make work (of art) kalmak - kalt to stop, remain inheritance The Russian word [kalitka] gate probably has been created of the Turkish verb kalmak with the help of the Turkish axes t and ki and means latch (cattle stopper). Russian has an ax [ot] that corresponds to the Turkish ax t: - [grohotat' grohot] to thunder thunder [hohotat' hohot] to laugh laughter Turk. [t] Russ. (), () [-t/-it] In Turkish, the ax is used to produce nouns from verbal stems that name an object or a phenomenon: kazanmak kazan to earn earnings This example helps to understand the enigmatic class of kazanchies that took over control of the Bulgaria in the 11th c. Kazanchies started as a group of ulans, militia ocers called for service with the nomadic militia, they were a class of tribal aristocracy enlisted for standing army as mercenaries, and rewarded with private land ownership. That was the beginning of feudalization of Bulgaria, where theretofore the lands were in communal ownership entrusted to the tribal leaders for fair distribution. A similar reform was initiated in Russia

by Ivan the Terrible four centuries later in the 16th c. Thus, kazanchies means mercenaries; later on they became a feudal class. The Russian homophonic sux () [-t(a)] has the same function and sounds alike: to give, to serve service to manage to get, to gain prey The Russian sux () [ist(e)] that sounds a little bit dierent though has the same function and must have the same origin: [igrat' - igriste] to play folk amusement (games) [pozorit' - pozoriste] to put to shame shame Turk. k [k] Russ. (), () [-ih/-uh] The Turkish ax k forms nouns indicating objects or phenomena that denote result of an action dened by the verb: aksrmak aksrk to sneeze sneeze Russian has corresponding axes -(), -(): [um'et' - umiha] to make noise noise [golodat' goloduha] to starve starvation Turk. (-i/-u/-) [-/-i/-u/-yu] Russ. [-] The Turkish ax (-i/-u/-) forms nouns from verbal stems expressing a manner or a mode of performing an action: bakmak bak to look look, glance oturmak oturu to sit way of sitting The Russian sux forms nouns naming a phenomenon or a object that is the result of an action expressed by a verbal stem: [proigrat' - proigp] to lose (a game) loss [vkladvat' - vklad] to put (into) inset, supplement.
22 [d'] is the soft variant of the Russian phoneme [d]. 36

5.3. Phonetic Correspondences In conclusion of this chapter are examined some phonetic similarities of the Russian and Turkish languages that vividly show kinship between these languages. Almost all phonemes of the Russian language have corresponding phonemes in Turkish. Moreover, the Turkish language makes clear why Russian has paired vowels: Turk. u [u-y] i [-i] o [o - yo] Russ. [u-y] [-i] [o - yo]

Both the Turkish and Russian languages have the uniquely specic phoneme [] that forms a distinguishing meaning:

Turk. kr kir eld dirt Russ. [lko - lik] bast countenance, face (English has the same phonemes with the same distinguishing meaning, which invariably baes its learners: boot - butane, cool- cue, moolah - mule, moor - mure bi - beef, kip - keep, sit - seat, tick - teak jog - jerk, mall - murk, mot - merge, pall - purge) The Turkish morpheme c [dj] in the substratum lexis of the Russian language has changed to the morpheme [t] (ch) or the morpheme [j] 23 (Or the Sarmatian more labial pronunciation has survived to the present, if it is observed in both Balic and Slavic languages): Turk. civelek[djivelek] lively, playful Russ. [telovek] man, human Turk. civcivli [djivdjivli] lively, busy Russ. [jizn'] life The phoneme [h] in the old Russian words [boh] god, [hospodi] (addressing the God) as well as the phoneme [h] in some Russian dialects and also in the Belorussian and Ukrainian languages corresponds to the Turkish phoneme [h]. The morpheme [ts] of the Russian language apparently arises from the Turkish morpheme [j] ([j] is voiced, [t] is voiceless). Compare: iek [jijek] [tsvetok] ower In dialects of the Russian language the morpheme [t ] of the standard Russian language is substituted with the phoneme [ts]: [anglitan'e anglitsane] English people [pskovitan'e pskovitsane] Pskov inhabitants The regular ts/dj alteration is one of the hallmarks of the Trkic languages, the other being the m/b alteration; the mobility of the animal husbandry nomadic tribes results in interspersing of the dierent traits in the same geographical and consequently political areas, bringing about balkanization of the dialects when fractions of the tribes leave dialectal continuum and join other dialectal groups. Among other regular alterations mirrored between Trkic and Russian, the / (ch/ts) alteration in Russian mirrors the ts/dj alteration in Trkic. The Russian morpheme [t] (shch, voivced) could arise both from the Turkish morpheme [t] (ch) and the Turkish phoneme [] (sh, voiceless), which is much softer than the Russian morpheme [], and therefore phonetically resembles the Russian morpheme [t]. So, we can conclude that the great variety of the Russian suxes is the consequence of the fact that historically, the Russian suxes sprang from numerous phonetic variants of the Turkish axes. The phenomenon of attaching a number of dierent axes to the word stems in Turkish produced the Russian suxes that appear to be combinations of Turkish axes. Notably, not only simple axes of the Turkish language were used in forming the words of the Russian language. Dierent meaningful combinations of the Turkish axes were transformed into suxes of the Russian language, where in few cases they lost their original meaning. Now they continue their existence as postxes of the Russian language.
23 The Russian voiced consonant is usually transcribed as [j] or [dz]. It has corresponding voiceless consonant [] (sh). 37

Clearly traceable are not only the earliest, but also the more recent Turkish axes used to derive new words are used by the Russian language. The observed links between these languages point to the organic relation of the Russian with the Turkish language, of the Russian linguistical development from the Trkic language substrate.

6. Comparison of Substrates in the Latvian and Russian Languages

Numerous words of substratum lexis in both the Latvian and Russian languages arose from the Trkic language, making possible direct lexical comparisons. Arranged in chronological order, the lexis straties in approximately six groups: 1) earliest substratum lexis of the Latvian language, 2) early substratum lexis of the Russian language, 3) similar substratum lexis of the Latvian and Russian languages, 4) substratum lexis of the same meaning that produced from dierent Trkic stems in the Latvian and Russian languages, 5) substratum lexis of the Latvian language of the period during stabilization of the territorial boundaries, 6) substratum lexis of the Russian language of the late period. Comparing the lexises group by group aords an opportunity to uncover connections between the Latvian and the Russian languages, and to trace stages of their development from the Trkic substrate. 6.1. Early Substratum Lexis of the Latvian language The rst group of the substratum lexis includes the earliest lexis of people who settled in the East Baltic about eight thousand years ago. These are words for ancestors, gods, symbols, people's names, objects and phenomena of the nature. Among them are words naming objects connected with human activities, such as harpoon, hoe, sledge, and the names for elk, which was a main object of hunting in this region. There is also the word mja for a human dwelling. Turkish has two words that could give birth to this Latvian word. Table 9 Turkish Latvian Turkish Latvian

