Transport Answer

LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT
Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals
Transfer the information from the text above into the graphic organizer below. Circulatory system
consists of
Open
example
Closed
Insects
Double circulatory system
Single circulatory system

example
Human
consists of
Amphibian s
Birds
Fish
Heart
Blood vessel
made up of
Blood
Plasma
Cellular components
consists of
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets
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Activity 2 : The cellular components of the blood and their functions Write the correct cell due to its function. Cellular component Erythrocytes (red blood cell) Function Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Neutrophil Eosinophil Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells Releases enzyme that combat inflammation in allergic reactions. Kills parasitic worms. Basophil Lymphocyte Agranular Monocyte Platelets Combats inflammation in allergic reactions. Produces the immune response against foreign substances. Phagocytes which engulf and digest bacteria and dead cells Involved in the process of blood clotting.
Leucocytes (white blood cell)
Granular
Activity 3 : Blood vessels Comparison between arteries, capillaries and veins. Fill in the box with correct answer. Blood vessels Arteries Carry oxygenated blood Function (except for the pulmonary artery) away from the heart The thickness of the wall Thick No valves, except Valves semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery The size of lumen Small Smallest No valves Capillaries Allow rapid gaseous exchange, nutrients, waste and hormones between the blood and cells Thinnest (one-cell thick) Veins Carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein) towards the heart Thinner
Have valves to prevent backflow of blood
Large
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Activity 4 : The Human Heart
Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.
Aorta
Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Left atrium
Superior vena cava
Right atrium Semi-lunar valve
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve Septum
Chorda tendinae The wall of left ventricle
Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart Fill in the blanks.
1.
Vena cava carry tricuspid pulmonary
deoxygenated
blood right through
atrium semi-lunar
through valves
valve right
ventricle
arteries lungs. pulmonary ventricle veins left through
2.
Oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by atrium semi-lunar through bicuspid
valve left
valves aorta.
3
Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart
Match the figure with the correct sequence of contraction of the heart muscles which results in the pumping of the heart :
1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.
2. The electrical impulses spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously. The contraction of the atria helps push blood into the ventricles.
3. The electrical impulses spread to the ventricles causing them to contact and push blood out to the lungs and body.
4. The electrical impulses reach the AV node. Bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje fibres conduct the impulses to the apex of the heart Activity 7 : The circulatory systems in insects, fish, amphibians and humans
4
Complete the table below to show the differences between the circulatory systems of insects, fish, amphibians and humans.
Organisms Type of circulatory system Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Insects Open (A single
Fish Closed Single -
Amphibians Closed Double Incomplete
Humans Closed Double Complete
Number of chambers in the heart
blood vessel forms the heart)
Two
Three
Four
Activity 8 : The Mechanism of Blood Clotting Complete the schematic diagram below.
Damaged blood vessels
stimulates
Agglutination of platelets
secretes
Liver
Vitamin K
Thrombokinase
+
Ca
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen (soluble protein)
Fibrin (insoluble protein)
Blood clotting
5
Activity 9 : The Lymphatic System
Tick ( ) if the statement is true, cross ( X ) if the statement is wrong. Lymph flows into the lymph nodes to filter out bacteria, foreign particles and dead leucocytes. ( ) ( ) ( X )
1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Interstitial fluid is the fluid that fills up the space between cells.
Interstitial fluid and lymph are different because they arise from different source. ( X ) Lymph is in the blood vessels. Lymph contains glucose, amino acids, fat droplets, dissolved gases, minerals and hormones but no lymphocytes. ( X ) ( ) ( ) ( X )
6. 7. 8. 9.
Thoracic duct connects with the circulatory system at the left subclavian vein. Exchange of materials occurs between the body cells and interstitial fluid. Interstitial fluid is formed due to high pressure in the body cells. Fatty acids and glycerol are transported by lacteal into the right lymphatic duct to be returned to the circulatory system.
( ) ( )
10.
Interstitial fluid that fails to return to the circulatory system can cause oedema.
Fill in the blanks the correct word to explain the concepts and facts regarding the lymphatic system.
1.
The flow of lymph in the lymphatic vessels is aided by the contraction of skeletal muscles around it.
2.
Interstitial fluid is returned to the circulatory system in two ways : (a) (b) by diffusing back into the through the capillaries thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
into the circulatory sytem.
6
Activity 10 : The Bodys Defence Mechanism Complete the schematic diagram below. Lymphatic system
is involved in
Defence mechanism
is divided into
First line of defence
Second line of defence

