AP Chemistry

To: 2013-2014 AP Chemistry students From: Big Evergreen III, a past student of Mrs. Moses SUBJECT: Hints / strategies / review to survive AP Chemistry. Think categorically: know acid from base, strong from weak, metal from nonmetal, ionic from covalent, etc. Know your nomenclature, you will need it for everything. When you are taught something, learn it: many concepts are reused within other concepts so if you didnt learn something in the first place it will hurt you later. Know your solubility rules: this will help so much on the reactions part of the exam! Learn the details and the relationships: How does temperature, pressure, etc. affect a certain system? What does it mean if something is solid, liquid or gas? What are certain numbers dependent upon?

Table of Contents 1. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions........................................................................................................... 2. Stoichiometry ................................................................................................................................. 3. Reactions ........................................................................................................................................ 4. Gases .............................................................................................................................................. 5. Thermochemistry ........................................................................................................................... 6. Atomic Energies & Periodicity ...................................................................................................... 7. Fundamentals of Chemical Bonding .............................................................................................. 8. Theories of Chemical Bonding ...................................................................................................... 9. Liquids & Solids ............................................................................................................................ 10. Properties of Solutions ................................................................................................................. 11. Kinetics ........................................................................................................................................ 12. Chemical Equilibrium .................................................................................................................. 13. Acids and Bases ........................................................................................................................... 14. Aqueous Equilibria ...................................................................................................................... 15. Spontaneity of Chemical Processes ............................................................................................. 16. Electrochemistry .......................................................................................................................... 17. Nuclear Chemistry & Radiochemistry ......................................................................................... 18. O-Chem aka Organic Chemistry..................................................................................................

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter
Daltons Theory 1807 1) Elements are composed of small particles called atoms. 2) Atoms of an element are identical; atoms of different elements are different. 3) Atoms cannot be created or destroyed during chemical reactions. 4) Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine. Law of Conservation of mass: during a chemical reaction, mass is conserved. Total mass of the reactants = Total mass of the products Law of Multiple proportions: If 2 elements A and B combine to form more than 1 compound, the mass of B which combines with a mass of A is a ratio of small whole numbers. E.g. H2O and H2O2

2.2 The Discovery of the Atomic Structure

Electrons Results of Thomson's experiments (1890's) on the behavior of cathode rays in electric & magnetic fields: cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles called electrons charge to mass ratio of e-(electron) = 1.76 x 108 C/g Results of Millikans oil drop experiment: charge of e- = 1.60 x 10-19 C; mass of e- = 9.11 x 10-28 g Radioactivity: spontaneous emission of radiation Results of Rutherford's experiments on radiation (1910-1920) An atom has a nucleus - a small, dense, positively charged region. Electrons are located outside of the nucleus. Most of the atom is empty space. Three types of radiation exist(This is a little introduction to Nuclear Chemistry. Well talk more about this in Chapter 17): 1. alpha: high mass particles with +2 charge (helium nuclei) 2. beta: low mass particles with -1 charge (electrons) 3. gamma: neutral, high energy radiation similar to x-rays

2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure

Nuclear Model: 1) Atoms consist of protons, electrons & neutrons (3 subatomic particles). 2) Protons & neutrons are located in the nucleus; it contains most of the mass. Size analogy: If an atom were the size of a football stadium, nucleus would be the size of a marble. 3) Electrons move rapidly in region outside of the nucleus. Masses of atoms are so small that we use the atomic mass unit (amu) to scale up the numbers. 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g

electron: -1 charge, (neglible)mass = 9.11 x 10-28 g = 5.486 x 10-4 amu, Thomson (1897) proton: +1 charge, mass = 1.672 x 10-24 g = 1.0073 amu, Rutherford (1919) neutron: no charge, mass = 1.675 x 10-24 g = 1.0087 amu, Chadwick (1932) Isotopes

atoms of an element that have a different number of neutrons. Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, but a different mass number. Example, 3 H isotopes:

Protium, or normal Hydrogen, = stable. Deuterium = stable. Tritium = radioactive

2.4 The Periodic Table -1st table 1869

Features of modern periodic table: 1) Elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number(equal to # of protons). 2) Horizontal Rows in periodic table are called periods. 7 periods exist 3) Vertical Columns are groups or families; elements have similar properties. Group names: 1. Group 1A: alkali metals 2. Group 2A: alkaline earth metals 3. Group 7A: halogens 4. Group 8A: noble gases

4)

Metals are located to the left of the stair-step line. Nonmetals are located to the right of the stair-step. Elements located at the stair-step are semiconductors or metalloid elements: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At Physical state of elements at 25 C & 1 atm(remember, this is STP, or standard temperature and pressure. Youll need to know this when we get to Gases): Gases: O2, N2, H2, F2, Cl2, and Noble gases Liquids: Br2, Hg Solids: everything else **This is actually really important and you might see it on the exam!