veli saint, protector

Guna (female name) Gunrs (male vei spirits of gn day, gne name) dead ancestors sun Gunta (female name) uguns re gus (Latg.) re Ainrs(male name) Aila (female name) Aivars (male name) Aigars(male name)

uruk/uru tribe, clan

urgui [urguti] spirits of dead ay moon ancestors

ilgi relation, connection el/almak hand/to take

ii spirits of yanmak/yan [] Jnis [ja:nis] dead ancestors to burn/burning (male name) sarmak/sarma elki spirits of 1) to embrace dead ancestors 2) to captivate Sarma (female name) sarma hoarfrost

sene year

sen/sens eilmek/eil to /sensens/sencis get down (to a long Egils (male name) job)/getting down ago/ancient/very (to a job) old/ancestor si (God's name) (Here comes the Norse Udin and Odin) oymak/oyar [r] to scoop out, to engrave, to Ojrs(male name) carve/scooping out, engraving, carving varmak /varis to Varis (male name) have/inheritor

us reason

jumis [jumis] yom [jom] good symbol of luck fertility, family fortune maya [maa] 1) origin, essence 2) female of a herd animal

mja home

zel special

ozols oak

aya [aa] palm aijt [aijat] to of a hand lull kapamak to cover dun low
38

cebretmek/cebren ebrklis shto force/by force spear, harpoon kk root oks tree ilkss shaft, shill

kaplis hoe

duncis dagger ilk rst

Juxtaposing this table with the table of the Russian substratum lexis (see Table 10), we won't found many words corresponding to the rst substratum lexis of the Latvian language. The table of the Latvian language earliest substratum lexis has Latvian words for ancestor spirits: elki, vei, urgui, ii, seni. We do not found these words Among the early Russian (I.e. Slavic) substratum lexis. The only word in Russian (and also Lithuanian ) is the word Alka that corresponds to the Latvian word elk ancestor. Slavic and Lithuanian people called places for sacrices, usually high hills, Alkas. Latvian substratum lexis contains numerous words arising from the Turkish lexicon for the sun, moon, nature phenomena, and human activities. In the Latvian language they often serve to create proper names. This tradition that roots in the ancient past continues to exist in the modern Latvian culture, too. The same tradition of naming people after the sun, moon, and other objects of nature stay alive in the Turkish culture as well. (What about Slavic names in the pre-Christian Rus?) The Russian substratum lexis has names Ivan and Uljan. The rst name ascends to the Latvian name Jnis, the second name probably was created later from the Turkish stems ulu great and yan re. The Russian pagan God Ivan was revered by Slavic people as much as the God Jan was revered by the pagan ancestors of the Latvians; the name Ivan was a form of the Latvian Jan, while the Latvian Jan apparently is the verbal noun yan burning from the Turkish verb yanmak to burn. An alternate form of the Ogus Turkish yan, from the Ogur Suvar or Bulgar languages, has survived to the present as yar, recorded in Middle Age Slavic

names Yaropolk and Yaroslav, city Yaroslavl in Russia and Kizil Yar in Kazakhstan (spelled Kyzyl Yar in Turkey), and was made famous by the German WWII mass slaughter in Babiy Yar in Kyiv. The connotation of these Bulgarian yars is burning: devoted, burning with faith, fervent, it is connected with sacral ritual places, places of pilgrimage, and graves; Russian has clusters of derivatives: yaryi ardent, yarost fury, yarkiy bright, yarovoj of the spring, etc., largely of adjectival category. The accepted etymology of the name Ioan/Ivan/John/Johann is traced to contracted Hebrew form Yehochanan God is gracious, which would preclude its usage in pre-Christian time, while its use in Balto-Slavic languages prior to Christianization, in totally Trkic names of incipient Rus princes, in its Bulgar form Yoan, and cognate names in Trkic Islamic word would conrm its pre-Christian distribution and ultimate origin in the Trkic devoted, fervent yar/yan word. After Christianization, this kind of names was re-branded and associated with Biblical and Christian origins. The Russian early substratum lexis does not have a name of the early Latvian pagan God si (Norse Udin and Odin), which probably stems from the Turkish word us reason; nevertheless, the Russian has a phraseological idiom (motat na us) to understand and remember that could have arisen much later from the same Turkish stem. The above-mentioned observations provide reasons to believe that the early substratum lexis of the Latvian language belongs to the Stone Age period, when descendants of the rst groups of Mesolithic people, who settled in the territory of the modern Latvia, had to name new phenomena, objects, concepts, etc. They were living in a new territory, isolated from the Trkic language of the southern regions, where their ancestors had come from. The earliest lexis of the Latvian language, with the Trkic stems and centered around naming ancestors, gods, a and personal names undoubtedly shows a high spiritual culture of the tribes from which the forthcoming Latvian language started to be developed. 6.2. Early Substratum Lexis of the Russian Language This group of substratum lexis contains words of the Latvian and Russian languages for the natural phenomena, world of animals, parts of human body, human actions and fruits of labor, abstract objects, etc. Here we can see substratum lexis of the Latvian language given in a comparison with substratum lexis of the Russian language. See Table 10.
39

Since Russian, i.e. the Slavic dialects that historically fell within the borders of the modern Russian state, have experienced amalgamation with the Trkic peoples quite dierent from the history of the Latvian people in particular, and Baltic people in general, the linguistic interlacing may be more complex than schematic Trkic => Baltic => Slavic => Russian transition; at some point in history, each word encountered a similar Trkic word from another Trkic language or dialect, and most likely such encounters with dierent Trkic languages were repeated numerous times, modifying the older phonetics under inuences of each new encounter. Thus, the archaic Trkic forms of the Baltic Latvian lexicon underwent substantial phonetical changes aected by numerous much later and likely outwardly dissimilar Trkic forms, Slavic dialectal variations, and natural phonetical drift. Table 10

Turkish meme ata ak, men ezmek/ezer

Translation breast, udder father white/grey, object melt/melting to increase (proliferate, pullulate, propagate) > from estuary to sea (n.) from water, by water evil spirit, opposite to the coast

Latvian mamma mother tta [te:ta] father akmens stone ezers lake

Russian [mama] mother [t'at'a] father [kamen'] stone [ozero] lake

remek

jra sea

[mor'e] sea

sudan cin, ters kyya ilk elemek amak

dens water dzintars amber kaija sea-gull

[voda] water [jantar'] amber [tajka] sea-gull

[klyk] fang, rst (foremost > ilknis fang, tusk, tusk, canine foremost tooth) canine (tooth) (tooth) to amuse to open to suspend, to skip, to disappear to set up, to form cat to hang a hit dry hand to heat/heating piggi bank egle r-tree acs/aele [ats/atele] eye/little eye asaris perch kurmis mole kais/kae cat aste tail darbs labour sauss dry elkonis elbow istaba room [jel'] spruce o/ [oko/oti] eye/eyes Ch. / (ye/yechin) eye/eyes [okun'] perch [krot] mole [kot] cat [hvost] tail [trud] labour c [suhoy] dry [lokot'] elbow [izba] house, hut

asmak/asar kurmak kedi asmak/ast darbe susuz el stmak/st kumbara valide/vali

[ambar] kambaris larder, barn, granary, pantry storehouse [vlad'et'] possess property

mother/governor valdt to rule

year/stay for a yl/yllamak/ylm long time/get ak bored

ilgi for a long time

[dolgo] for a long time

The Latvian substratum lexis for this group is determined by Turkish stem morphemes and word-forming axes. The Latvian words sound very similar to the Turkish stems they have sprung from. The words of the Russian substratum lexis of this group have the same meaning with the Latvian words, but they sound dierently. We can observe transposition of syllables, and changes of vowels and consonants. That evidences that the substratum lexis of the Latvian language gave birth to some part of the Russian language substratum lexis. This implies that the incipient Russian (I.e. Slavic) language probably started its independent development later than the incipient Latvian language. It can also testify that the tribes where the future Latvian language was developing played a leading role in respect to the tribes that settled nearby. This also indicates that apparently the tribes who formed and developed the Latvian lexicon played for some time during that epoch a leading role among people living nearby, who absorbed the vocabulary of the developing Latvian language.
40