consists of
Third line of defence

consists of
consists of
Phagocytic white blood cell
Lymphocyte
Skin
Mucous membrane line of defence
7
Activity 11 : The mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy things Match each mechanism with the explanation on the right boxes.
Antibodies can clamp pathogens together. The clumping makes the pathogens easy targets for phagocytes to capture and destroy.
Opsonins are antibodies that bind with antigens to act as markers so that phagocytes can recognize the antigens and destroy them.
Lysins are antibodies that bind to antigens and cause the antigens to rupture or disintegrate
An antibody can neutralize the toxins produced by bacteria by binding to the toxin. This prevents the toxin from attaching to cells and causing damage.
8
Activity 12 : Immunity
The schematic diagram below shows the various types of immunity. Complete the diagram. Types of immunity
Active immunity is divide into
Passive immunity
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired example
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Chicken pox
Hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis
Antibodies are required from the mother
Tetanus
characteristics
- Antibodies are produced in response to the antigens. - The person is immune after he has been infected by it. - Permanent immunity
- A vaccines stimulates the body to produce antibodies. - The body has acquired immunity through vaccination.
- A foetus receives maternal antibodies through placenta. - Babies acquire the immunity through breastfeeding. - Temporary immunity
- A serum which contains antibodies or antiserum can be injected from the donors. - Temporary immunity
9
Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants
A. Complete the schematic diagram below. PLANTS

