WRINKLES:

OR,

HINTS TO SPORTSMEN AND TRA FELLERS

(Equipment, an&

Camp

Htft.

BY

THE OLD SHEKARRY,

AUTHOR OF " THE KOREST AND THE FIELD,"
ETC.

NEW

EDITION, FULLY ILLUSTRATED.

CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS.

1874.

LONDON
SAVILL,

EDWARDS AND

CO.,

PRINTERS, CHANDOS STHEKT,

COVEMT GARDEN.

INTRODUCTION.
HAVING been
often

applied

to

for

information
the

concerning the most suitable Dress,

efficient

most
for

Arms, and
I

the best

equipment

Sportsman,
ing pages,
points for

have endeavoured, in the followconcentrate

benefit

to

my
the

ideas

on

these
I

the

of

uninitiated.

have also added a description of the different

modes of hunting
Forest,
ling

the

fiercer

denizens of

the

and sundry

practical

hints

upon
be

travel-

and campaigning,

that

may

useful

to

those

who have not yet acquired

that

expe-

rience of camp-life, without which, in a wild

and

almost
tribes,

unknown

country, peopled

by treacherous
difficulty in

the Traveller will have

much

keeping bis health sound and his skin whole.

CONTENTS.
CHAP.
I.

PAGE

Upon Dress
The Equipment of a Traveller and Sports-

II.

man
HI.

21
Sporting
Military

Armament

Arms

57

TV.

Armament
Armament
-

Arms
of Arms
.

90

V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

On

the Selection

.125
.

Practical Hints on the Use of the Rifle

136

Tents and Encampments

164
191

Hints
Hints
Hints

to

Travellers

IX.

to

Sportsmen
Naturalists
Directions for Collect-

219

X.

to

ing and Preserving Specimens of Natural

History

237
.

XL

The Forest and the Mountain

.263

"WRINKLES"
OR

HINTS TO SPORTSMEN AND TRAYELLEES.

CHAPTER
DRESS.
A Traveller's Comfort
coat, Trousers,

I.

Dress: Underclothes, Socks, Coat, Waist-

and Breeches

On

the

Most Suitable Colour

for a Sportsman's Dress "

Table of the Effect of Colour

The Old Shekarry's Campaigning Boot " WaterproofClothes The Old Shekarry's Poncho, or" Multnm " in Parvo Cloak a Ground Sheet, a Cloak, a Tent, a Bed, a and Raft Waterproof Hunting Gear Sou'wester, Jacket, and Overalls Head Gear Leech-gaiters and Tree-leeches
Braces

Boots

Outfit of a

Sportsman for a Cruise of Six Months.

MUCH
shall

of a traveller's comfort depends upon his

is in,

dress being suitable to the climate he

and I

commence with
outfit.

few hints

as to the selection

of an

All experienced travellers seem to

Shirts.

agree in one point, viz., the import-

ance of wearing flannel next the skin; and no one

who

has any regard for his health will neglect

SHIRTS

SOCKS.
shirts

the precaution of providing himself with

or under- clothing of this material, if he
likely to be
as
it is

at all

exposed

to

sudden changes of climate,

absorbs perspiration and prevents

sudden

chills.

In

tropical climates, calico shirts

may be worn,

but, without flannel under-clothing, linen should

never be placed next the skin.

Flannel ought to be thoroughly shrunk before

making up.

The most comfortable hose

Socks.

to

wear

are

thick,

but not

coarse,

woollen

socks

but care must be taken that the tops are

elastic

sufficiently

to

prevent
it

their

slipping

down,
to

as

when walking
to stop

is

a great nuisance

have

every few minutes, to pull up

to
fit

your socks.
larly

They ought

well,

particu-

about the heel, so as to prevent galling

or blisters.

Messrs. Thresher and Glenny, in the Strand,

have been long celebrated

for their socks, shirts,

and under-clothing.

COAT, WAISTCOAT,

AND TROUSERS.

The
Coat, Waistcoat,
.

material for a traveller's dress

and

entirely depends
is

Trousers.

upon the

climate he

going

to.

For a temperate climate, woollen tweed, or

angolas are, perhaps, the best general wear
for the tropics, I prefer coloured flannel, as
;

but

being

more comfortable and

easier to wash.
is

For a sportsman, well dressed deer-skin

best material
;

the

when

that

is

not procurable, mole-

skin, velveteen, corderoy, fustian, canvas, duck,

or karkee (coloured cotton),

may be

used.

A traveller
elegance, in

ought to study comfort more than

the cut of his clothes,

and

little

attention should be paid to change of fashion.

Sanguinetti, of Regent Street, in former days,

used to be a famous

tailor

of "clothes for the

bush," but I think he has gone the

flesh, as his

way

of

all

establishment has vanished, and his

mantle appears to have descended upon Bird, of

Waterloo Place, a practical man, who knows how to cut out " hunting togs," so as to be com13,
fortable in

any

position, without being

baggy,

B 2

4
which
is

SLEEVE WAISTCOATS.
a great desideratum

when

forcing one's

way through dense forest. My own experience leads me

bands, like a

to believe that a

short blouse- shaped tunic, with sleeves and wristshirt, straight collar,
is

and plenty of
for general

well-cut pockets,

most comfortable
built

wear.

Mr. Bird has

me

a shooting-coat, with

waterproof arrangements for carrying two dozen

cartridges, just

below the waist, which appears

to

me

to

be everything that can be desired.

Waistcoats ought to be cut long, with four

pockets, and the substance behind ought to be as

thick and
waistcoat
is

warm
made.

as the material

of which the

Some sportsmen
made with

prefer

having

waistcoat

sleeves like a jacket,

and in that case

there are no sleeves to the coat, simply armholes.

In shooting upon the moors, sometimes

this

is

useful dodge, as during the heat of the day the

outer garment can be dispensed with, and carried

by

a beater.

When

worn,

this rather

peculiar

arrangement cannot be distinguished.

COLOUR.
Mr. Cooper, a sportsman of Yorkshire was the
first to

5
celebrity,

show me

this

arrangement.
as to

For shooting, I prefer breeches, cut so

come well below the

calf,

and tying with

flat

tape

over the sock, an arrangement that does away

with the necessity of long stockings and garters

[which are only suitable to women] when wearing
boots or gaiters.

There should be no hem

it

at the

bottom of the legs of the breeches, or

a ridge, and gall the legs.

may form

For riding, nothing

is

so comfortable as leather

breeches, but thick moleskin, doubled inside the

legs, is

not bad wear.

In Equatorial Africa, during the intense heat

of the day, I generally wore a kilt and flannel
shirt,

boots

and

gaiters,

which dress I found

than trousers.

cooler

and

less liable to gall

Many
dress,

good sportsmen prefer the

kilt to

any other
it

on account of the freedom and play

limbs.

allows the

The sportsman should have

Colour.

all

his

dress

as

nearly as possible of the

O
same colour
he
is

COLOUR.
as the general aspect of the

country

going to shoot over.

is

Thus, when he
large

deer-stalking,

or tracking

game
is

in

woods before the

;

leaf has fallen,

green

the best colour

when

the

trees are

bare, dark

brown
Is

the colour of the trunk and

after antelope
is

branches.

he

on the

plain, or

ibex amongst the rocks, drab

the best colour.

Should he be waging war against the grisly bear,

or hunting chamois bouquetin in the snow, he

would be

able to get

much

nearer to his

game

if

all his clothes

were white.
small

Even

in ordinary

game

shooting, the

sportsman will stand a

much

better

chance of

making,

if

he attends to

this

plan of dressing.
constructed

The

following tables were

with

great care from a series of experiments I

made

with targets of different coloured cloth, under

various
tances,

circumstances
in

and

at

different

dis-

order to

assist

volunteer

corps in

the selection of the most suitable colour for their

uniform.

^/

^
;

COLOUR.
most
visible

<

The
least so

figure 1 denotes the

invisible.

7 the

Colours.

BRACES

BOOTS.

than any other; they -are, consequently, the most

suitable for the dress of sportsmen.

I think braces are a convenience,

Braces.

and always use them when wearing

thick clothing
;

but as many sportsmen dispense

is

with them altogether, perhaps use

ture.

second na-

However, having the waist compressed by

is

tight trouser-bands

not

my
to

idea of comfort.
petticoats on,

A woman's hips
but a man
his
is

are

made

hang

differently

formed in that respect, and

garments will only keep up by compression.

A
Boots.

traveller's comfort

and a

sports-

man's efficiency depends more on his

boots than

upon any other portion of

to

his dress,
to

and great attention ought

fitting

be paid

their

the foot well, and having a sufficiently broad

tread.