6.3. Similarity in Substratum Lexises of the Latvian and Russian Languages Lexises of this group contains words that belong to a later time period, when contacts between tribes apparently became more regular. Pronunciation of these Latvian and Russian words is very similar, and they mostly refer to the same objects or close concepts. See Table 11. Table 11 Turkish acl [achili] sad dn yesterday iek [titek] ower avk [avk] colloq. light, re l Geol. alluvium alkanmak/alkant [talkant] to wave/waving (sea) duman mist, smoke Latvian Russian

[jalet'] lot to pity, to be sorry to pity, to be (for) sorry (for) diena day zieds ower saule sun lnis tench, Liginii (place name) alkoa [alkon'a] murmur of the waves, rustle dmaka haze, dmi smoke pastala simple foot-wear virve rope cirpt [tsirpt] to cut [den'] day [tsvetok] ower Bot. [tavel'] sorrel Zool. [lin'] tench [elest] rustle [tuman] mist, [dym] smoke [postol] simple footwear [ver'ovka] rope [serp] sickle

postal combat boot verev diagonal trpan scythe

gitmek to go, to leave yemek/ye! to eat/eat! tur/turta spin, circle/in a circle drtmek to prod dmek (cluster with 46 verb and 5 noun meanings) 1) to fall 2) to lose one's health 3) to rush, to dash almak/alak [altak] to take/blackguard komak [komak] to run

iet to go d eat! torte cake durt to stab, to prick

[itti] to go [ye] eat! [tort] cake [prodyr'avit'] to make a hole

da 1) slikta da [dua] to [dua] feel sick soul 2) courage, bravery alkatgs greedy kos [kos] bright [altnyj] greedy [roskonyj] very beautiful

burtmak to make twist, whirl

[bortnik] burt to practice magic apiarist (wild bee) manta object [manatki] colloq.things [lel'] curly male tale character [leleit'] cherish [surovyj] bitter, harsh

man object/person

lle lle curly

lelle doll, lolot to cherish

sur fate, lot patak/pata beating civelek [divelek] lively civciv [chivchiv]/civcivli [divdivli] chick/lively, busy cisim body mihr random, redemption yuk [juk] load apamak to cover, to hide, bury

srs bitter, harsh

ptaga/ptagot whip/to [batok] whip whip cilvks [tsilve:ks] man dzve life dzsla vein miers peace jugs yoke kaps/kapi grave/graveyard [telovek] man [jizn'] life [jila] vein [mir] peace [igo] yoke [kapite] temple

41

6.4. Parallel Development of the Latvian and Russian Languages from the Trkic

Substrate This lexical group demonstrates that in their developmental process, the Latvian and Russian languages formed their lexises using dierent Trkic roots and stems for the same objects. Such phenomenon could occur in a territory with widely spread Trkic languages. Archaeologists have found numerous Neolithic settlements in the modern Latvia and surrounding territories. Apparently, newcomers from the East and South did not speak any other but the Trkic languages. The lexis of this group was created according to the word formation models found in the modern Turkish language. The modern Turkish language is a result of amalgamation of many distinct Trkic languages, in a process that is at least a millennia old. Among the far-ung Trkic components in modern Turkey are tribes known from the Eastern Hun confederation (Kayi/Koyunlu), Scythian (Akathyri), Kangar, Western Hun confederation (Bulgars, Suvars), Oguz, Bechen, Kipchak, Kimak (Tatars), Tatars of Mongolia, and uncounted other Trkic, Slavic, Nakh, Adgyg, Armenian, Kurdich, and other tribes, many of which also integrated with the Eastern European and Balkan Slavic languages. The modern Turkish language underwent a considerable leveling during the 20th c., and it is that blended vernacular that in the 20th c. have been formalized as the Turkish national language. The words formed from the Turkish verbs kamak to scratch and burmak twist, whirl exemplify the variety of words that derive from Trkic stems and axes in both the Latvian and the Russian language independently one from another. Table 12 Turkish keman bow Latvian kamanas sledge Turkish Russian

(Tat. n sledge>) [sanki] sledge san dazed, confused (karmak remove, qaptirai [karman] sack) pocket karmak/karma to mix/mixed [inej] hoarfrost [sok] juice , [s/t'apka] hoe [sobaka] dog

kaba large, but light

kabata pocket

sarmak to embrace

sarma inmek to hoarfrost come down

skmak to su/sulu water/juicy sula juice squeeze, to press kapamak cover, hide, bury sunmak submit kaplis hoe apa hoe

soba suns dog chimney, stove

zar membrane, pellicle apamak cover, hide, bury amak open

(i > Ogur jich/gich zarnas intestines, intestines, guts) guts ki man kpa dune acs eye kais itch, scabies dun low gz eye kastanis chestnut

[kishki] intestines, guts

[d'una] dune [glaz] eye [kaa] porridge, [kael'] cough, [katan] chestnut 24 reg. [burak] beet, hist. [burlak] 25 [burki] felt boots [bur'a] storm [burit'] drill, bore [kto] who dial. [ onu]/ [vinu]/[vonu] her/him

kamak sctratch

burmak twist, whirl

buras sail, burzt crumple, crinkle kas who viu her/him

ki who onu her/him

24 The Trkic ax tan forces to think that the word could have the meaning remedy against cough that is really so. 42

6.5. Substratum Lexis of the Latvian Language in the Period of Demarcation The late lexical substrata in both the Latvian and Russian attests that development of these languages from Trkic vernaculars continued for a long of time, lasting for several thousand years. The likely scenario suggests that Trkic speakers with new Trkic lexicons kept migrating to the region. To supply a rich base for the developing of the Latvian and Russian languages, the Trkic languages had to be widespread in the region. The words of this late lexical substrate group relate to abstract objects and human activities connected with later period in the formation of the Latvian language. The words belonging to the late lexical substrate demonstrate that this lexicon belong to people of a class society: slave, violence, whip, battle, wage, etc. We do not found a matching lexicon in Russian. This leads to suggestion that that lexicon belongs to the period of demarcation the territorial boundaries of the respective states. Table 13 Turkish resim drawing dikmek to sew Latvian rast to draw diegs thread, cotton Turkish stne varmak to supress yaka collar Latvian varmacba violence jaka blazer