2.5 Molecules and Molecular Compounds

molecule: 2 or more atoms bonded together; discrete entities. Many elements exist as diatomic molecules(HBrINClOF): H2, N2, O2, F2, I2, Cl2, Br2 Molecular compounds consist of nonmetal elements. Molecular formulas give the actual numbers and types of atoms in a molecule. CH4, H2O2, C2H4, C6H12O6 Empirical formulas give the smallest whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule. CH4, HO, CH2, CH2O

2.6 Ions and Ionic Compounds

Many chemical reactions involve transfer of electrons between atoms: Metal atoms tend to lose electrons & form (+) charged cations. (Im positive I hate cats) Nonmetal atoms tend to gain electrons & form (-) charged anions. Generally, atoms gain or lose enough electrons to have same number of electrons as nearest noble gas: (If you dont understand this, please come see me so that I can explain it to you on the periodic table. Its a lot easier than it seems and its really helpful when you get to Bonding.) Group 1A 2A 3A 5A 6A 7A Charge of ion 1+ 2+ 3+ 321-

Ionic compound: consists of metals and nonmetals (or polyatomic ions); ionic compound is a long 3-D array of cations & anions; not individual molecules. Formed by attraction between oppositely charged ions Are called ionic solids or salts (NaCl = a salt) Ionic formulas: the number of electrons lost & gained must be equal, so (+) and (-) charge cancel out. (Drop-and-switch method) Rules for writing ionic formula: 1) Write down formulas of ions 2) Combine the smallest # of ions to give the charge sum equal to 0; if the charges are not equal, find the lowest common multiple (If you dont understand please let me know. Ill be more than willing to show it to you on paper and how simple it really is!) Predict the formula for the compound formed from the following elements: Ca & O: 1. Find the ions/oxidation #. Ca = Ca2+ and O = O22. Make charge sum equal 0. Ca2+O2- CaO 3. The 2- charge cancels out the 2+ charge. (-2 + 2 = 0) Mg & N: 1. Find the ions/oxidation #. Mg = Mg2+ and N = N32. Make charge sum equal 0. Mg2+ N3- Mg3N2 3. Drop & Switch: the 2+ and 3- dropped down as subscripts and then they were switched. Mg2+ N3- to Mg2+ N3- to Mg3N2 ((3x2) + (2x-3) = 6 + -6 = 0) Al & Cl: 1. Find the ions/oxidation #. Al = Al3+ and Cl = Cl12. Make charge sum equal 0. Al3+ Cl1- AlCl3 3. Drop & Switch: the 3+ and 1- dropped down as subscripts and then they were switched. Al3+ Cl1- to Al3+ Cl1- to AlCl3 ((1x3) + (3x-1) = 3 + -3 = 0) Ions have a different # of electrons & protons Examples- Na+ has 11p, 12n, and 10eCl- has 17p, 18n, and 18e-

NOMENCLATURE- IONIC COMPOUNDS

A. Naming Cations(positive ions that lose electrons): 1. Fixed charge metals: Groups 1A, 2A, Al, Ag, and Zn are cations that have 1 specific charge. Examples- Ag+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion Al3+ aluminum ion + 2+ Li lithium ion Ca calcium ion 2. Variable charge metals: If the metal can form more than 1 cation, the charge is indicated by a Roman numeral in parenthesis after the metal name. Most of the transition metals are variable charge metals. Common metals which exist in more than one positive state: o Fe2+ iron(II) Au+ gold(I) Cu+ copper(I) Fe3+ iron(III) Au3+ gold(III) Cu2+ copper(II) 3. Polyatomic Cations: consist of nonmetals H3O+ hydronium NH4+ ammonium (There are a whole lot more! And you need to memorize them) B. Naming Anions(negative ions that gain electrons): 1. monoatomic anions: change ending to -ide oxygen oxygen oxide

sulfur sulfur sulfide hydrogen hydrogen hydride

2. Polyatomic anions: most end in -ate or -ite; usually contain O (oxygen) Know polyatomic anions on handout! a) Rule for naming oxy series anions: If you can remember the formula of the ion whose name ends with ate, you can usually work out the formulas of the other family members as follows:
modify stem name with: -ate meaning a common form, containing oxygen examples chlorate, ClO3 nitrate, NO3 2sulfate, SO4 chlorite, ClO2 2sulfite, SO3 nitrite, NO2
-