For
gaiters,

many

years

wore

ankle-boots
fit,

and

and provided the former

and the

latter are well cut, so

as to prevent extraneous

matter from getting in,

wear.

they

are

comfortable

BOOTS.

After a time, however, I began to think that

lacing-up boots and buttoning gaiters was un-

necessary trouble (besides, not one

man

in a dozen

can cut a gaiter to

fit

properly), so I devised a

campaigning boot upon a plan of

my

own, which

experience has proved to be a more comfortable

and serviceable
of

article.

I herewith give a sketch

my

invention,

which

Stokes,

ci-devant

trooper, of

Coventry Street and Aldershot, has

carried out very efficiently.

The
this

best material for

is

making

boot

of deer-skin, doubled

over the foot

curable,

when
brown
is

it

is

pro-

but

or

drab

waterproof canvas
substitute,

not a bad

being
It

footed
to
fit

with
the

The old Shekarry's Campaigning Boot.

leather.

ought

leg well, and the leather uppers

should be cut so as to
little as

compress the

foot

as

possible.

A shooting-boot

ought

to

be waterproof

to

be

thoroughly comfortable, and the real

article is as

10
unlike
as

WATERPROOF CLOTHES.
possible
sees

those

ponderous pieces of
ticketed

machinery one

in shop-windows

"for the moors."

They must be

of first-class

material to be serviceable, but light, so as not

to fatigue the

wearer

and they should

cause

also

fit

well,

so

as

not to gall,
sore.

blisters,

and
is as

make

the

feet

well-Jitting
as

boot

necessary to
rifle.

a sportsman

a true

shooting

For stalking large game, boots should be made

with single leather flexible
the footstep being heard.
It is a great
is

soles, so as to

prevent

mistake to think that a heavy sole

necessary for a shooting-boot.

A
called

very excellent waterpoof shooting

boot,

" The IdstoneBoot"

is

made by Mr.

T. E.

Cording, 231, Strand, of a material that requires

no dressing, and
plialle.

still

always

keeps

soft

and

Waterproof

^ke
ever

trave ^ er an<l sportsman should

for

be prepared

any

sudden

change of climate, and always have warm clothing

HOUGHING
at

IT.

11

hand, as very often whilst the days are in-

tensely hot the nights are chilly, and the tempe-

rature varies
It is of the

according to the elevation attained.

greatest

importance that his outer

covering should be of a texture sufficiently close

to prevent the

wind blowing through

avail in

it,

or thick;

ness

is

of

little

keeping out intense cold

hence the great advantage of buffalo robes and

mackintosh garments.

For general
far

use, Cording's waterproof material

all

surpasses

other, as

it

is

guaranteed to
in

stand

any climate, and

rolls

up

small

compass.

Every

traveller

ought

to provide himself

with

a cloak or coat and sou'wester of this material,

which should be always kept handy and ready

for use,

more
tries

especially in night travelling, for

nothing

a man's

constitution
after

more than
exhaustion

exposure

to

night-dews

the

and lassitude caused by an intensely hot day.

Rheumatism and

fever are anything but agree-

able companions, as I have often found to

my

12
cost;

THE GROUND SHEET.

and a
little

timely precaution

may

avert

serious consequences.

" Having had much. roughing

often

it

"

in

my

time,

with

very

small

means and few con-

veniences, I have been compelled to study

to

how

make one

article serve in a variety of

is

ways.

When
riage

baggage

obliged to

be limited and carvery desirable

to

is difficult

to obtain,

it is

have multum in parto.

I shall

now

describe

" "a poncho of

my own

invention, carried out

by Mr. Cording, of 231,

Strand, which serves as a ground-sheet, a tent, a

bed covering, or even,

for crossing rivers.

if

required, a boat or raft

It consists of waterproof

canvas, 8 feet

by 7

feet

inches in size, with a longitudinal

slit

in the centre,
all

and eylet-holes worked

round, as in the cut,
it

when

serves

as

ground-

The Ground-Sheet.

sheet and coverlet.

THE CLOAK.
It

13
forms a comfort-

able cloak for riding

or walking,
it

by putting

on and slipping the

head through the hole

in the centre, the cor-

ners buttoning

up

in

the inside if in the way.

In travelling through

mangrove swamps on
the

West Coast

of

Equatorial

Africa,

where there was no

The
Cloak.

solid

ground on which

to pitch a tent, I

used to sleep in a

hammock slung

between

trees,

and whilst following up the spoor

of a herd of elephant, or
hostile tribes,

when surrounded by

and

dare not clear a few yards

of bush in the forest lest the sounds of the axe

should be heard and give the alarm,

my

poncho,

rigged up like a pent roof, in this fashion, afforded

me

a shelter impervious to the weather.

14

THE BIYOUAC.

The Bivouac.

For a boat or

raft,

the poncho should be confeet

air.

structed with an

oval ring, two

wide

all

round, which can be inflated with

or

A wooden
easily

basket-work bottom (anywhere

is

con-

structed)

then fixed

underneath, by cords

and a passing through the eyelet-holes,

dious
raft,

commois at

capable of containing two people,

once constructed, and easily worked by paddles.

By

having the basket-work or wooden bottom

inflated

some inches larger than the

poncho,

all

danger of the cylinder being pierced by snags of

rocks, or branches,
is

avoided.
pattern poncho, and fully

Mr. Cording has

understands
its

my

manufacture.

PONCHO RAFT.

15

16

THE STYLE OF

RIG.

For shooting

in the

wet season, I have a

complete
suit,

waterproof
I
find

which

much

more

handy

when making my way

after

large

game,

through thick bush.

The
plain

cuts

will

ex-

my
is

style of rig,

which
if

comfortable,

not elegant.

Care
be

must,

however,
that

taken

they are

made of a material that

will stand

a tropical

climate; as a very nice-

looking suit I bought

from Box, of Charing

Cross, proved utterly
useless

on the West
as,

Coast of Africa,
The
Overalls.

HEAD GEAR.
the
it first

17
it,

time I had occasion to use

it

I found

so stuck together, that

it

was torn into shreds

before I could open

out.

Head-Gear.

best covering for the head in " solar tropical climates is pith topee"

The

or helmet, such as old Sir Charles Napier

Sir Colin
is

and
that
air-

Campbell used

to

wear

or

when

not obtainable, an Elwood's ventilating

hat, covered with white calico,
is

chamber

a good

substitute.

Christy, of Gracechurch Street, also

manufactures a capital hat for withstanding the

rays of the sun, which
believe
is

my

experience leads

me

to

almost perfect.

A
with

leather hunting-cap,

peaks
is

before

and

behind,

the best protec-

tion to the

head

for large

game-shooting
forests.

in

dense

The

front

peak preserves the eyes from

glare and the face from thorns, and the one be-

hind prevents anything from falling down the

back of the neck.

I had a movable white linen

I

18

GAITERS.

cover fitted to mine, as a protection from the rays

of the sun during the heat of the day.

In

forests

where

the

tree-leech

abounds, leech-gaiters must be worn,

for these animals insinuate themselves into every

aperture

of your

dress,

generally making for

as if

your ankles or the back of your neck,

instinct.

by

When
cotton

in such jungles

it

is

absolutely neces-

sary to wear leech gaiters, or long, closely-woven

stockings,

over your socks, under your

boots and gaiters, and over your breeches, as far

as they will go.

Even with

this

safeguard I

have sometimes found

my

boots and stockings

drenched with blood in the evening, though I

could not ascertain

how

they got

in.

These pests of the jungle are very insignificant

in size, not being above an inch in length, or

thicker

than a knitting-needle; but

when

dis-

tended with blood they attain double that length,

and are about

as thick

as

a good-sized quill.

They have

the power of planting one extremity

THE TREE-LEECH.
on the ground, and poising themselves erect
watch for prey, towards which
rapidly

19
to

they advance

by doubling up the body and holding on

tail.

with their head and

They

are of a yellowish-

brown

colour,

streaked with

black, with

one

greenish line along the whole length of the back,

and a yellow one on each

side.

Their bites

scarcely give any pain at the time, the punctures

being so small as hardly to be perceptible, but

they cause an uncomfortable irritation; and with
persons
in a

bad

state

of

body

often occasion

nasty ulcers, which are slow to heal.

The

natives

were accustomed

to

smear their naked legs with

some peculiar kind of grease mixed with ashes,

the scent of which prevented the leeches from
biting, otherwise they

would have been seriously

inconvenienced by their attacks.

Every

traveller

idea and style

and sportsman has his own " As of dress. many men, so many

fashions"

but, for the benefit of the uninitiated,

list

I will give a

of such clothes, as I consider

20

A HljNTER'S OUTFIT.

necessary for myself for a cruise of six months in

the bush
:

8 flannel shirts (made large). 12 pairs of woollen socks.