k upper part of smth kapucis hood drmek to roll up ut military greatcoat kme group aplamak/kapl to kaplia family kme kme in cover/covered vault groups at horse Ata! See you! jt ride a horse gani enough

piedurkne sleeve

kumuriem in groups gan, gana enough ganbas pasturage nra waternymph bzt to shove, to thrust, to poke uzmanba attention duna low sound dunt to drone, to boom

dun low srma silver thread ayna mirror

dunka nudge, narin slim, slender, poke delicate sirms grey, grizzled ainava landscape, sea-scape enebaz talkative kfrbaz foulmouthed uzman expert, specialist dun low

bayat/bayatlamak bojt spoil stale/to get stale dumur trophy i/iine [itine] n./adv. inside ya [ja] yes ara distance, interval kem evil, malicious dumj silly iekiene [iekiene] n. inside j yes r outside ms fright, ghost

agrs early (adj.) aarmak to dawn agri early on gn aar at dawn (adv.) yosun moss burkmak to twirl, twist, braid sna moss burkns carrot burka jar

saplamak to thrust, sps pain pierce akl cross-eyed akls blind

bildirmek to inform

bildint/iebilda /piebilda to sks tiny, small, propose/object sk dense, frequent ne (past tense)/add (past tense) vart to dare tek one, single, only tikai only, solely tapa stopper ilkss shaft, thill maigs soft, mild, gentle

varmak to dare snmak to test, try out phe doubt manita swindle

ca struggle, tapa stopper ght poties to swing, sway ilk rst, initial

mayi/maymak mnt to liquid, uid/ sl. deceive, cheat liquify, soften

vergi tax, scot (obligation) dayanmak endure yeni [yeni] new acemi aylak [tailak] chick kavga ght, quarrel

vrgs slave

dulls/dullums dul/dulluk widow, crazy, widower/widowhood foolish/foolishness kunda regular customer alga wages alkas/alkatgs thirst, longing/greedy

daina Latvian (and Mold.) kunt stout, solid' folk- song jauns new, young alg wages

lis [talis] sl. lad, almak to take boyfriend kauties to ght

25 Harnessed humans for towing boats against current 43

6.6. Russian Substratum Lexis of the Later Period A mixture of Trkic lexicon in Russian Substratum Lexis with Trkisms of the latter period is given in the work of Elizaveta (Elizabeth) Shipova Dictionary of Trkisms in Russian Language, which contains, among its 2000-word etymologies, a sampling of about 100 words that belong to the pre-Rus, or common Slavic period, a number of them in addition to the sampling cited in this work in consecutive time groups. E. Shipova's work does not dip into the substratum lexis of pre-Slavic period addressed in the present work. This group of words contains Russian lexicon derived from Trkic stems. These words do not have parallels in Latvian. Here are found synonyms of earlier lexicon ( eye, father) that also originate from the Turkish (Or Trkic) stem morphemes. This phenomenon provides evidence for the great length of the period when the Russian language was emerging from the Trkic substrate. Table 14 Turkish Russian Turkish Russian

kandil oil-lamp

[kadilo] censer uyutmak [ujutmak] ( [chad] to lull, calm smoke) (Engl. candle) [maz'] ointment iskemle chair, stool

[ujut] comfort

macun [machun] paste, putty bulanmak be dimmed, blur kaprdamak potter around

[skamja] bench [pahtat'] to churn [kabak] pub

[bulanj] pht clot, golden coagulate (light-bay hue) [kapaitsa] putter aba rude, vulgar, common

tkmak to thrust, to stick konmak/konur to stay overnight/stay overnight havlamak to bark hapsetmek/hapis to imprison, to lock up/ prison

[tkat'] poke [konura] closet, dog-house [havkat'] to bark

el bald, bare elli colloq. since, seeing that rasgele yerde haphazardly

[k'elja] cell [koli] since, if [razgil'd'aj] unruly [durak] fool

[hapat'] durmak/durak to to grab stop/stop ( [kovr'at'] to pick) [zakovristj] kazan gain, prot, twisted, earnings intricate [zakavka] trick, slyness, obstacle [hrip] wheeze [m'aukat'] to miaow san title, fame halim/halim selim mild, gentle/biddable

kvrmak to curl, to twist

[kazna] treasury, money

hrlt wheeze miyavlamak to miaow

[san] rank, title, fame [padhalim] toady, boot-licker

khne decrepit

( [konets] end) toplama/vn. [tolpa] toplama to collect, to crowd [dokonat'] gather/gathering dilapidate Zool. [salaka] sprat gstermek to show, sl. to demonstrate [salaga] rookie [tron] throne [aki] checkers [koka] pussy- cat [jazk] tongue, language [kusok] piece ulu great sezmek/sezi to sense, to feel/intuition skmak to press [gostit'] to stay (with) [ulitsa] avenue [os'azanije] sense of touch [sok] juice

salak/sala colloq. silly, simplehearted tren ceremony, ritual amak [amak] to be amazed, to lose (one's way) komak [komak] to chase yazmak to write ksmak to shorten

[pita] food pimek [pimek] to [pet] to cook bake boyamak/boyar to dye/dyeing [bojarin] nobleman

kaymak to slip, slide kalmak/kalt keep, remain, be left (verbal cluster with 24 meanings) yel/yelli/yelloz wind/dget/hussy amurla [tamurla] mud, slime

[kajuk] downfall, death

barnmak to take refuge

[barin] landowner (boyar > bar > barin) ( [susal'nyi] decorative (adj.)) [rassusolivat'] gassing [velikij] great [nedolugij] asinine, inane [kabluk] heel (shoe) [patl] uncombed hair [tirej] boil [marazm] debility, marasmus
26

ss ornament, [kalitka] small decoration gate [jelozit'] dget, crawl [tamurla] alcoholic drinks [kirka] pick (axe) [kojka] bed, hammock

yelik superiority

dolu/dolgun full (kab shell, shoe, aya foot) ayakkab shoe patlamak to explode

krmak to break koymak to put, to place soba stove

rk [turuk] [sobaka] dog rotten, spoilt

dermek to gather, to compile, derme maraz atma smth. made in [der'mo] smth. 1) disease a hurry, badly made bad, feces 2)bad-tempered object bozmak/bozdn to be crazy (about)/became crazy (kolo reduce, cut down) loda pile [bzdn] craziness kavata large wooden bowl

[karta] trough

[koloda] log, log pile rmek to bark [koloda] pack [t'apka] hoe [dulo] barrel, muzzle ei peine [pei peine] one after another kl lazy, inert

[urtat'] purr, rumble [peka] pawn [pekom] on foot [kul'] lazy/inert person [jeda] meal, food

apa [tapa] hoe

duhul entrance

a [taa] epoch, age

[taga] Bot. fungus of yemek to eat a birch, chaga

27

ardak [tardak] arbour, pergola, hut [terdak] attic

26 - is the negative prex of Russian adjectives; also spelled [nedalekij]. 27 Chaga is regarded to be a remedy for living a long life.