divided into types of transport
Xylem
function in
Phloem
Transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves
Transport of organic solutes through translocation
via three mechanisms
Root pressure
Transpiration pull
due to
Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem
Transpiration Sample questions. 1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.
Figure 1
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(a)
Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation. (i) P : Pulmonary circulation
Description : Blood is pumped from the heart into the lungs and back to the heart. (i i) Q : Systemic circulation
Description : Blood is carried between the heart and other parts of the body except the lungs. ( 4 marks )
(b)
On Figure 1, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations P and Q. Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( ) ) ( 1 mark )
Deoxygenated blood with the arrow (
(c)
The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to replace the original pacemaker. Explain how the electronic pacemaker works. The pacemaker generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing the atria to contract in a rhythmical pattern.
( 3 marks )
(d)
Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y. Blood vessel X Y Volume / cm3 100 300 Table 1 ( i) Based on Figure 1 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of blood flow in the blood vessels X and Y? Explain your answer. The blood pressure in blood vessel X is higher than that in blood vessel Y because blood is pumped throughout the body through blood vessel X. ( 2 marks ) Pressure / kPa 13.3 0.3
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increase the blood flow in the blood vessel X. Muscles need oxygen when doing vigorous exercise. The heart will pump faster to increase the supply of blood, hence oxygen to body cells. ( 2 marks )
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2.
Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.
Right atrium
Right ventricle (a) On Figure 2,
Figure 2
( i) complete the right half of the heart and label the drawn parts. (ii) draw an arrow to show the flow of blood. ( 3 marks )
(b)( i) Which chamber is relax? Chamber Y
(ii)
Based on Figure 2, give two reasons to support the answer of (b)(i). 1. 2. The tricuspid valves are closed The semi-lunar valves are open ( 3 marks )
(c)( i) State the difference between chambers labeled Y and Z. The lining wall of chamber Y is thinner than the chamber Z.
(ii)
Explain the importance of the difference in (c)(i). The chamber Z has thick muscular wall, so that it can pump the blood out of the heart to all the body parts. ( 2 marks )
(d)( i) Do the contractions of the cardiac muscle need to be stimulated by nerve impulses? No (ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i). The cardiac muscle is myogenic. It contracts and relaxes without the need to receive impulses from the nervous system. ( 2 marks )
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3.
Figure 3 shows the concentration of antibody in the blood of Individuals P and Q during the treatment to acquire immunity.
(a)
Identify the type of immunisation given to each of them. Individual P : Artificial passive immunity Individual Q : Artificial active immunity ( 2 marks )
(b)
State the difference of the antibody concentration in the blood between Individual P and Q. Explain your answer. There is no antibodies in the body of Individual P at the first dose whereas the antibody concentration in the blood of Individual Q at the first dose is higher than thelevel of immunity. This is because Individual P has not been producing the antibodies prior to the injection whereas the antiserum injected into the bloodstream of Individual Q contains antibodies. ( 2 marks )
(c)
State the advantages of the type of immunisation given to both individuals. Individual P : Injection of antiserum receive immediate immunity Individual Q : Injection of vaccine immunity lasts longer ( 2 marks )
(d)
Apart from the natural defences provided by the phagocytes and the lymphocytes, antibiotics and vaccination are used to combat infectious diseases. Explain what is meant by : ( i) antibiotic : complex chemical substances produced by microorganisms which
can kill other microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, or inhibit their growth. (ii) vaccines : modified or weaken forms of viruses or suspensions of dead bacteria
which are innoculated into the body to induce the production of antibodies. ( 2 marks )
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4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.
Type of blood Cell P Cell Q Cell R Produces Carries oxygen Function and carbon dioxide Defense mechanism antibodies : - Lysine - Agglutinin - Antitoxin Table 2 Blood clotting Cell S
(a)( i) Cell Q engulfs the pathogen entering the body by phagocytosis. Complete the diagram below to show the mechanism of phagocytosis occurred in cell Q.
Pathogens
(ii)
Cell R destroys the pathogens entering the body by the action of antibodies. State one of the mechanisms used by antibodies to destroy pathogens. Agglutinates ( clumps) the pathogens ( 1 mark )
(b)( i) Explain how cell P functioning in the transportation of respiration gases. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in cell P to form oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin is carried to all parts of the body. When blood passes through tissues with low partial pressure of oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin releases the oxygen molecules. ( 3 marks)
(ii) Based on Table 2, state two structural differences between Cell P and Cell Q. 1. Cell P does not have a nucleus whereas cell Q has a nucleus.
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2. Cell P has a fixed shape, biconcave whereas cell Q has no fixed shape.
( 2 marks )
(c)( i) Explain how Cell S functioning in the blood clotting. When a blood vessel is damaged, the connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to blood. Cell S stick rapidly to the collagen fibres in the connective tissue and release chemicals that make nearby cell S sticky (to form a platelet plug). (ii) Write down two enzymic reactions in the mechanism of blood clotting.
thromboplastin
( 2 marks )
1.
Prothrombin
calcium ion
thrombin
2.
Fibrinogen
thrombin
fibrin
( 2 marks )
5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid
Figure 4 (a) (a) On diagram 10.14, label the structures S, T and U. S Cell//Tissue T Lymph capillary/vessel U Blood Capillary (b) Name fluid R. Interstitial / tissue fluid [1 mark] [2 marks]
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(c)
Briefly describe the formation of fluid R.
[2 marks]
-Fluid R is formed when blood plasma is forced out into the spaces between body cells at the arteriole end - due to high hydrostatic pressure. - (The fluid in the spaces between the body cells is interstitial fluid)
(d)(i)
State two differences between fluid R and the blood.
[2 marks]
-Blood contains erythrocytes / red blood cells whereas fluid R does not have erythrocytres. -blood contains platlets whereas fluid R does not
(ii)
Vessel T forms a part of a circulatory system. Name the system. Lymphatic system [1 mark]
(iii)
Explain the structure of the system. -the lymphatic system is a one way system
[2 marks]
-consisting of a network of lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.
(a)
Apart from returning tissue fluid back to the blood circulatory system, state two other functions of the system in d(i). -transport fats and fat soluble vitamins -defense lymph nodes filter out bacteria and other foreign particles. -phagocytes in the nodes engulf and destroy these foreign particles -lymphocytes produce antibodies which aid in the destruction of pathogens neutralizations of toxins. [2 marks]
6.
Plants photosynthesise and produce food from inorganic substances mainly in the leaves. For this process to take place, the plant requires water, minerals and a number of trace elements. (a) What are the main tissue that are involved in the transport in plant? Xylem and phloem [1 mark]
16
(b)
State the functions of the tissues in 1 (a). -xylem give support and transport and mineral ions
[2 marks]
-phloem transport organic food substances synthesis by the leaves during photosynthesis to other parts of the plant
(c)
Draw and label a plant diagram to show the cross-section of a young dicotyledonous stem. [2 marks]
phloem xylem
(d)(i)
State the process that enables the transportation of organic food substances synthesised by the leave to other part of the plant. translocation [1 mark]
(ii)
State two importance of process d(i) to a plant
[2 marks]
-Transport of sucrose or other organic solutes from the leaves to other parts of plant for cell respiration -Convert glucose to starch or sucrose to be transported to fruits, roots and bud.
(e)
Relate the structure of phloem to its function
[3 marks]
Structure Sieve tube
Function Contains sieve plate at both ends to allow passes of materials Do not have nucleus and contain strands of cytoplasm to ease translocation
Companion cell
Transport manufactured food from leaf
17
cells into sieve tube Parenchyma tissue Fibres Store food and carries food from the leaves to other parts of the plant Long and flexible to provide mechanical support for translocation
Essay Items 1..(a) The arrows in figure 5 show the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out to the atmosphere.
transpiration cohension of water molecules flow of water adhension of water molecules
Figure 5 Based on figure 5, explain the movement of water in a plant. [10 marks]
18
-Water and mineral ions are usually absorbed by the younger root which have thin outer layer -The presence of root hair increase the surface area for absorption -The sap cell in the root hair cell is usually hypertonic to the surrounding soil water -Hence, water diffuses into the root hair cells by osmosis -The root hair become hypotonic to the adjacent cells -Water then diffuses into the adjacent cells -In this way, water moves from cell to cell until it eventually reaches the xylem vessels -Mineral ion are actively pumped from the root cells into the xylem vessels -This vessels found in the root become more concentrated -Water enters the xylem vessels from the root cells by osmosis -This creates an upward force called root pressure which help to push water up to a certain height in the plants. -In plant, capillary action is due to the combination of cohesive and adhesive forces -Water molecules form a continuous water column in the xylem vessels due to cohesion
(b)
What is the importance of transpiration to the plant?
[2 marks]
-Helps in the transport of water and mineral ions through the xylem vessels from the roots to different parts of the plant -Produces a cooling effect in the plants -Help to prevent plants from wilting by maintaining cell turgidity
(c)
Discuss the factors that affect the rate of transpiration Air movement
[8 marks]
-transpiration is higher on a windy day. This is because when the air movement is more, it its easier for the water to evaporate from the leaves to the surrounding atmosphere
Temperature -The higher the temperature the higher the rate of transpiration
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Light intensity -Transpiration is directly proportional to light. The higher the intensity of light, the higher is the rate of transpiration. Thus, transpiration is high during the day and radically drops at night
Relative humidity -The higher the humidity of the surrounding atmosphere, the lower is the rate of transpiration
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LEARNING AREA : TRANSPORT