-ite

one less oxygen than -ate form

per-, -ate hypo-, -ite thio-

same charge, but contains one more oxygen than -ate form same charge, but contains one less oxygen than the -ite form replace an O with an S

perchlorate, ClO4 perbromate, BrO4 hypochlorite, ClO hypobromite, BrO thiosulfate, S2O3 2thiosulfite, S2O2
2-

b) If H+ is added to a polyatomic ion, write hydrogen (or bi-) in front of name.

modify stem name with: meaning hydrogen or bidihydrogen
+

examples
-

(1) captured H ions hydrogen carbonate, HCO3 (a.k.a. bicarbonate) hydrogen sulfate, HSO4 (a.k.a. bisulfate) (2) captured H ions dihydrogen phosphate, H2PO4
+ -

NOMENCLATURE RULES
I. IONIC COMPOUNDS contain cations & anions 1) Name metal cation. 2) Include Roman numeral in parenthesis ONLY IF metal has variable charge. Fixed charge metals(metals that only have 1 charge): Group 1A, 2A, Ag, Zn, and Al; others are variable(have more than 1 charge). 3) Name anion. MgBr2 (Mg2+ Br-) Mg is a metal cation with only 1 Magensium charge, so it is named first. Bromide Bromine is a monoatomic anion, so ending is changed to -ide 2+ 3Ba3N2 (Ba N ) Barium is a metal cation with Barium Nitride only 1 charge, so it is named first. Nitrogen is a monoatomic anion, so the ending is changed to ide PbS (Pb2+ S2-) Lead is a metal cation with 2 Lead (II) sulfide + + charges (4 and 2 ), so it is named first but with a roman numeral in parenthesis. Sulfur is a monoatomic anion, so the ending is changed to ide. Fe2(SO3)3 (Fe3+ SO32-) Iron is a metal cation with Iron (III) sulfite

Woah! Lets explain this a bit

several charges, so it is named first but with a roman numeral in parenthesis of the specific charge. SO32- is actually a variation of sulfate (SO42-). As you can see, it has one less oxygen, so it will end with ite.

II. Binary Molecular Compounds: contain 2 nonmetals 1) Name 1st element & use a prefix to indicate the number of atoms. Note that mono- is never used for the first element. Prefixes mono - 1 penta - 5 octa - 8 di - 2 hexa - 6 nona - 9 tri - 3 hepta - 7 deca - 10 tetra - 4 2) Name 2nd element & include prefix for number of atoms 3) Change ending of 2nd element to ide. N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide ICl3 iodine trichloride tetraphosphorus hexasulfide P4S6 dibromine heptaoxide Br2O7 III. Acid: substance that yields H+ ions in aqueous solution A. Binary Acids (Nonoxy acids): contain H & 1 nonmetal 1) Name hydrogen as hydro-. 2) Name nonmetal & change ending to -ic acid. HCl H+ = Hydro- Cl- = Chloric acid Hydrochloric Acid H3P H+ = Hydro- P3- = Phosphoric acid Hydrophosphoric Acid + 2H2Se H = Hydro- Se = Selenic acid Hydroselenic Acid + 2+ H2S H = Hydro- S = Sulfuric acid Hydrosulfuric Acid B. Ternary Acids (Oxy Acids): contain H & polyatomic ion 1) no hydro prefix 2) Change ending of polyatomic ion: -ate -ic acid -ite -ous acid HNO3 NO3 = nitrate = nitric acid H2SO3 SO3 = sulfite = sulfurous acid HClO2 ClO2- = chlorite = chlrorous acid