46

6.7. Conclusions of the Comparative Analysis The comparative analysis of the Latvian and Russian substratum lexises allows to formulate the following conclusions and conjectures: 1. Both Latvian and Russian (I.e. Slavic) languages arose and started developing in the modern Baltic territory from the Mesolithic-period Trkic language. 2. Substratum lexis of the Latvian language names ancestors, gods, and human's names, attesting to a rich spiritual life of the communities (and later tribes) in the territory of the emerging Latvian language. 3. In the earliest formative period, the Latvian language was a leader, probably demonstrating uneven pace of development, because the earliest substratum lexis of the Russian language has words that the incipient Russian (I.e. Slavic) language borrowed from the incipient Latvian language. 4. The earliest substratum lexises of both the Latvian and Russian (I.e. Slavic) languages include such words as water, sea, lake, sea-gull, mole, mist, r-tree, etc. attesting that both languages emerged in the same geographical zone. 5. The Latvian and Russian (I.e. Slavic) lexicons attest that they formed from dierent Trkic stem morphemes used for the same objects, demonstrating that the developmental process of the Latvian and Russian languages from the Trkic substratum was long and independent. 6. The words like peace, yoke, beautiful, harsh, greedy, sickle, etc. point to a continuous contact between the Latvian and Russian (I.e. Slavic) languages. 7. Probably, other Baltic and Slavic languages appeared and developed not only on the substrate of the Trkic language, but in a great degree, on the substrate of the Latvian and Russian languages that started their forming earlier than other Baltic and Slavic languages. 8. With the end of the warm Atlantic period (9 ka 7.5 ka BP , ka = kiloannum, BP = before present) archaeologists trace people moving from the territories of the Eastern Europe to Southern Europe, which apparently induced participation of the Baltic and Slavic languages in shaping languages in other parts of Europe and Asia. That could explain the observed connection of Baltic and Slavic languages with Sanskrit (Genetical tracing identied tentatively proto-Sanskrit speaking agriculturist migrants moving eastward across Eastern Europe toward the Indian subcontinent in 2nd millennium BC, 4000 ka BP , and tentatively Trkic-speaking nomadic animal husbandry migrants associated with Kurgan Culture moving in opposite direction, westward, from the Eastern Europe to the Western Europe, and independently from the Eastern Europe to the Western Europe via Middle East and Northern Africa, starting in 5th millennium BC, 7000 ka BP) . 9. Apparently, in the East Baltic region the Latvian-type language was a rst language that arose from the Trkic language. The Russian (I.e. Slavic) language followed it. From the Trkic, Latvian, and Russian (I.e. Slavic) languages sprang and developed other East European languages, like Lithuanian, Latgalian, Belorussian, Polish, Ukrainian, etc. Pra-Baltic and Proto-Slavic languages, which are attempted in vain to be reconstructed, apparently never existed. In the eastern Baltic, from the Turkic language emerged Latvian and Russian (I.e. Slavic) languages. On the substrates of Turkic, Latvian, and Russian languages formed and developed the other Balto-Slavic languages. 7. Polyethnonyms Aestes, Slavs, Ruses 28 and Others.

First historical descriptions of peoples name residing in the same territory tribes with dierent languages, and with dierent cultures and traditions, by using common names, i.e. polyethnonyms polito-ethnonyms (Or topo-ethnonyms). Tacitus in his work Germania calls the people settled on the east coast of the Baltic Sea Aestes. As we know, the ancient Trkic word ais is connected with the name of the God Tangri (Or Tengri). The polyethnonym Aesty may originate from the name of that Trkic Supreme God. Tacitus identies the cultures and traditions of the tribes called Bastarns and Veneds 29 with cultural traditions of the Sarmatians. The Sarmatians were Trkic (horse husbandry nomadic) tribes in the East Baltic region. Apparently, being rst or just more organized settlers in that territory, they were paid homage by newcomers. The name Bastarn may arise from the Turkish verb bastrmak to suppress, to surpass, to go unannounces. (bastrmak = suppress, repress, quell, put down, stie, drown subdue depress quench allay alleviate smother quash settle appease, hold down, stamp, strangle, silence, assuage, whelm, choke, squelch, pocket, extinguish, throttle down, weigh, restrain, overtake, whip, push down, compress, weigh down, bear against, squash, gulp, smother up, settle in, beat down, set in, keep under, submerge, overbear, ow, crucify, swallow, burke, outtalk, bottle up, throttle back, keep in, gulp down, keep down) The later names of East Baltic tribes Estons and Lettons contain Trkic word n that indicates space in front of something. So, the word Estons could mean Ests and lands around them, Lettons Letts and surrounding lands. Later, appeared the words Estonia and Lettonia. The ending of the names [ya] resembles the ax e(-ye)/-a(-ya) of the Turkish - hali case expressing direction of action. So the words Estonia , Lettonia could mean toward Ests or Letts.
28 Engl. Aesti, Slav, Rus. 29 Engl. Bastarnae, 'Veneti. 47

It may be that the name Slav appeared from the Turkish verb islemek to smoke, than islev could mean one who smokes sh or meat for winter time and could refer to numerous of tribes living in the cold zone. The time, area, the trade and slave descriptions during the Late Antique period, the precipitance of the term Slav appearing on the European scene, the synchronic uniformity of the term, its indelible association with the slave trade, and the replacement of the archaic lexicon for the slave in numerous languages corroborate the case for the term Slav being a version of the Trkic "sl" - speak. Applied to the name of the Slavic peoples, the term shows that in the beginning it was an exonym, an appellation for the Balts who were BaltoTurkic bilingual, and within a generation or two, it quickly converted into undierentiated endonym, which co-existed with prior ethnonyms, and which later further stratied into individual historical and new ethnonyms. The present work of G.Shuke adds a new dimension to the above etymological scenario. The Sarmats, who ooded Baltic territories ca 150 BC (all those tribes described by the Classical authors as nomadic or wonderers: Vandals, Goths, Burgunds, etc.), encountered a mix of populations that were already part-Trkic, part-Trkied, and part non-Trkic and non-Trkied. The Trkic and Trkied part became known as talking Slavs, and it was them who became the predominant victims of the slave-trade and determined the pan-European slave terminology. This picture parallels the picture of the eastern slave-trade, documented in the Islamic literature, where masses of Kimak population were