6 pairs of

brown holland or China

silk

pajamas.

12 pocket handkerchiefs (linen). 1 leather suit, complete (coat, breeches and waistcoat).
1 moleskin suit, complete (coat, breeches

and waistcoat).

2 pairs of trousers (either moleskin, fustian or velveteen). 2 pairs of braces.

2 pairs of long cotton stockings, for leech-gaiters.
1 leather

hu

iting cap

and linen

cover.

1 pith

"

solar topee," or air-chamber hat (for tropics).

1 soft felt wide-awake. 2 pairs of ankle boots.

2 pairs of gaiter boots.

1 Cording's
1

waterproof suit, complete, or poncho. canvas hold-all containing comb, tooth-brush, soap, needles, thread, buttons, scissors, thimble, &c.
:

towels (good
napkins.

size).

CHAPTER

II.

THE EQUIPMENT OF A TRAVELLER AND A SPORTSMAN.

Oliver Cromwell's Letter upon a Soldier's Equipment

The Saddle

Appurtenances, Bridle, Horse-gear The Old She" Pack Saddle" Spurs The Hunting Belt and its karry's

and

its

The Bill-hook and Tomahawk The Nugger Hunt Spear The Deccan Hunt Spear Bear Spears The
Appurtenances
Indian Hunting Cart and its Appurtenances The Medicine Chest and its Contents Pocket Filters' The Old Shekarry's

Pump and Filter -combined Rubber Boat.

Cording's Inflatable

India-

"Wisbeach,

this

r day llth Nov 1642.

-

"Dear Friend,
" Let the saddler see
learn from one,
to the horse-gear.

many

are

ill

served, and if a

man

has not got good weapons, horse and harness, he

is

naught.

" From your friend, " OLIVER CROMWEJ f " To Auditor Squire."

22
Oliver

THE SADDLE.
Cromwell,
the most
practical

soldier

and statesman of
two centuries ago
letter, as I

his day, thus wrote

;

upwards of

and I quote

his characteristic

never read so

much good

advice in as
is

few words.

The

first

point for consideration

the horse gear.

I shall The
Saddle.

commence with " the

sad-

die," which, to be thoroughly strong

The

Saddle.

THE SADDLE.
and

23

serviceable, with, its appurtenances, will not

less

weigh

than

fifteen

pounds.

prefer
sit

broad, roomy, and low seat, so that I

to the horse,

close

and I like

it

cut almost flush.

On

the near side of the

I

pommel, fastened by

strong D's,
pistol

carry a waterproof wallet for

set close

my
and

and ammunition, which should

stand well forward, so as not to be in the

of the leg.

way

On

the off-side I have a strong painted canvas

is

bag, which

prevented from shifting forward by

a leather strap that passes round the saddle-girth.

Into this

my

gun-stock

fits,

the barrel passing

side, so that it is

between the right arm and the

always handy, never in the way, and

free.

my hands

are

This method, which I learned from the

is

Boers of Southern Africa,

perfectly safe,

and

by

far the

most convenient and the

least fatiguing

mode

of carrying a

gun

I have yet seen.

On

the near side of the saddle,

is

fastened

by

strong D's,

slung

my

water-skin, which will

24

THE SADDLE.
off-side

hold two gallons of water; and on the

haversack, with corn for
for myself.

my nag,

and comestibles

Small Valise.

Behind the crupper I carry a pad, on which

rests a

very small valise (containing two pairs of

socks, flannel shirt

and trousers, soap, towel, and

tooth brush

vide Plate, above), a ground-sheet,

macintosh cloak, and horse-cloth, which are confined in a network

bag (vide Plate, page 25)

lost

to

prevent any article being

en route.

This bag

THE SADDLE.
also serves for
etc.,

collecting forage, or carrying

game,

on occasions.

A couple
fit

of thin strips of

felt

or

" numna"
it

is

useful to place under the saddle

when

does not
is

the horse's back, but for hard riding nothing

2*5

HORSE

HEAD-GEAR.
under a
-well-

like a piece of oil silk laid directly

stuffed saddle.

Horse

Head-Gear.

I always travel with a plain head-stall bridle

(tide Plate, above)

which has only four buckles,

HORSE'S HEAD-GEAR.
two
stall,

27

on the head-collar, one on the bit head

and one on the bridoon

fastens to

head-stall.

The
and

head-stall

the

collar

by

strap

button.

The

bit,

bridoon and head-stall are provided

bits

with hooks and links, by which the

slipped out of the horse's

can be

mouth

for the purpose

of feeding,
horse's

without taking the

I generally

bridle

off the

head.

ride

with a single

"Chifneybit."
Shipley, of 181, Regent Street, the most practical saddler I

know,

is

well

up

in all the ar-

rangements concerning horse-gear, and he has been put up to all kinds of " useful dodges "

and expedients by

different

well-known sports-

men whom he

has fitted up.

traveller

should take

hobbles and knee-

halters with

him

to tether his horses, so that they

can graze during the night.

As

a protection against thieves, steel hobbles,

like hand-cuffs, connected

made somewhat

by a

chain, are useful.

28

THE PACK-SADDLE.
comfortable English saddle,
horse-gear,
is

A
ting

and

well-fit-

absolutely
;

necessary to
the

traveller

and

sportsman

and

utmost
is

care should
stuffed, so

be taken that the former

as not to gall the

well

horse's

back, as

a quarter of an hour's hard riding on a badly

fitting

saddle

may break

the

skin,

and give a

horse a sore back that will take several days to

heal.

There are no
equipment
to

articles in a traveller's

which more attention

to the pack-saddles
fit

ought

to

be paid than

for

baggage-animals.

If they do not

the horse,

mule, or bullock properly, a single day's march

will, in all probability,

render the animal unser-

viceable.

As no pack-saddle
seemed thoroughly
to

I have seen in

any army

answer

its

purpose under
after

all situations, I set to

work and devised one

I

my own

fashion,

which

consider has

many

IM.fK,OY.L:u

SADDLE.

"The Old

Shekarry's Pack-Saddle."

great

advantages

over

all

other

systems

yet

adopted.
First.

The

chief improvement in
consists

" The Old

the
tree,

Shekarry's Pack-Saddle"

in

30

IMPROVED PACK SADDLE.

which widens or contracts by working on a pivot

like a pair of scissors, being kept

open

at

any

angle

by

a rack at the opposite and corresponding

angle, so that in a

moment

the saddle can be

is

made

to

fit

any sized animal, and

equally
a

available for a horse, a mule, a bullock, or

camel.
Secondly.

My

system possesses a great ad-

vantage over the Government pack-saddle, inas-

much

as

its

peculiar formation does

away with

all possibility

of galling

an

animal's back, as

no weight
itself,

rests

upon any part of the spine

of the back

the centre

being

left

enis

tirely

open

to the air

even when the baggage

loaded.
Thirdly.

The

tree,

which
or

is

either entirely

made

of

wrought
with

iron, iron,

of

wood well
and the

strengthened

closes

up,

saddle can be packed into half the space re-

quired by the

system at

present adopted

by

Government.
Fourthly.

Any

tree or part of a tree will

fit

COST OF IMPROVED PACK SADDLE.

31

any saddle, and should any part of a tree get

broken,
it

can be replaced in two minutes, and

is

the saddle
systems,
useless.

again serviceable, whereas in other

a tree
is

when

broken, the saddle

is

Fifthly.

cannon can be carried by

this sys-

tem of pack-saddle over

back, along which
divided.
the

the centre of the mule's

weight

is

thus

equally

In the pack-saddles adopted by Government

for carrying the

mountain train in Abyssinia, the

at right angles

gun

is

carried transversely

with
it.

the mule's back, or across instead of along

The consequence

of this arrangement
rests

is,

that the

whole weight of the gun

upon only a small

portion of the spine, instead of being evenly

divided, as in the

approved system, along the

whole length of the animal's back, and should

a stumble occur, a sprain of the spine
likely to
is

very

be the

result.

Sixthly.

When

baggage animals are driven

32

SPURS.
it is

together in any number,

almost impossible to

prevent them from knocking against each other,

and displacing

their loads;

it is

therefore highly

advantageous that the baggage should be carried

as compactly as
as little lateral
it

can be stowed, and take up

as possible.

room

In mountainous

districts,

where the paths are

narrow, and run by the edge of precipices, this

is

an absolute necessity.

This saddle
7)'s, fixed

is

amply supplied with rengs and

securely on to the iron trees, so that

is

the baggage
its

easily loaded,

and kept securely in

place.

Seventhly.

The

cost

of

my

system of pack-

saddle

is

about half of the price that Government

lately paid for

cumbrous and much

less service-

able articles.