Nitric Acid Sulfurous Acid Chlorous Acid

List of Polyatomic Ions to Memorize!!! Moses will probably assign this list in a couple of weeks, but you guys get a head start! (: nitrate nitrite perchlorate chlorate chlorite hypochlorite acetate hydroxide permanganate azide chromate dichromate sulfate sulfite hydrogen sulfate hydrogen sulfite thiosulfate thiocyanate cyanide oxalate carbonate hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate silicate phosphate phosphite hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen phosphate arsenate arsenite borate peroxide ammonium hydronium NO3 -1 NO2 -1 ClO4 -1 ClO3 -1 ClO2 -1 ClO -1 C2H3O2 -1 or CH3COO-1 OH -1 MnO4 -1 N3 -1 CrO4 -2 Cr2O7 -2 SO4 -2 SO3 -2 HSO4 -1 HSO3 -1 S2O3 -2 SCN -1 CN -1 C2O4 -2 CO3 -2 HCO3 -1 SiO3 -2 PO4 -3 PO3 -3 HPO4 -2 H2PO4 -1 AsO4 -3 AsO3 -3 BO3 -3 O2 -2 NH4 +1 H3O+

Click here to get this list in a more organized format and to also get a list of the metals with more than one charge!!!

Moving on to Practice Problems

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions - MC

1. Methane and ethane are both made up of carbon and hydrogen. In methane, there are 12.0 g of carbon for every 4.00 g of hydrogen, a ration of 3:1 by mass. In ethane, there are 24.0 g of carbon for every 6.00 g of hydrogen, a ratio of 4:1 by mass. This is a statement of the law of _________________. (a). constant composition (b). multiple proportions (c). conservation of matter (d). conservation of mass (e). octaves 2. Which statement below correctly describes the responses of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation to an electric field? (a). Both beta and gamma are deflected in the same direction, which alpha shows no response. (b). Both alpha and gamma are deflected in the same direction, while beta shows no response. (c). Both alpha and beta are deflected in the same direction, while gamma shows no response. (d). Alpha and beta are deflected in opposite directions, while gamma shows no response. (e). Only alpha is deflected, while beta and gamma show no response. 3. ______________ and _____________ reside in the atomic nucleus. (a). Protons, electrons (b). Electrons, neutrons (c). Protons, neutrons (d). None of the above 4. 200 pm is the same as ____________. (a). 2000 (b). 20 (c). 200 (d). 2.00 5. The atomic number indicates ___________. (a). the number of neutrons in a nucleus (b). the total number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus (c). the number protons or electrons in a neutral atom (d). the number of atoms in 1 g of an element 6. Which pair of atoms constitutes a pair of isotopes of the same element? (a). 614X 714X (b). 614X 612X (c). 917X 817X (d). 1019X 919X

7. Elements in Group 8A are known as the ___________. (a). chalcogens (b). alkali metals (c). noble gases (d). alkaline earth metals 8. _____________ are found uncombined, as monatomic species in nature. (a). Halogens (b). Alkali metals (c). Noble gases (d). None of the above 9. When a metal and a nonmetal react, the _______ tends to lose electrons and the _____________ tends to gain electrons. (a). metal, metal (b). metal, nonmetal (c). nonmetal, metal (d). None of the above, these elements share electrons. 10. The empirical formula of a compound with molecules containing 12 carbon atoms, 14 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms is ___________. (a). C12H14O6 (b). C2H4O (c). CH2O (d). C6H7O3 11. ____________ typically form ions with a 2+ charge. (a). Transition metals (b). Halogens (c). Alkaline earth metals (d). Alkali metals 12. Magnesium reacts with a certain element to form a compound with the general formula MgX. What would the most likely formula be for the compound formed between potassium and element X? (a). KX (b). K2X2 (c). K2X3 (d). KX3 (e). None of the above 13. The charge on the manganese in the salt MnF3 is ______________. (a). +1 (b). -1 (c). +3 (d). -2 14. Barium forms an ion with a charge of _________. (a). +1 (b). -2 (c) +3 (d). None of the above

15. Aluminum forms an ion with a charge of___________. (a). +2 (b). -3 (c). +3 (d). +1 16. Iodine forms an ion with a charge of _____________. (a). -7 (b). +1 (c). -1 (d). +2 17. Oxygen forms an ion with a charge of __________. (a). -1 (b). +2 (c). -3 (d). -2 18. Predict the empirical formula of the ionic compound that forms from sodium and fluorine. (a). Na3F (b). Na2F (c). NaF2 (d). None of the above 19. Predict the empirical formula of the ionic compound that forms from magnesium and oxygen. (a). Mg2O (b). MgO (c). MgO2 (d). Mg3O2 20. The correct name for H2CO3 is _______. (a). carbonous acid (b). dihydrogencarbonate (c). carbohydrate (d). carbonic acid 21. The correct name for H2SO3 is _______. (a). sulfuric acid (b). dihydrogensulfite acid (c). hydrosulfuric acid (d). sulfurous acid 22. The correct name for HC1O3 is _______. (a). hydrochloric acid (b). perchloric acid (c). chloric acid CHE141 Chapter 2 (d). None of the above 23. The correct name for HBrO2 is _________. (a). bromic acid (b). hypobromous acid