targets of their Trkic cousins' slave-trade, creating the Islamic institution of gulams and mameluks. The Trko-Slavic symbiosis, started ca 150 BC as TrkoBaltic symbiosis, in its potent form lasted for a millennia, transitioning Sarmatian, Alanian, Gothic, Hunnic, Avaro-Bulgarian, Bosnyak, Kipchak, and Tatar (Kipchak) phases, and culminating with the emergence of the distinct Slavic ethnicities, languages, and states during the Middle Age period. Historiographical problems were created right at the outset of the 2nd millennia AD, with the rise of local myth-making, and went unabated to the dawn of the new millennia. On the periphery, i.e. in Rus and Russia, the myth-making started later, continued for much longer, and still is not settled. The religious-governing complex tried to steer the myth-making industry to its advantage, ignoring the innate culture of the subject peoples, and thus creating rich evidentiary feeding elds for the later scholars. A thesis states that the word Ruses was initially used for the participants of the polyethnic trade expeditions to the East by the northern people (Normans, Vikings, Varyags). (Busha I./, 2006). Then, the name of the Belorussians could mean Swamp Rus (in the Lithuanian language bala means puddle, pool). The name of the ethnos Pruses 30 could mean Experienced Ruses, because in Turkish pir means aged experienced person, master, expert (in Trkic -mer/-mir/-pir is ruler , it is known from Middle Age records in the form mir and pir, which would make a dubious semantics of puddle ruler, and also conict with the explicit Middle Age form Belaya Rus = White Rus, which is a calque of the Trkic Ak Rus, a complement to the Kyiv Rus in the black southwestern lands of the Black Bulgars = Western Bulgars that ascends to the western wing (Ktur ~ opposite ~ black ~ Kara) of the Hunnic European state) . The origin of the word [boyar] (Pl. [boyare]) boyar(s) could be connected with the Turkish verb boyamak/boyar to paint, to dye, to color/painting, dyeing, coloring. Historical works note that advanced ancient peoples had a tradition to paint their bodies and hair. The more auent people were more painted, so painting reected wealth (Akathyrsi, Issyk kurgan, Pazzyryk , Arjan kurgans) (Stasulevich M.M./, 1999, 156). The conventional etymology of boyar links it with the words boi/bai/bei//bek = rich, ruling + er/ir/ar = man, for a rich or ruling man, which is supported independently by the semantics of the Boyar caste in India, where Boyars are equivalent to rulers, and where tattoos are not used; by the dialectal forms bolyar, boil, boilyar, which can't be derived from the Turkish verb boyamak, and by the anachronism of the later Turkish lexicon projected on the millennium-older Trkic lexicon. The name of the ethnos Galindes
31

could arise from the Turkish word gali kind of

at-bottomed vessel. The name of the ethnos Sudes 32 could arise from the Turkish word form suda, which means in the water. The conventional etymology of Galindae, from gelm - depth of the lake, or from the name Gieldzkie Jezioro of the lake, or from a fake word *galas the end, alluding to remote location, does not suggest an acceptable solution. Among other opinions one suggest that Galindae refers to Gauls, and another equates Galindae with Lugians via equivalency of the Balto-Slavic lug with Nordic glade (glode/glar) for at marshy grasslands. The conventional etymology of Soudinoi Sudovians is derived from the Trkic su

= water via a Baltic fake verbal root *s- to ow, pour. Every joke has a grain of truth.

Conclusion
The human history attests that the human culture was born in Asia. Scientic works are proving that in the 4th-3rd millenniums BC, Trkic tribes bearing dierent names resided in Asia Minor. The arrival of the people on the shores of the Baltic Sea became possible after retreat of the ice. At the end of 9th millennium BC, shers and hunters stated leaving their imprints in the territory of the modern Latvia. Fig. 8. Map of Serednyi Stog (SS) and Kurgan (K/Y) cultures Mario Alinei map Click map to enlarge ==> CLICK
TO REDUCE

Fig. 6. Map of Uralic settlements Mario Alinei map Click map to enlarge ==> CLICK TO REDUCE

Mesolithic settlements and a burials in the territory of the modern Latvia are dated to 6th millennium BC. In the Neolithic, the number of the settlements increased. Archaeological investigations attest a continuity in both the methods of making tools and in the burial traditions. The unbroken succession attests that the people were apparently speaking one and the same language. In the chapter Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern European Substratum we suggested that the language of rst Mesolithic inhabitants in the territory of the modern Latvia was the language of the people with high Neolithic culture from Asia Minor. Presumably, most of the population at that time spoke one and the same language. The language of the Neolithic migrants from the Asia Minor the to the East Baltic region was distinguished by rich vocabulary that contained words for new concepts, phenomena and objects. After coming to the new unpopulated territory, and torn o from its links with the places of origin, the language was evolving gradually. The new geographical environment induced phonetic changes. Life demanded evolvement of new words. Formation of the new words went with the already familiar Trkic roots and word-forming axes. From the Trkic language had arisen new grammatical categories and eects. In the chapter Discovery of the Trkic Substratum in the Latvian language we have shown that the language developing in the territory of the modern Latvia had Oguz Trkic

stem morphemes and axes. The phonetic and grammatical structure of the modern Latvian language preserves the rudiments of the substrate language, i.e. the substrate language from which the Latvian language was developing, till it was nally transformed into a new language that retained its connections with its substrate language. The people speaking the germinating Latvian language not aware of their appreciation of knowledge that came with the language, the knowledge of astronomy and astrology, nature and humans, crafts and farming, and so on. They continued their religious traditions, spiritualizing everything surrounding them. That helped the people not only to survive, but also to better understand the objects of their interest and respect.
30 Engl. Prussians. 31 Engl. Galindians. 32 Engl. Sudovians. 48

The chapter Comparison of Substratum Lexicons in the Latvian and Russian Languages exhibited the substratum lexis of the Latvian language that became the lexis of the Russian language, i.e. how it was adopted by the people who arrived in the territory of the East Baltic region by their own path, and speaking the same language, apparently didn't possess the knowledge and vocabulary that had the rst inhabitants of the modern Latvia territory. Extending this line of research will enable tracing of how the Latvian and Russian languages, in their turn, inuenced the neighboring languages: Lithuanian, Polish, and Belorussian. It would be interesting to learn how and where Finno-Ugric languages, that dier to a great degree one from another, arose and developed on the Trkic substrate, to trace through the prism of Trkic the development of German and Celtic languages, and many other problems. The ever presence of the Trkic languages beside the developing languages of Europe is attested by the later substratum lexises in the Latvian and Russian languages. It should be expected that Trkic language would also borrow some words from the daughter languages. Perhaps: the Turkish verb irkilmek to be startled, start and ayrmak/ayrlmak to leave, depart (-il is an ax of passive voice) echo the Latvian verb irt to row (These words have semantic clusters of 6, 65, and 61 meanings respectively, which denitely indicates that they are not cultural borrowings). kavga , , kauties - , ; The Turkish word trpan scythe has a Latvian corresponding verb cirpt [tsirpt] to shear, to clip. The Latvian words nags hoof, nagla hobnail (Turkish -la means with) and matching Turkish word nal horseshoe also attract attention. The Turkish words namuskar honest, bestekar composer, kokar ghting ram correlate with the Latvian word krs greedy, devouring (-kar is a popular sux found across Eurasia). But it could also happen that the Turkish just has lost the initial root words of the mentioned words, while the Latvian managed to preserve them. Both the Latvian and Russian languages grew out of the Trkic language, and in the rst stage the development of the Latvian language overtook the development of the Russian language. Thanks to the earliest substratum lexis of the Russian language we can watch how the Russian language forms some of its early lexis on the substrate of Latvian.

