CHAPTER 4: FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

A function is a special kind of relation where each element of X is related to one and only one element of Y . Two figures below show two examples of functions where each element of X is related to only one element of Y . If each element of X is related to only one element of Y and conversely, then the function is said to be one-to-one function. X a b c d Y p q r s X a b c d Y p q r s Function

One-to-one function

In other words, a function is one to one relation or many to one relation. The diagrams below show two relations which are not functions. X a b c d Y p q r s t X a b c d Y p q r s

The element a is related to two elements p and q

The element b is not related to any element of Y

Define The Domain and The Range of a Function

If f is a function that maps elements of set X to elements of set Y , set X is the domain of the function. The set of images in Y is the range of f . The set of all the elements of Y is called the codomain. The range may or may not be the whole of set Y . If it is the whole set of Y then f maps X onto Y . Therefore, f is a onto function. X Y f p a For Example: q b r c s d t Domain is { a, b, c, d } Range is { p, q, r } Codomain is { p, q, r, s,t }

Sketch Graph of Functions

By using the graphical method to determine the Domain and Range The domain of a function are the values of x where the graph is defined ( refer to x -axis ). The range of a function are the values of y where the graph is defined ( refer to y -axis ). Linear Functions A linear function is of the form f ( x ) = ax + b, x R where a and b are constants. The graph of linear function is a straight line. Example 1 1. Sketch the graph for each of the following linear functions and determine its range. (a) f : x 3x 4, x R (b) f : x 2x + 5, 1 < x 4 Quadratic Functions The quadratic function is of the form f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c, a 0 . The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola and has a maximum point when a < 0 , and has a minimum point when a > 0 . Example 2 1. Sketch the graph for each of the following quadratic functions and determine its range. f : x x2 2 x 3, x R (a) f : x x2 + 2 x + 3, 2 < x 1 (b) f : x 2 x2 + 4 x 5, 3 x < 2 (c)

Cubic Functions The cubic function is of the form f ( x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , a 0 .

f ( x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

a>0
Example 3

a<0

1. Sketch the graph for each of the following cubic functions and determine its range. (a) f : x x3 1 (b) f : x ( x +1)3 (c) f : x x2 (3 x) Reciprocal of Linear Functions
A b A function of the form f ( x ) = ax + b , x a where its denominator is a

linear function with A is a constant. Example 4

1. Sketch the graph for each of the following reciprocal functions and determine its range. 1 , x 1 f :x 2 , (a) f : x (b) x 1 3 x 2 (c) f : x x +1 +1, x 1

Square Root Functions

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a A square root function of the form f ( x ) = ax + b , x b a where and b

are constants. For f ( x ) to be defined, ax + b 0 , that is x b a . Therefore, the domain of the function is x b a. Example 5 1. Sketch the graph for each of the following square root functions and determine its domain and range. f : x x 1 (a) (b) f : x 2 x + 1 1 (c) f : x 2 x (d) f : x 2 1 x Absolute Value Functions The absolute value function of the form f ( x) = ax + b where a and b are constants. The absolute value of x , written x is defined as x Example 6 1. Sketch the graph of the following absolute value functions. Hence, state its domain and range. (a) f : x x +1 (b) f : x 1 x + 2 (c) f : x 5 x (d) f : x 3 x + 2
x, x 0 = . x, x < 0

5.2: COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS

Find Composite Function
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Example 7 1. If f ( x ) = 2x2 + 3 and g ( x ) = 4 x 1, find the value of (a) ( f og ) ( 0 ) (b) ( g o f ) ( 0 ) (c) f 2 ( 2 ) (d) g 2 ( 4 )

2. Two functions f and g are defined as f ( x ) = x3 and g ( x ) = 8 3x. Find (a) ( f og ) ( x ) (b) ( g o f ) ( x ) (c) ( f og 2 ) ( x )

x 3. If f ( x ) = 2 x +1 , g ( x ) = 2 and h ( x ) = x + 4 , find x

(a) ( f og oh ) ( x )

(b) ( g oh o f ) ( x )

5.3: INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Domain and Range of an Inverse Function.
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Properties of inverse functions If f 1 exist, then f 1 is a one-to-one and onto function. 1) 2) Domain of f 1 = Range of f 3) Range of f 1 = Domain of f

Example 8 1. Find the inverse of each of the following functions f a. f x = 2 x + 3, x R b.

c. f ( x ) =

( ) x+ 2 f ( x) = , x 3. x 3
1 , x>0 x

2.

A function f is defined as f ( x ) = 2 x 4 . (a) Find the inverse of the function f . (b) Find the domain and range of f and f 1 . (c) Sketch the graph of f and f 1 on the same axes.

3. Given that f ( x ) = x + 4, x 4 1 ( x ) . (a) Find f (b) Find the domain and range of f and f 1. (c) Sketch the graphs of f and f 1on the same coordinate axes.

4.

Given that f ( x ) = ( x +1) 2 . (a) Explain why f has no inverse 1 x ( ). (b) If the domain of f is x R , x 1 , find f
2

(c) Find the domain and range of f and f 1. (d) Sketch the graphs of f and f 1on the same coordinate axes. 5. The function f is defined by f ( x ) = x 2, x 2 . Find f 1 ( x ) and verify that ( f o f 1 ) ( x ) = ( f 1 o f ) ( x ) = x .