The best-shaped
Spurs.

spurs for a tra-

veller or

sportsman are strong steel

spurs,

or brass swan-necked hunting

with the

THE HUNTING BELT.

33

rowels sufficiently raised to prevent their grating against stones or uneven ground

when

dis-

mounted.

A man

with long legs requires spurs with long

necks, so that he

may
;

readily reach his horse's

flank with the rowel

but a

man with short

legs,

on the contrary, should have spurs with short

necks, as his heels,
the

when mounted,

are close to

body of the

horse.

The Hunting

The Pkte > P aS e 34 is a sketch of the BELT and APPURTENANCES

>

I usually wore

when

in

the pursuit of large

game,

manufactured

by

Thornhill

of

144,
in

New Bond
the trade.

Street, the most practical

man

"THE BELT" A A
width, and

is

about two

inches

in

made

of

strong

brown

leather.

Great attention should be paid to the sewing

on of the buckles, which ought to be of forged

iron.

34

HUNTING BELT.

The Hunting Belt and

its

Appurtenances.

HUNTING KNIVES.
Fig.
1.

35

stout

leather

case containing

my

field-glass.

Fig. 2.

My " HUNTING
it

KNIFE."
is

I prefer this
all

shape to any other, as

purposes.

well suited for

In selecting a knife, great care should

be taken that the point and axis of both blade

and handle should be in a straight
line, or a fair

blowcannotbe struck with

liable to glance off.

effect, the

weapon being

With one

of Thornhill's knives
;

can cut

through a dollar

and

it

is

absolutely necessary
of the best steel,
it

that the blade should be

for, besides its

made

use as a weapon,

must often
for

serve to cut branches,

water.

and even in digging

Fig. 3.

The

"

SKINNING KNIFE," made

Graham, Esq., which

after

the pattern of A.

I do not

think can be improved upon.

Fig. 4.

"A LINE"

of strong silk, substantially

fastened to a forged iron bar.

This

is

of great

use as a safeguard, in case of having to descend

any steep slope or narrow ledge of rock when in

36

POUCHES

BILL-HOOK.
It is also

the pursuit of game.

very useful for

drawing
tying

-water

from wells or chasms in the rocks,

up

the arms of a prisoner, or tethering

animals.

Fig. 5.

"A

LEATHER POUCH,"
pistol

containing

either a double-barrel

or

revolver [else-

where described]. " A SMALL 6.

Fig.
flint,

CASE," containing matches,

for obtaining fire,

steel,

and amadou,

and

in a similar one the pocket filter ought to be

carried.

Fig. 7.

"A

LEATHER POUCH,"
gun
or
rifle,

containing
six for the

eight cartridges for

pistol.

and

The

Bill

Hook

TOMAHAWK.
The
Bill-

37
in

Besides
cases,

these
in

articles,

some
it

Hook.

when

thick

jungle,

is

advisable to carry a bill-hook for cutting a path

or

making
which

a
is

clearing.

This

fits

in a

leather

case,

easily fastened

on the belt when

required.

The Tomahawk.

"

THE TOMAHAWK,"
is

or small axe, herewith

represented,

useful in

making tent-pegs, cutting

up animals, and
life.

for a variety of purposes in

camp

38

THORNHILL'S INDIAN KNIFE.

by no means
least in

Last, but

importance,
is

comes the knife, of which an engraving

given
to

on the opposite page, and which, in addition

the ordinary blades, contains a powerful screwdriver,

a saw

about

eight

inches

in

length,

pricker,

corkscrew,

hoof-picker,

tweezers and

lancet in one, a pair of scissors of the full length

of the knife, and a couple of stout steel screws,

with nuts, for mending a broken stirrup leather

or any similar fracture.

All implements have rings attached, so as

to

enable them to be fastened with small cords to

the belts.

Every sportsman ought

Spears.

to provide

himself with a few spear-heads, which

can at any time be affixed to a bamboo with

"shellac cement"

The

best shapes

for

boar-

spears are those called after the celebrated Indian

Pig-sticking Clubs,

"The Nugger" and "The

Deccan" Hunts.

THORNHILL'S INDIAN KNIFE.

39

Thornhill's Indian

Knife.

40

SPEAES.

The "Nugger Hunt"

Pattern.

The

"

Deccan Hunt"
Pattern.

The Bear Spear.

SPEARS.
In the foregoing Plate Fig.

41

A shows the Nugger

Hunt pattern, which I

consider the neplus ultra of

boar-spears, the curves being gradual from point

to shank, so that it penetrates easily,

and

is

with-

drawn without

difficulty.
is,

Another great advan-

tage of this shape

that the edge can be easily

ground, and afterwards sharpened on a hone.

(Fig

D shows the section at a b.) the Deccan Hunt spear pattern, Fig. B
is

also

good spear, and preferred by some sportsmen

to that of the

Nugger Hunt, because

it

the orifice

of the

wound

makes

is

somewhat
freely.

larger,
It
is,

and

allows the blood to flow

ever,

more

how-

more

difficult to

sharpen.

(Fig.

shows

the section at c d.)

Fig.

is

a bear-spear, somewhat similar in

shape to the Nugger

Hunt

spear, but broader in

(Fig.

the blade, and with a stouter shaft. the section.) I need not add that
all

F shows

spears ought to be
steel.

made of

the

best

tempered

With one

42
made by

SPEARS.
Thornhill, of

Bond

Street, I can drive

a hole through a dollar without turning the edge, a sure proof that the best of " stuff"
his factory.
is

used in

A
best

stout

male bamboo,

sufficiently

tapering,
the

and with knots pretty close together, makes

spear-shaft
;

but
is

close-grained,

well-

seasoned ash -pole

not a bad substitute.

it is

The

spear ought to be well balanced, and

usual to have the butt weighted with lead for

that purpose.

The

spears

of the Deccan

and

Nugger Hunts were

exactly 9 feet from the

this
is,

extreme point to the butt, and

I consider,

the best length for general purposes.

In Bengal many sportsmen use a spear only 6

feet in

length, heavily weighted

at

the

butt.

They

are accustomed to throw this like a javelin,

or to job

down when

the horse gets alongside of

the boar

whereas, in Madras and Bombay, hog-

hunters use the spear like a lance, but carried

loosely

in the hand,

so

as

to

allow the free

HUNTING CART.

43

play to the wrist in directing the point of the

spear.
Hunting

In India. I had constructed. according to

my own

plan and fancy, what

I should advise every sportsman in that country

to possess

that

is,

a very comfortable teak-woodfitted

bullock-cart,

on springs, and

up

for travel-

ling or living in.

Mine was 7

feet long

by 4

feet

broad;

and contained three large water-tight

boxes or compartments, to hold

my

kit

and

comestibles en route, with a fourth, copper-lined

and

fitted

with a screw-top, which fastened with a

lock, for

my

ammunition, besides a rack for eight

sides

guns.
height,

The wooden

were about %\

feet in

and from them sprang six bamboo hoops,

on which the white painted canvas top was extended

;

the whole of which gear was movable,

at a

and could be cleared away

moment's

notice.

The bottom

of the cart was slightly bevelled off

round, caulked and sheathed with copper; so

that,

by taking out the linch-pins, and putting the

cart,

wheels into the

my

trap served

me

as a boat

44
to transfer

APPURTENANCES.
myself and goods across rivers other-

wise impassable.

When

in

cantonment I took

out the pole and bullock-yoke, and fitted in a

pair of shafts
light
article,
;

and although

it

was not a very

I

an Australian mare

had used

to trot along

with

it

with great ease.

The whole

length of the bottom of the cart was fitted with a

hair mattress, and the sides
that I

were well padded, so

get along

managed, when

travelling, to

pretty comfortably.

Thomhill's Saw.

Appnrte-

^ ar

Se

Yankee backwoodsman's

axe, a couple of bill-hooks, an adze,

and other
of

tools,

were

fitted

against
at

the

side

my

cart, so as to

be ready
is

hand

in case

of a break-down, which

an event of frequent

occurrence in Indian travelling.

An

obstrepe-

MEDICINE CHEST.
rous bullock or a careless driver
is

45
very liable to

smash

pole or a yoke en route; and, in

many

parts of the country where

game abounds,
I

village

smiths are

difficult to

be met with, and

have often

been saved hours and even days' delay, by having

the means of repairing
Medi
in

them

at

hand.

we^'suppli e(i

medicine-chest, in

which the quinine-bottle loomed very

large,

was carefully stowed away in one of the

a very necessary precaution in a

compartments

country where disease makes such rapid progress.

Besides having often found this chest extremely
useful, the

mere

fact of

having

it

with

me inspired

my

people with confidence, and overcame their

fear of the malaria of the dense jungle.