When the settlements and then principalities became fortied, started isolation of languages, attested by the substratum lexises of the Latvian and Russian in the of later period. Both languages continued enriching their vocabulary and develop their Trkic-based grammar, but they did it separately, i.e. each one took its own path. Like the Latvian, which is a prominent example of the Baltic languages, the Russian also is a prominent example of the Slavic languages, and uncovering a Trkic substratum in these languages allows to postulate a Trkic substratum in the Balto-Slavic languages (Russian language is distinguished by massive inux of the mostly Kipchak Oguz lexicon, predicated by the historical events connected with the Mongol expansion in the 13th c., which largely left the western and southern Slavic languages unaected until the rise of the Slavic principalities and ensuing ethnic linguistic cleaning that in some cases replaced old Trkisms with new Trkisms copied from the Russian language). In the oldest lexicon of the European languages researchers nd lexical layers related to the Turkic languages. Above was mentioned an extract form an article about Trkic lexicon in the English language. The connection of European languages with Trkic can be seen even when examining any of them for the rst time. For example, Dutch language has the word taale language, which is close to the Turkish word dil language (In English, the Dutch taale is representedd by talk, tell, tale, and numerous cognates and derivatives) . In Finnish language, the word keel language corresponds to the Turkish word kelime word. The Trkic grammatical rudiment in European languages attests of their initial kinship with Trkic languages. For example, the English verbal nouns ending in -er (worker, writer) remind us of Turkish present-future participles: eder doing, making, alr taking, yazar writing, etc. Probably, in English such participles substantivized, and the sux -er became a sux for nouns naming persons, animals, or objects producing an action expressed by the motivating stem. The conventional wisdom is that the sux -er stands for er = man, producing compounds of type work-man (n.-n.) = worker, dancing-man (v.-n.) = dancer, etc., an exceptionally productive method. The productivity of the ancient Trkic ax is ubiquitously not abating, e.g. we now have laser, computer and programmer.
49

The English adverbial sux -ly [li] used in creating adverbs from adjectives apparently springs from the Trkic ax -li meaning with, still productive in Trkic languages. For example, from the Turkish word iki drink formed the word ikili intoxicated, licensed to sell (serve) alcoholic drinks; from the word ev house formed evli married, having a house. The English adverbs formed from adjectives ending in ly also express certain characteristic or quality: bright brightly with brightness, nice nicely with beauty. The nal Lithuanian ai found in geographical names (e.g. Trakai, Druskininkai, alininkai, etc.) could have originated from the Trkic ax ay, used in forming nouns denoting space (yan side > yanay transverse section/cross-section). In Lithuania, we nd a large number of geographical names with this morpheme: Trakai, Druskininkai, Salcininkai, etc. Numerous Lithuanian geographical names have another popular ending -ikiai [ik] (e.g. Akmenikiai, Apekikiai, Dubinikiai, etc.) that is a clone of the Turkish ax ik [ik]. Apparently, the Belorussian name of the harvest feast Kirmash springs from the Turkish word kr eld (the phoneme [] of the Turkish ax m (mish) has transformed into phoneme []. Remarkably, in the 1950s the word kirmash was used by Russian

peasants in Latgalia to name an agricultural market (Belorussian may have used the word with the form ma (mash) in its original form taken from a particular Trkic dialect, unless Belorussian routinely converts Trkic i into Belorussian a). At the end of the 20th beginning of 21st cc., a Latvian linguist A. Breidaks proved that the Latgalian language is not a dialect of the Latvian language, but a language that has had its own path of development (Breidaks, 2002). Notably, Latgalian language has the word gus re' that stands closer to the Turkish gn day than the Latvian word uguns and Russian (ogon). Some scientists suggest that Finno-Ugric languages appeared on the shores of the Baltic Sea not earlier than the Late Neolithic period. The Finno-Ugric linguists advocate a hypothesis that the ancestors of the Sami people spoke non-Finno-Ugric languages ( , II, 1959,152 - 153). A comparison of the Latvian substratum lexis with the lexicon of the modern Estonian language noted Estonian words jumal God, maja house, sula thaw, vara wealth. They obviously originated from the same Trkic stems as the Latvian words Jumis, mja, sula, Varis, and they are very homophonic, though they apparently were acquired later than the corresponding Latvian words. The scientists working on reinstruction of Pro-Indo-European languages encounter a problem of substratum lexis. The analysis of the substratum lexises of the Latvian and Russian languages leads to a conclusion that the Baltic substratum is nothing else but the Trkic language, which evolved into the Latvian and Russian languages, and launched their independent development. The Latvian and the Russian languages belong to the BaltoSlavic linguistic group, and it can be posited that the other Balto-Slavic languages also sprang from the Trkic languages, and followed their particular paths developing into the distinct languages of today. Language researchers' work can't be useless. Even a smallest discovery is a great input in the way leading to the main outcome uncovering the substrate language, i.e. the mother tongue of the humanity most ancient languages. Scientic research work is approaching the humanity to the discovery of its rst language that obviously was the only language of the humanity for an extended period of time. Research in the eld of linguistics brings humanity closer to the discovery of its rst language, which may for a long time have remained the only language spoken by the small human community of the Earth. Identication of substrate vocabulary for the Latvian and Russian languages is another step toward identifying the language that served as a substrate for the emergence and development of the ancient languages of the world. Abbreviations acc. - accusative adj. - adjective adv. adveb af. - ax Bot. Botany
50

colloq. - colloquial dat. - dative dial. - dialect dim - diminutive Engl. - English fem. feminine g. gurative(ly) gen. genitive