Activity 1 :The circulatory system in humans and animals

Double circulatory system

Single circulatory system

Red blood cell

White blood cell

Leucocytes (white blood cell)

Have valves to prevent backflow of blood

Activity 4 : The Human Heart

Complete the label of the structure of the human heart.

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Left atrium

Superior vena cava

Right atrium Semi-lunar valve

Bicuspid valve Septum

Chorda tendinae The wall of left ventricle

Activity 5 : The flow of blood in the heart Fill in the blanks.

Vena cava carry tricuspid pulmonary

blood right through

arteries lungs. pulmonary ventricle veins left through

Activity 6 : The pumping of the heart

1. The SA node as the pacemaker generates electrical impulses.

Organisms Type of circulatory system Separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Insects Open (A single

Fish Closed Single -

Amphibians Closed Double Incomplete

Humans Closed Double Complete

Number of chambers in the heart

blood vessel forms the heart)

Damaged blood vessels

Fibrinogen (soluble protein)

Fibrin (insoluble protein)

Activity 9 : The Lymphatic System

into the circulatory sytem.

First line of defence

Second line of defence

Third line of defence

Phagocytic white blood cell

Mucous membrane line of defence

Active immunity is divide into

Artificially acquired example

Hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis

Antibodies are required from the mother

Activity 13 : The Transport of Organic Substances and Water in Plants

A. Complete the schematic diagram below. PLANTS

Transport of water and minerals from roots to leaves

Transport of organic solutes through translocation

via three mechanisms

Cohesion and adhesion in the xylem

Transpiration Sample questions. 1. Figure 1 shows the human circulatory system.

Name circulations P and Q. Describe each circulation. (i) P : Pulmonary circulation

Deoxygenated blood with the arrow (

Figure 2 shows left half of the human heart.

Right ventricle (a) On Figure 2,

(b)( i) Which chamber is relax? Chamber Y

4. Table 2 shows the information of types of blood.

5. Figure 4 shows the formation and absorption of tissue fluid

Briefly describe the formation of fluid R.

State two differences between fluid R and the blood.

-consisting of a network of lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes.

State two importance of process d(i) to a plant

Relate the structure of phloem to its function

Structure Sieve tube

Transport manufactured food from leaf

transpiration cohension of water molecules flow of water adhension of water molecules