Messrs. Savory and Moore, of 143,

Street,

New Bond
been of the

have always

filled

up

my

medicine -chest;

and

their practical experience has

greatest use to

me

in

my

travels, for, in case of at

sickness, the proper

remedy was ever

hand when

wanted. In order to meet different requirements,

large and small chests have

been designed, from

46

MEDICINE CHEST.

the size of a pocket-book to the medical panniers,

containing
gical, that
field.

all

appliances, both medical

and sur-

may be required by

a regiment in the

The

following

Plates

illustrate
:

those

best

adapted for a traveller or sportsman

The above Plate represents

a strong leather case,

6 inches by 9 inches, and only 2 5 inches in thickness (in fact, of the form and size of an ordinary

octavo volume, and opening in

much

the same

manner), contains a pair

of scales, with the

necessary weights, a small glass measure, 8 small

bottles adapted to receive either

powders or

pills,
still

8 of larger

size

stoppered for liquids,

and 2

MEDICINE CHEST.
larger
for

47

holding any medicines required in

greater

bulk.

This

little

case,

which would
in the

scarcely take
travelling

up any appreciable room

all

bag, will contain

the medicines
Its

required in any case of emergency.

to

value

a party of tourists, or to a single traveller,

aid,

removed from medical

rated.

can hardly be overof our

The "

Special Correspondents"

daily

papers have used these cases in nearly

every quarter of the globe, and have spoken

most highly of their

utility.

This

Plate represents a larger

case

of the

same character, containing a greater number of

48

LIST OF MEDICINES

remedies, and, in addition, a few surgical appliances that

may be

required in an emergency.

List of Medicines suitable for a Medicine Chest

for India or Abyssinia.

Quinine.

Calomel.
Jalap.

Rhubarb.
Magnesia. Essence of camphor Tincture of iodine.
arnica.

(rubini).

Mindererus

spirit.

Sweet

spirit of nitre.

Powdered ipecacuanha.
Tartar emetic.

James's powder.
Jeremie's opiate.

Essence of ginger.
peppermint. Dover's powder. Friars' balsam.

Essence of senna.

Warburg's tincture.
Sulphate of copper. Sulphate of zinc. Nitrate of silver.

Opiate confection, tablets.

Aromatic confection, Calomel and opium pills.

Etherodine (instead of chlorodyne).

FILTERS.

49

Full information and directions respecting the

administration of the various remedies will be

found in the " Compendium of Domestic Medicine,

and Companion

to

the

Medicine Chest,"
Street.

by Savory and Moore, 143,

New Bond

A
The
Filter.

filter is

a most important requito

site,

which ought always

be found
is

in a traveller's equipment, as
essential to health as

good water

as

pure

air.

The Danchell Pocket

Filter.

A very efficient portable

filter is

manufactured

by the London and General "Water Purifying

50
Company,

FILTERS.
at 157, Strand,

being the invention of

Mr. Danchell.
This
is

filter,

which

is

only 3 inches in diameter,

constructed upon the syphon principle, and

by

means of a system of ascending currents the

sus-

pended impurities
outside the
filter,

are

separately

precipitated

whilst those

only which are

held in solution actually pass into the filtering

material, the water being purified from these in

the act of ascension.

case of galvanised iron

contains the filtering material

animal charcoal
it is

which

is

the best

medium

for purifying, as

incapable of communicating any taint to the water

passing through
it,

retains

its

purifying properties

for a long period,

and

is

everywhere easily pro-

curable.

The

action of this system

is

is

so simple that
its

no

attention or trouble

required in
is

managearranged
at

ment;

it

never clogs up, and

animal charcoal
is

so

that the

easily

got

for

cleansing or renewal.

GENERAL DIRECTIONS.

51

Directions.

When the

filter

ceases to act satisfactorily,

it

may be

detached

from the pipe by unscrewing the union which is immediately above the cap of the filter, the filter taken out of the cistern, and the charcoal

cap of the

removed and cleansed, or replaced by new. To effect this the filter must be removed by knocking the claws of the

iron holding the cap down, round on the graduated edge to the

thinnest part of

it,

when the openings

in the edge will allow the

and the cap then removed from the filter. The strainer must then be removed, after which the charcoal must be shaken out.
iron being taken off
It should

be

left

to soak in

lukewarm water
-

for

To Cleanse the a
Charcoal.
clean water.

which free t surface of or . ganic matter, and afterwards well washed in The water in which the charcoal is washed will
ghort
ti

always be black, and affords no guide to the charcoal being clean. After washing, the charcoal must be dried and sifted into two
portions

No.

1,

m the
Filter

the very coarse No. 2, the remainder. First put in No. 1 (the very coarse charcoal) to
;

the depth

f 1

r l * inches

then the b dy f the

in, the filter being kept in constant motion by raising it a little on one side, and allowing it to receive a slight downward jerk on whatever it

charcoal, No. 2,

may be put

may be standing, the filter being turned occasionally to ensure the motion being equally distributed. By this means a much larger body of charcoal may be got in, for after being apparently
full

many times
The

it

will be

found

still

capable of holding more.

1 char-

The
coal.

last 1 or 2 inches should

be the remainder of No.

must be then replaced by agitating the filter as before described, and pressing it upon the charcoal, which will cause the charcoal to gather well round the strainer. The cap and rubber-washer must be fixed as before, the iron claw knocked round carefully with a mallet to its original position, and it is
strainer

ready for use.

E 2

52
Atkins'
Filter.

FILTERS.

A
filter

very excellent pocket syphon-

weighing only 8 ounces, some-

what on
principle,

the
is

same
also

made by Messieurs
Atkins and Sons, 62,
Fleet
Street,
is

when

the water

purified

by passing through a block of moulded

carbon,

which
perfectly

is

made
Syphon
Filter.

po-

rous but not hollow.

Atkins' Pocket Filter.

FILTERS.

53

These blocks will get clogged sooner or later

and the frequency of cleaning them depends upon the nature of the water filtered, some waters clogging the carbon
sooner than others. They are, however, easily cleaned by simply washing them in hot water, brushing them with a soft brush,
and, finally, blowing through

)ns '

them two or three

times, to open

the pores.

When

cleaned, they are equal to new, as only the

surface gets clogged. When the operation of filtering is over, the ball should be blown through, to clear the pores from the impurities, and put away in the case as dry as possible.

When
which

cattle

have

to

be watered from a well,

sandy bed of a
in African
is

or from holes
is

dug

in the

river,

often the case

travelling,

having to bale out the water

nuisance.
I

an intolerable
the

therefore

devised

following

arrangement, which Mr. Atkins, of 62, Fleet

Street, has carried out

most

effectually.
filter,

Into the well or pool I drop a

which

is

kept a foot or more below the surface by a

to this is

float

connected a tube or suction hose

a

at-

tached

to

small

portable

force

pump, by
well,
cattle

which I draw the pure water from the

and force
drink.
it

into a trough

from which the

By

this

system the water in the pool remains

54

PUMP AND

FILTER.

INDIA-RUBBER BOAT.
undisturbed and clear,
allowed to rush into
it to

55
cattle

whilst if

were

drink, the

mud would

be stirred up, and the water rendered unfit for

drinking until after
it

had
to

settled.

Were Government
in

adopt some such system

etc.,

watering cavalry horses,

much

trouble

and inconvenience would be avoided, whilst the

animals would thrive
filtered
all

the better for having

and pure water

to drink.

Cording's Inflatable India-Bubber Boat.

This invention has proved invaluIndia-Rubber

Boat

able to sportsmen and travellers, as

this

in

boat of

description

is

very portable,

56

INDIA-RUBBER BOAT.
tear in

and stands a great deal of wear and

climate.

any

For crossing or going down a

all that

river, they are

can be desired

but

it

is

almost impos-

sible

to

paddle them up stream or against a

float so

head-wind, as they

high out of the water.

CHAPTER

III.

AEMAMENT.
PART
I.

SPORTING ARMS.

Sportsman's Battery

Westley Richards' Breech-Loading System, as applied to Sporting Arms The Pin and CentralFire Cartridges compared The Introduction of the Breech-

Loading System into England Thirty Reasons for preferring Breech-Loading Guns and Rifles The Disadvantages of the Muzzle-Loading System The Gun Case and its Appurtenances

Machines for Loading Cartridges

Cartridge Carriers

Cartridge Belts

Cartridge Magazines

Game

Carriers.

SUCCESS in "the

field,"

whether in battle or

at

the covert side, in a great measure depends the armament.

upon

A sportsman, explorer, or
ought
1.

officer,

proceeding on

service to the Colonies, to be properly equipped,

to

have the following arms

2.
3.
4.