Geol. - Geology Gk. - Greek Hist. History hist. with historical reference masc. masculine N. - North n. noun prep. - preposition reg. - regional Russ. - Russian sing. - singular sl.- slang smb. - somebody smth. - something Turk. Turkish v.n. verbal noun Zool. Zoology Bibliography Apals, J. (1977) Latvijas PSR Arheoloija. Rga: Zintne. Palmers, A. (2007) Baltijas jras valstu un tautu vsture. Rga: Atna. Breidaks, . (2007) Darbu izlase. Rga: LU. Kraukle, D. (2008) Latvieu ornaments. Rga: Jumava. Dini, P .U. (2000) Baltu valodas. Rga: Ja Rozes apg. Guevska, D. (1987) Latvieu valodas vrdnca. Rga: Avots. Endzelin, J. (1934) Papildinjumi un labojumi K. Mlenbacha Latvieu valodas vrdncai. Rga: Kultras fonda izdevums. Jansons, J.A. (1942) Sidraba vtols. Rga: K.Rasia apgds. Abens, K. (1967) Igauulatvieu vrdnca. Rga: Liesma. Karulis, K. (2001) Latvieu etimoloijas vrdnca. Rga: Avots. Sili, . (1990) Latvieu personvrdu vrdnca. Rga: Zinatne. ni, I. (2003) Latvija gadsimtu lokos. Rga: RaKa Akdikmen, R. (1996) Langenscheidt's Standard Dictionary of the English and Turkish Languages. Istanbul: Inklap Kitabevi. (1981) Latvieu krievu vrdnca. Rga: Liesma. (1977) Latvijas PSR Arheoloija. Rga: Zintne. (1995) Lietuvieu latvieu vrdnca. Rga: Zintne. Loze, I. (2006) Neolta apmetnes Ziemekurzemes kps. Rga: LVI. Bergmane, A. (1959) Msdienu latvieu literrs valodas gramatika. Rga: AN. Paiders, J. (2003) Senlatvieu rakstbas noslpumi. Rga: Zvaigzne ABC. Swannell, J.1995) Oxford Modern English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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 .. (1993) . : - . // Gumilev L.N. (1993) Drevnije Trks. Moskva: Klyshnikov-Komarov i Ko. .. (1977) . : .// Denisova R. (1977). Etnogenez latyshej. Riga: Zinatne. .. (2008) . : .// Drozdov J.N. (2008) Tjurkskaja etnonimija drevnejevropejskih narodov. Moskva: Opora. Enigma (2008) . : .// Enigma (2008) Magicheskije mesta planety. Moskva: Mir knigi. M.. (2002) . : .//.Zakijev M.Z. Proishozhdenije tjurkov i tatar. Moskva: Insan. - . . (1964) . // IllichSvitych V.M. (1964) Opyt sravnenija nostraticheskih jazykov. Moskva. .. (1995) . --: .// Karamzin N. M. (1995) Istorija gosudarstva Rossijskogo. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks. .. (1980) . : .// Kuzischin V.I. (1980) Drevnij Vostok i Antichnij mir. Moskva: Russkij dvor. .. (2006) . : // Maslijchuk V.L. (2006) Hronologicheskij slovarj vsemirnoj istorii. Moskva: Eksmo. .. . (1959) . 2, : // Moora H.A. (1959) Voprosy etnicheskoj istorii narodov Pribaltiki. Moskva: AN. . (1950) . : .// Nikitin A. (1950) Hozhdenije za tri morja. Moskva: Goslitizdat. .. (1986) . : . // Ozhegov S.I. (1986) Slovarj russkogo jazyka. Moskva: Russkij jazyk. .. (1986) . : .// Otkupschikov J.V. (1986) K istokam slova. Moskva: Prosveschenije. .. (1999) . : .// Prohorov A.M. (1999) Boljshoj enciklopedicheskij slovarj. Moskva: Boljshaja Rossijskaja enciklopedija. .. (1979) I. : .// Reder D.G. (1979) Istorija drevnego mira. Chastj I. Moskva: Prosveschenije. .. (2001) . .-: .// Skrzhinskaja M.V. (2001) Skija glazami ellinov. S.-Peterburg: Alteja. .. (1999) . -: .// Stasulevich M.M. (1999) Istorija srednih vekov. S.-Peterburg: Poligon.
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.. (1988) . : .// Udaljcova Z.V. Istorija Jevropy. Moskva: Nauka. . (2007) . : .// Fasmer M. (2007) Etimologicheskij slovarj russkogo jazyka. Moskva: Astrelj. .. (2005) - . : .// Jusipova P .P . (2005) Turjecko-russkij slovarj. Moskva: Russkij jazyk media. Turkish_phonology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (2010.09. 03) Holger Pedersen (linguist) Turkish_grammar http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (2009.11.08) Latvian phonology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki (2010.03.04
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Dateline 3/25/2012

Dier yaynlara buradan adlarn tklayarak ulaabilirsiniz

Trklerin ve Byk Bozkrn Eski Tarihi...

Trklerin ve Byk Bozkrn Eski Tarihi Murad Adji, Moskova, 1999

Dnyada Ortak Kltrn Kkenindeki Trk Dili...

Asya dan Yaylan Ortak Kltrn Kkenindeki Trk Dili Dr.Haluk Berkmen

DNA Tarihine Gre Avrupa dahil 1.5 milyar nsan Kazak Niyazov Kkenlidir
nsanln dnya zerinde yaylm DNA esasl genetik-antropolojik almaya dayanarak Prof. Spencer Wells tarafndan aklanyor. Afrika da doduktan sonra zorunlu gle geldikleri Ortaasyada oalmlar.

1764 Ylndan bir sveli diplomat S.Lagenbring : sve dili Trke ile ayn kktendir
lkedeki masallar ve eski mezar talar zerindeki Gktrk yaztlaryla beraber evirisini okuyunuz.

2010 Ylndan bir Latviyal dilbilimci G. Shuke : Latviya dili Trke ile ayn kktendir
Dil ve yeradlarnda halen bulunan kelimeler ve gramerdeki benzerlikleri (ingilizce zet) okuyunuz.

Atatrk'n Okuduu Kitaplar Listesi Atatrk'n Okuduklar Dizini ve Bilim-Tarih Kitaplarndan rnekler Atatrk'n Okudugu Yabanc Kitaplar G.D.Tfekci Atatrk'n Okuduklarndan : Bilim ve Tarih H.G.Wells - 1921
Atatrk'n okuduklarndan 1200 sayfalk H.G. Wells-1921 Bilim ve Tarih kitabnn asldr.

Nutuk 1927 ilk baskdan ilk-son sayfalar

Atatrk'n eserinden n ve arka kapak damgalarnn ardndan ilk ve son sayfa tpk basm verilmektedir.

Nutuk 1927 basks aslndan okunu ve gnmz dilinden metin olmak zere
Nutuk M. K. Atatrk 1927 . . . Sn. Bedii Yazc dzenlemesiyle, 612 sayfa.

ABD'nin Inredible-Mthi Trk Dedigi Atatrk

ABD Gr : Incredible Turk Mthi Trk Atatrk.

Avrupa'nn 50 yl nndeki Takiyddin ve Osmanlda Bilim Adam Olmak

Fatih'in kurmaya alt stanbul Rasathanesini 1570'te kurmasna karn 1580'de yokedilmeyle biten ...

Osmanl'dan Kalan Miras ve Atatrk Dnemi

Osmanl'nn Miras, Atatrk Dnemi ve ABD den Mthi Trk Tanmlamas

ncesi ve Sonrasyla Atatrk ve Demokrasi

Atatrk'e gre Demokrasi irdelenerek, 1932 ylnda ABD halkna hitabnn grntl kayd da veriliyor.

Atatrk'n Bizzat Hazrlayp Yazd Geometri Kitab - 1937

Atatrk'n tm gerekli (drtgen, aortay gibi) terimleri treterek bizzat hazrlad Geometri kitabdr.

Eski Trk Alfabesi ve Orhun Yaztlar

Orhun Yaztlar'n tarihteki yerini Kltigin Yaztnn aslyla beraber verilen evirisiyle beraber okuyunuz .

Eski Trk Alfabesi ve Dier Yaztlar

Dier ta yaztlardan rnekleri asl ve evirisiyle beraber okuyunuz.

Ulukla ve Kuvay Milliye

Kuvvac Mft ve dier kahramanlaryla birlikte Milli Mcadele'ye katklarn okuyunuz.