(c). hypobromic acid (d). bromous acid 24. The correct name of the compound Na3N is __________. (a). sodium nitride (b). sodium azide (c). trisodium nitride (d) sodium (III) nitride 25. The correct formula for molybdenum(IV) hypochlorite is __________. (a). Mo(C1O3)4 (b). Mo(C1O2)4 (c). Mo(C1O)4 (d). Mo(C1O4)4 26. The ions Ca2+ and PO43- form a salt with the formula ___________. (a). CaPO4 (b). Ca2(PO4)3 (c). Ca2PO4 (d). Ca3(PO4)2 27. Which one of the following is not one of the postulates of Daltons atomic theory? (a). Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. (b). All atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different and have different properties. (c). Atoms of an element are not changed into different types of atoms by chemical reactions: atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. (d).Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine; a given compound always has the same relative number and kind of atoms. 28. Consider the following selected postulates of Daltons atomic theory: (i) Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. (ii) Atoms are indivisible. (iii) Atoms of a given element are identical (iv) Atoms of different elements are different and have different properties. Which of the postulates is (are) no longer valid? (a). (i) and (ii) (b). (ii) only (c). (iii) only (d). (ii) and (iii) only 29. Of the following, the smallest and lightest subatomic particle is the __________. (a). neutron (b). proton (c). electron (d). alpha particle 30. All atoms of a given element have the same __________. (a). mass (b). number of electrons and neutrons (c). number of neutrons (d). number of protons

31. Which combination of protons, neutrons, and electrons is correct for the isotope of copper, 2963Cu? (a). 29p+,34n, 29e(b). 29p+,29n,63e(c). 63p+,29n,63e(d). 34p+,29n,34e32. Which isotope has 45 neutrons? (a). 3680Kr (b). 2878Se (c). 3580Br (d). 1734Cl 33. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of __________ but differing number of ___________. (a). protons, electrons (b). neutrons, protons (c). protons, neutrons (d). electrons, protons 34. Different isotopes of a particular element contain the same number of _________. (a). electrons (b). neutrons (c). protons and neutrons (d). protons, neutrons, and electrons 35. In the periodic table, the elements are arranged in _________. (a). alphabetical order (b). order of increasing atomic number (c). order of increasing metallic properties (d). order of increasing neutron content 36. Elements __________ exhibit similar physical and chemical properties. (a). with similar chemical symbols (b). with similar atomic masses (c). in the same period of the periodic table (d). in the same group of the periodic table 37. An element in the upper right corner of the periodic table _________. (a). is either a metal or metalloid (b). is definitely a metal (c). is definitely a non-metal (d). is either a metalloid or a non-metal 38. An element that appears in the lower left corner of a periodic table is _________. (a). either a metal or metalloid (b). definitely a metal (c). either a metalloid or a non-metal (d). definitely a non-metal

39. Which one of the following does not occur as diatomic molecules in elemental form? (a). oxygen (b). nitrogen (c). sulfur (d). hydrogen 40. A molecular formula always indicates __________. (a). how many of each atom are in a molecule (b). the simplest whole-number ratio of different atoms in a compound (c). which atoms are attached to which in a molecule (d). the isotope of each element in a compound 41. An empirical formula always indicates___________. (a). which atoms are attached to which in a molecule (b). how many of each atom are in a molecule (c). the simplest whole-number ratio of different atoms in a compound (d). the geometry of a molecule 42. The molecular formula of a compound is always ____________ the empirical formula. (a). more complex than (b). different from (c). a whole number multiple of (d). the same as 43. There are ________ protons, ________ neutrons, and ________ electrons in 131I-. (a). 131, 53, and 54 (b). 131, 53 and 52 (c). 53, 78, and 54 (d). 53, 131, and 52 (e). 78, 53, and 72 45. Which pair of elements is most apt to form an ionic compound with each other? (a). calcium, sodium (b). barium, bromine (c). oxygen, fluorine (d). sulfur, fluorine Answers and explanations: https://edocs.uis.edu/hbapa1/www/CHE141/Flash/pdf/Chapter2.pdf

Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Free Response

Mole map: https://staff.rockwood.k12.mo.us/grayted/apchemistry/Documents/HANDOUT%20Mole%20Map.pdf

1. a) What is the mass number of an iron atom with 30 neutrons? b) A nickel atom with 32 neutrons has a mass of 59.930788 amu. What is its mass in grams? c) How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in a 64Zn atom?