A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Gun, 12 bore. A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Rifle, 12 bore, A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Holster Pistol. A Revolver for his Belt.

58

BREECH-LOADERS.

Breech-loading Double Gun, on "Westley Bichards' System.

BREECH-LOADERS.

59

For sporting purposes, I consider the best

breech-loading system, both for guns and
to
rifles,

be that of Mr. Westley Richards

is

as its con-

struction

a wonderful combination of strength

and
to

way preferable " and their other I have system any yet seen,
simplicity,
is

and

it is

in every

name

legion."

A gun or rifle, on this

outward appearance,
to

system,

is

very similar in

an ordinary muzzle-loader,

having bar or front-action locks, and the grip or

fore-part being of

wood.

Vide Plate, page 58,

Figs. 1 and 2.)

The mechanical arrangement

of a most safe acting

(vide

Plate)

is

and simple character.

(b, c,

self-

spring latch

Fig.

2)

secures the

breech-end of the barrels,

iron after loading.

fitting into

the solid

The

barrels are released

by a
is

simple action of the thumb, and the loading

effected with the greatest ease.

The
by

barrels are secured to the

body of the gun

fastenings, both at the top

and bottom, thus

disposing of the strength to the greatest possible

60
advantage
;

BREECH-LOADERS.
whereas other systems of breech-

loaders have only one fastening, and that con-

siderably below the centre or point of resistance.

The
solid

connecting-piece between the barrels

steel (a),

is

lump of

which, when the barrels

(z,

are closed, dovetails on to the break-cff

Fig. 3),
a solid

and holds the two firmly together

piece.

like

Besides this improvement, that arm has

a solid joint (as

shown

at g, Fig. 3,

and

k, Fig. 4),

which

is

infinitely stronger than the ordinary

fastening,

made with

a loose pin screwed through

it

the ends of the

body ; and

has also a keel, or

wedge

(h, in Fig. 3), fitting

between the under

part of the action, which adds strength to the

stock.

The
and

shooting of Mr. Westley Richards' guns

is

rifles

all that

can be desired, as the inhas met with at Wimblecontests proves.

to

variable

success he

don and in the Gun Club

finish

In

and durability they are not

be surpassed.

For sporting purposes I much prefer the pin

cartridge system (vide Plate, page 61, Fig. a,} to

PIN CARTRIDGE.
what
Fig.
is

61

called the central fire* (vide Plate below,

for the following reasons
:

),

First.

Without an

indicator,
it is

which

is

con-

stantly getting out of order,

impossible to

SECTION OF PIN CAETRIDGE CASE.

SECTION OF CENTRAL-FIRE CASE.

know whether

gun

is

loaded or not, and acci-

dents might happen from this cause.

more

* The ignition in the so-called central-fire cartridges central or instantaneous than in the pin cartridge.

is

not

62
Secondly.

CENTRAL-FIRE SYSTEM.

A cartridge extractor, which weakens

is

the breech, and

a complication liable to get out

of order,

is

absolutely required in this system,

and even then the exploded cartridges are sometimes difficult to get out.
Thirdly.
fire

have known a gun on the central-

system to explode in the act of closing the

breech, from the percussion cap protruding above

the
brass

plane of the cartridge, and striking

against the needle,

which

in

some guns, even

at

half-cock, projects slightly.

Fourthly.
are certainly

Cartridges on the central-fire system

more dangerous

to

load than pin

cartridges, for should a grain of sand get

under

the cap, or if the cap should project above the

brass plane of the cartridge, the act of

ramming

down

the wads smartly might cause the percus-

sion-powder to ignite and the cartridge to explode.

Fifthly.
use,

Pin cartridges are in more general

all

and can be bought

over the Continent,

whilst those on the central-fire system are difficult

to

be got except in London.

BREECH-LOADERS.
Thelntroduction of the Breech-load-

63
breech-loading
j
, , -t

M7
,,

experience
,

in

arms

for sporting

purposes dates back

ing System.

since the year 1855,

when my

attention

was attracted to the La Faucheux system,* which

is
>

almost as great an era in gun-making as the

invention of the copper cap.

After two years'

in which, to

experience and repeated

disgust,

trials,

my

found

my
by

favourite

Manton, and

others of

my

hardest-hitting muzzle-loading guns,

equalled or beaten
ticism

breech-loaders,

my

scep-

vanished

felt

convinced the system

was sound, and

that sooner or later a complete

revolution must take place in the manufacture of

fire-arms.

Under

these

impressions

endeavoured

to

concentrate

my

ideas on paper, for the benefit

of

my
*

brother sportsmen, and

my

letter

appeared

Although

this

system was invented and extensively adopted

in France

previous to its introduction in this country, the French workmanship of that day was, generally
several years

speaking, so inferior, that no sportsman liked to shoot with a

French gun.
arms.

Even French sportsmen

preferred English

fire-

64
in

BREECH-LOADERS.
The Field,
the

Country Gentleman's

News-

paper, of the 31st October, 1857, in which I

enumerated thirty advantages that breech-loaders

possess
Little

over

ordinary

muzzle-loading
the hornets' nest
I

guns.

did I

dream of "

"

in

which
on
all

this innovation

placed me.

was attacked

sides,

by gun-makers, book-makers, and

contumacious, pedantic old sportsmen,

declared forsooth,

who

all

" that the Old Shekarry must

of adopting French fads

be demented

to think

and foreign gimcracks."

(whose motto
is

However,

that party

Frangas nonflectes) being somefor pertinacity in his opinions,

what remarkable
and
inflexibility

of purpose,* continued to dissarcastic

seminate his doctrine in spite of the

* The Old Shekarry, when a very small boy, went with his Maternal to have his bumps felt. The phrenologist, a quaint old card, went on with his work in a very matter-of-fact style
until

he came to a protuberance which seemed to puzzle him ; felt again, and then speaking to the boy who wrote " to his dictation, said No. 16. Firmness immoderately large,"
he grunted,
:

the Maternal), " amounting, I am afraid, madam, to obstinacy." The old lady, who, up to that time, had enter(sotto voce to

tained doubts as to the truthfulness of phrenology, went quite a convert.

home

BREECH-LOADERS.
insinuations of tribes of gun-sellers,
less,

65
who, doubton hand,

had large

stocks of muzzle-loaders

and did not

like to see the value of their stock

go down in the market.

safe
;

" The system

;

is

not

the breech

is

not sound

the guns will not

shoot

"
;

was the cry, and

so

at times the

controversy

became
nents

warm,

that

the

" interested oppotheir

"

became even unparliamentary in

language.

Bets of
offered,

any amount, were " an which, had the Old Shekarry been
all

descriptions, to

army contractor" instead of a

have had
crisis,

soldier,

he would

to

borrow

capital to cover.

At

this

General Charitee, a celebrated old sportsa crack shot, came to the rescue, chal-

man and
lenged

all

comers in The Field, and offered

for

to

back his breech-loader, made by Lang,

thousand pounds, against any muzzle-loader belonging

offer,

to

the boisterous

crew.

This plucky

although never taken up, hushed the storm,

the agitation

was calmed, temperate discussion

followed, trials were organised, the subject was

66

BREECH-LOADERS.

ventilated, and, as a matter of course, the breech-

loading system became a recognised institution in

the sporting world.

I have

now used

the breech-loader for twelve

years, during

which time I have shot a great deal

any description

in the worst climate for arms of (the

West Coast

of Equatorial Africa), and, after

trial that

giving the system every

devise, I have found
as to its excellence
Thirty Reasons

experience can

no reason

to alter

my opinion
T

and

The
tne

efficiency.

reaSOI1S

tKrlSoading System.

breech-loader to the ordinary

,

muzzle-loader, which i gave in Ine

Field newspaper in 1857, are

1.
f

The extreme
in the

facility

and quick-

ness

loading,

whereby any
load and
fire

person with a breech-loader

at least six shots in the

may
to

same time that another

takes

with a
two.
.

common gun

load

and

fire

Whilst shooting with a party in

line,

what

a decided advantage the breech-loader has over

BREECH-LOADERS.
the

67
;

common gun
fire,

No

halting the line to reload

you

and continue moving on, loading with

the greatest ease and celerity as

you

go.

By

this

means the

line is

kept unbroken, and in cover

the sportsmen are not exposed to the danger of a

stray shot from
is

any one lagging behind.

to

What
man

more calculated

try the patience of a

than this continual stopping?

No

one likes to

keep his friends waiting, and consequently reloads

with the greatest expedition.
the

In the hurry of

moment how

often does a shot drop in the

?

nipple, or
to rectify

some mistake take place in the loading which the

line
is

delayed, and the

off.

game, perhaps already

is

afoot,

makes

All this

avoided by the breech-loader.

,

3.

The

great comparative safety in

is

using a breech-loader

undeniable.
direction

Never by any chance need you have the

of your

gun's muzzle pointed either

It

towards
should be

yourself or your friends in loading.

kept in the direction you are going.

4.

You

cannot

make any mistake

in the loading,

68

BREECH-LOADERS.
two charges of

such, as leaving out or putting in

powder
5.

or shot into one barrel.

How many

accidents have taken place from

a sportsman, in the haste or excitement of the

moment, loading one barrel with the other on

cock,

full

which the shock of ramming

tight wads, or

catching in the trousers or a twig, has caused to

go

off!

There

is

no chance of

this

with a breech-

loader.
6.

How many accidents

does one hear of taking

place with the

powder from a

common gun, from the pouring full flask down to the muzzle of a

gun

recently discharged, in which perhaps a bit of

is

lighted tow, or, what

oftener the case, a bit of

cork (got in the powder in taking the cork out of

the canister)
losing a
Accidents

may

remain.

There

is

no chance of

hand in
^'

this

manner with a breech-loader.

are a^ wa7 s en abled whilst

^ou

loading to see clearly through your

barrels,

and are

certain, each shot, that there is

dirt got in,

no obstruction or
advantage, as

which

is

a great

many people have been

injured by

BREECH-LOADERS.

69

guns bursting from the muzzle being accidentally

plugged up with clay, which
whilst

may have

got in

jumping a

ditch, climbing over a fence, or

stumbling on an uneven turnip-field.

8.

From

the formation of the cartridge, your

fall

shot cannot loosen or

out whilst walking with

the muzzle downwards.

9.

You

have no chance of the nipple breaking,

its

or being bothered with

Advantages
whilst Shooting.

stopping up.

10

'

HW
.1
-i

ften in a day' S shootin g

barrels are discharged, do
T

T r. both when

jj

you mark a bird down: what an advantage the

sportsman armed with a breech-loader has, in

being enabled to walk up

at once,

loading as he

goes, without ever taking his eyes from off the

spot

where the game

11>
total

settled

Absence of

Amon S

otlier

advantages

is

the

absence of any flash or escape

from the breech.

barrel on a

Thus, in

firing
is

the second

damp

day, the sight

not obstructed,

from smoke hanging before the eyes.

12.

There

is

much

less report

from a breech-

70

BREECH-LOADERS.

loader than from an ordinary gun, from the whole

discharge taking place internally.

13.
flying,

There

is

no chance of some unlucky cap

and endangering your eyesight.

14.

There

is

Less Recoil.

very

much

less recoil

than from an ordinary gun

a great

advantage in a long day's shooting

no blackened

shoulders, no stiffness the day after.

The reason

of there being less recoil in a breech-loader than

in a muzzle-loader of the same size
that
its

and weight,

is

construction renders

it

necessary to have

more weight of metal

at the

breech

and

also

because at the hollow of the cartridge of the

breech-loader there
is

a light

roll

of

paper,

about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, which

(like

the

buffer

of a railway carriage)

gives

with the action of the powder, and lessens the

recoil.

Not

affected

^*

-^ a^ n or

damp, whilst out shoot-

ing, cannot affect or injure the charge

or caps

neither being exposed to the weather, in

the same

way

the nipple of the ordinary

gun

is.

BREECH-LOADERS.

71

No

chance of miss-fires on that account with a

breech-loader.
16.
Cleaning.
little

The

breech-loader takes very

time to clean; a piece of tow and

is sufficient
;

an oiled rag run through the barrel

and by looking through them,

be seen whether they are clean
tage.

it

is

very easy

to

a great advan-

Whereas, with an ordinary gun, by the

and debris of the
last

act of reloading, the dirt

discharge
ple,

is

forced into the breech or the nipis

and frequent washing out of the barrels

required.

No Second Gun required.

is

17<
-\

The carrying out of a second gun

.

obviated; tor a sportsman can rein most cases

/>

load his

gun

more quickly than

I

his

keeper can hand him another.

have always

had an objection
behind

to

having a keeper walking

me

with a loaded gun.

Perhaps

it

may

be a weakness I have
of his stumbling, and
Less to Carry.

but I always feel afraid ; " " me.

making game

of

18.

The bother

of carrying powder-

flask, shot-bag, caps, wads, loading-rod,

and nipple-

72
screw
is

BREECH-LOADERS.
avoided
;

none being required with a

breech-loader, the cartridges being carried either

in the pocket or in a waist-belt,

'

kn

'

^*

Breech-loaders

shoot

quicker
is

than muzzle-loaders, because there

no long communication (the nipple) between the

point of ignition and the charge, the explosion of
the cap taking place in the centre of the powder,

which
is

is

inflamed almost simultaneously

to

for it

an error

suppose even that gunpowder exas,

plodes instantaneously,
gress,
it

however rapid

its

pro-

takes a certain time in travelling from

the

first

grain to the

last.
little,

Foul very

^'

Breech-loaders foul very

as the thick elastic mercurial

waddings

which enter the breech are

fully a size larger

than the bore of the muzzle; consequently, being

driven through the barrel by the action of the

powder, each discharge carries away any refuse

or accumulation that

may have been

left

by the

previous one, and at the end of a long day's

shooting the barrel
is

almost as free from foul-

BREECH-LOADERS.
ness as
at

73
explosion

the

beginning;

also, the

of the charge does not take place in the breech,

but

in the paper cartridge,

which comes out

uninjured, containing the

debris of the burnt

is

powder, which in the ordinary gun

the chamber and nipple every time
until the latter
fires are

drawn

into

it is

reloaded,

becomes clogged up, and miss-

the consequence.
21.

Advantages whenLoading-

What

an advantage

it is,

when

shooting in fens, swamps, or rice fields,

to load

to

be able

without being obliged to put

the butt

of your

gun

in the
soil

mud

or water,

whereby you wet and

your clothes when

you put

it

up

to the shoulder,

making yourself

uncomfortable for the day.

22.

When shooting in

dense covers, or perhaps

when perched

in the fork of a tree, or in a pit

waiting by water, or a salt-lick for deer, bison, or

other large game, what an advantage
able
to
it is

being

reload with so very

1

little

change of

position in a small space

23.

What an advantage

to

the Indian sports-

74

BREECH-LOADERS.
fires

man who

and reloads

in a

howdah, moving
!

and shaking from the motion of the elephant

24.

What

an advantage to the elephant-hunter

in South Africa,

who

is

obliged to load and

fire

from his horse's back

having to keep his eye

perhaps on an infuriated wounded animal, to look

out for obstructions in his path, and to reload his discharged piece.
25.

How

often in the field does the noise of

tight

ramming down a

wad, whilst reloading the

all sides,
!

ordinary gun, put up birds on

who

thus
so

get away, to the sportsman's disgust

Not

with the breech-loader.

What an advantage being

is

able to load without noise

to the snipe- shooter, fag, arrives

who

often, after a

hard day's blank

on small insulated patches of grass

snipe,

alive

with

where he may perhaps

fire

a dozen shots

without moving a single pace, and

slightest

when every
reloading,

movement and noise, caused by

all

puts up dozens of birds

round,

whom

he has
"
!

the mortification of hearing call

as they collect in clouds

"

Scape, scape

and soar away.

When

BREECH-LOADERS.
birds are thick, I fairly believe,
all

75
things consi-

dered, that a sportsman armed with a breechloader

may

easily kill twice as

many

birds as an

equal shot with a

26.

common gun.
after

What

sportsman,

heavy day's

snipe-shooting under a hot sun, has not found

his

hands

all

sore

and

blistered,
?

from constantly
this

ramming
a

down

the charge

Never

with
is

breech-loader.

"What an advantage
officer,

this

to the engineer to

who

has often in India

snipe- shooting,
to

give

up the amusement of
it

because
pen.
27.

makes

his

hands unfit

use the

Who
?

does not feel that he can shoot better

satisfaction,

and with greater

clean

having his hands

whereas with a common gun they will in

a few times loading get blackened with exploded

powder, and
a

sticky.

Now, with

a breech-loader,

man may put on

a pair of white kid gloves,

kill a

good bag of game, and return with them

scarcely soiled.
28.

In cold weather, who has not found the

76
loading of a
distress

BREECH-LOADERS.

common gun and

putting on caps

him beyond measure,

to pull off his
it at

especially if

he has

been obliged he
is

warm

gloves before

able to effect

last?

No

such bother

with a breech-loader.

e in

chan

^' ^^at

an advantage

it is

being

large.

^^ ^

jraw

y Our charge

in a

moment,

and change the number of your

often whilst after snipe do
or, whilst after hares

shot.