2. a) Argon has three isotopes with 18, 20, and 22 neutrons, respectively. What are the mass numbers and symbols of these three isotopes? b) Gallium has two isotopes: 69Ga and 71Ga. How many protons and neutrons are in the nuclei of each of these isotopes? If the abundance of 69Ga is 60.1%, what is the abundance of 71Ga?

4. Verify that the atomic weight of chlorine is 35.45, given the following information: 35 Cl mass = 34.96885; percent abundance = 75.77% 37 Cl mass = 36.96590; percent abundance = 24.23%

5. a) What is the mass, in grams, of 1.5 mol of silicon? b) What amount (moles) of sulfur is represented by 454 g? How many atoms? c) What is the average mass of one sulfur atom? 6. The density of gold is 19.32 g/cm3. What is the volume (in cubic centimeters) of a piece of gold that contains 2.6 X 1024atoms? If the piece of metal is a square with a thickness of 0.10 cm, what is the length (in centimeters) of one side of the piece? 7. Strontium has four stable isotopes. Strontium-84 has a very low natural abundance, but 86Sr, 87 Sr, and 88Sr are all reasonably abundant. Knowing that the atomic weight of strontium is 87.62, which of the more abundant isotopes predominates?

8. Verify that the atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31, given the following information: 24 Mg, mass = 23.985042 amu; percent abundance = 78.99% 25 Mg, mass = 24.985837 amu; percent abundance = 10.00% 26 Mg, mass = 25.982593 amu; percent abundance = 11.01% 9. Silver has two stable isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag. The isotopic mass of 107Ag is 106.9051 and the isotopic mass of 109Ag is 108.9047. The atomic weight of Ag, from the periodic table, is 107.868. Estimate the percentage of 107Ag in a sample of the element.

10. Calculate the mass, in grams, of the following: a) 2.5 mol of aluminum b) 1.25 X 10-8 mol of iron c) 0.015 mol of calcium d) 653 mol of neon

11. Calculate the amount (in moles) represented by each of the following: a) 127.08 g of Cu b) 0.012 g of lithium c) 5.0 mg of americium d) 6.75 g of Al

12. You are given 1.0-g samples of He, Fe, Li, Si, and C. Which sample contains the largest number of atoms? Which contains the smallest?

13. Select answers to the questions listed below from the following list of elements: C, Ca, Cr, Co, Cd, Cl, Cs, Ce, Cm, Cu, and Cf. (You should expect to use some symbols more than once.) a) Which are nonmetals? b) Which are main group elements? c) Which are lanthanides? d) Which are transition elements? e) Which are actinides? f) Which are gases?

14. Fill in the blanks in the table: 58 Symbol Ni Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons in neutral atom Name of element

33

S 10 10 30 25

Questions from: http://classroom.nbisd.org/webs/kbowen/upload/atoms_ions_mol.pdf Ill post an answer key with worked out problems here: http://erhsnhs.tumblr.com/tagged/chapter2 Chapter 1 Qwizdom (this looks like a lot of fun and it is a gr8 review!)
http://barronchem.com/APUNITS/aphelpsheets/qwizdomchapter123.pdf

Chapter 2 Nomenclature
A. Write the correct formula: 1. iron (III) sulfide 2. silver dichromate 3. sodium phosphide 4. cobalt (III) nitrite 5. tin(IV) perchlorate 6. diphosphorus pentasulfide 7. calcium phosphite 8. magnesium permanganate 9. chlorous acid 10. hydrosulfuric acid B. Write the correct name: 1. S4O8 2. AlH3 3. Cr(SCN)3 4. PbO2 5. HBr(aq) 6. Zn(HSO4)2 7. MnC2O4 8. NH4C2H3O2 9. H2CO3(aq) 10. Fe(BrO)2 Answers here: http://web.gccaz.edu/~ldiebolt/chm151/ch2.pdf