How
start

you come

across duck;

and partridges, do you

a herd of deer, a sounder of pig, or perhaps a

royal tiger
30.
?

How pleasant

it is

being able to substitute

ball for shot in a

few seconds, instead of the old

tedious

manner of drawing your charge with

the screw of your ramrod, which takes ten times

as long,

and makes noise enough

to scare

away

the game.

The sportsman can

easily

make up

his

own

cartridges at the rate of about half-a-gross in an

hour
all

or, if

he prefers

it,

he can purchase them

ready from any gunmaker.

BREECH-LOADERS.
OldPr
'

77

When

all

the

advantages of the

breech-loader are contrasted with the

known
difficult

disadvantages of the muzzle-loader,

to

it is

account for the prejudice that has

existed against

them

for so

many

years

for, not-

withstanding that the present system was intro-

duced by La Faucheux a quarter of a century

ago,
it is

only lately that

it

has come into general

use amongst sportsmen.

Numerous

objections

have been urged against the system, but none

appear to have had any substantial foundation
;

and I

shall not enter into

them, although I

am

aware that there are

many sportsmen

of the old

school who, from prejudice, will not even deign to

give

it

a trial: with them, arguments

and

facts

are both equally lost.

The DisadvanMuzzie-ioad-

In the pursuit of large game, breech-

la din g

arms ar e

infinitely preferable

for until the last

few years the hunter

was always obliged, when waging war with the

denizens of the forest, to keep
several guns

up a

battery of

and

rifles,

which, to say nothing of

78

BREECH-LOADERS.
first

the expense of the

outlay and the continual

wear and

tear, etc.,

was attended by several serious

disadvantages, some half-dozen of which I shall

enumerate.

In the

first

place,

two or three gun -bearers

are required to each sportsman,

to pass

whose duty

it is

up the spare guns

;

as fast as those in
is

hand

are discharged
for

now,

it

a great disadvantage
or stalking, to have

a hunter,

when on

trail

number of persons

at his heels,

on account of

the extra noise they must necessarily

forcing
their

make

in

way through

cover,

which often

gives alarm to the game, and prevents

him from

getting a shot.

Secondly,

it is

a great drawback, whilst in the

pursuit of some dangerous animal,

when

faux

pas might be attended with

fatal

consequences, to
after.
fire-

have any other than yourself to look

Thirdly,
it is

not pleasant to have loaded

arms carried in the rear by inexperienced hands,

with

whom

an accident from carelessness

is

as

likely to occur as not.

BREECH-LOADERS.
Fourthly,
it

79

is

not a comfortable feeling to

have

to

depend upon the coolness and courage

;

of your followers

and many a sportsman has

his

found himself in an awkward position by

gun-bearers having been seized with a panic,

and bolting, leaving him, with both barrels

charged, in the
infuriated animal,

dis-

presence

of

wounded and

when nothing but some lucky

chance can prevent a catastrophe.

Fifthly,
it

frequently happens, in hunting in

different countries, that the sportsman (if

he does

not keep in his pay a shekar-gang of his own,

which
guns

is

expensive work) has to entrust his spare

to

men

of

whom
to

he knows nothing, who

not a

may be tempted

decamp with them

very unfrequent occurrence.*

Sixthly,
it

is

great annoyance to a tired

sportsman, after a hard day's fag, to have to clean

four or five double guns and
rifles,

which

task he

* Lieut. Rice, of the

Bombay Army,

lost all his

guns

in this

manner.

80

BREECH-LOADERS.

dare not entrust his followers to perform, as there

are times

when

a miss-fire might be attended with

the most serious consequences.

Happily
all

for the sportsmen of the present day,

these disagreeable contingencies

rifles

may now

be

avoided by making use of

loading
bearers,

on the breechof

system.

Now, independent

gun-

he can roam through the

forest alone,

careless as to

what animal he may meet,

first

for

he

knows
effect,

that,

should his

shots not take deadly

he can reload in the twinkling of an eye,

fire,

and keep up a running

against

which no-

thing can stand, instead of having to bolt under

cover to reload (in case a spare

gun

is

not at

hand), returning breathless, and often with unsteady hand, from having to use sheer force in

jamming an

obstinate

ball

down

foul barrel.

When

mounted, a

rifle

on the breech-loading
it

system has immense

advantages, as

can be

easily reloaded, without in any

way

interfering

with the

management of the horse;

whereas

with the old muzzle-loader the

sportsman was

PERCUSSION SHELLS.
entirely powerless

81
ramrod
has

whilst

drawing his
bullet.

and ramming home the

He who
rifle

once used a breech-loading gun or

will

no

more think of going back

to

a muzzle-loader

than the crack marksman at Hythe would return

to old
Jacobs'
Shells.

" Brown Bess."

Percussion shells in vented by Captain

Norton

and improved

by General

Jacobs, are often used

large game.

by sportsmen when shooting

They

consist of copper cases, full

of gunpowder, encased in a leaden cylindro-conical projectile, at the

apex of which

is

the point

of the shell

containing percussion powder, that

explodes on striking any object.

(Vide Plate.)

Section of Jacobs' Shell.

Jacobs' Shell.

82
These
shells are

GUN-CASE
very useful for riflemen when
artillery,

engaged
caissons

with

field

as

ammunition

may be blown up by

them.

Case and

cases ^or

g uns or

rifles

are

purtenances.

made

as

compact

as possible.

Messrs. Bussey and

Co., of

New

Oxford

Street,

make most

excellent

cases, as well as all necessary accessories.

The Gun-Case
contains
:

(Plate,

page 83, Fig. 1) usually

The Barrel Cleaner, Fig. 2. The Cartridge Loading Machine, Fig. 3. Measures for Powder and Shot, Fig. 2, page

82

Fig

4,

page 83.

A Cartridge Extractor, Fig. 1, page 82. A Felt Breech-Cleaner. A Cartridge-Carrier, Plate, page 86.
An Oil-Bottle,
Lock-Brush, Scratch-Brush, and Turnscrew.

AND APPURTENANCES.

83

Gun-Case and Appurtenances.

G 2

CARTRIDGE LOADER.

Machine for Loading Cartridges.

"Eussey's Patent."

Sportsmen who load their own cartridges require a machine for the purpose.

That invented
as its

by Mr. George Bussey

construction
is

is

one of the best,

it

so simple that
;

can scarcely get

out

of order
it

the
so

cartridges

can be rapidly
it

leaded, and

is

compact that

will

fit

into

any ordinary gun-case.

DIRECTIONS FOR LOADING.

85

Directions for Loading Cartridges.

1st.

Screw the frame of the machine to a table very

firmly.

2nd. Insert a case in each

lid.

chamber of the

holder,

and

close the

3rd.

Charge each case successively with powder, and then

insert the six wads.

4th.

the

first

Bring the holder parallel with the frame, taking care that cartridge is exactly under the plunger, drive down the
the plunger with the palm of the right hand,
the six have been
left

wad by a blow on
using the

to slide the holder along, and so bring each cartill

tridge exactly under the plunger,

rammed

home.
5th.

Repeat the processes Nos. 3 and 4 for the shot.

6th.

Now take the holder horizontally in the left hand, and sub-

mit each cartridge to the screw successively, after which they drop out of the chambers by turning the hinged lid of the holder.

To

load quickly without spilling, the "vessels containing the

powder and shot should be just the height of the cartridge case
(i. e.,

about 2f inches.)
little practice,

Any sportsman, with a within the hour.

may

load 150 cartridges

86

CARTRIDGE BELT.

Spring Cartridge Belt.

"Bussey's Patent."

The

spring

cartridge-belt,
is

invented

by

Mr. George Bussey,

one of the best and

It
is

most convenient yet introduced.

worn
to

under

the

coat

and

carries

from

30

36

cartridges.

Cartridge

Carrier.

CARTRIDGE MAGAZINE.
TllG
Keeper's Car-

87
the

fore g oin S

shows

kind of cartridge case for a keeper

to carry reserve

ammunition.

Magazine.

Cartrid

Loaded cartridges

are best carried

in a compact magazine, holding from

200

to

500, similar to the foregoing Plate, as

it

88
is

KEEPER'S CARTRIDGE CASE.

fitted

with regulating straps, which prevent

the cartridges from being

damaged by shaking
methods

about, as is too often the case with other

of stowage.

The
kinds

following cuts show the best

of

game

carriers,

which,
to nets

al-

though very simple, I much prefer

and

bags, as the air being allowed to circulate about

Game

Carrier.

the game,

it

is

kept cooler, and does not turn

it

putrid so soon as
together in a bag.

would

do, if all

huddled

I like to have
to

my game
but, not

kept long enough

become tender,

GAME CARRIERS.
being of the vulture tribe, do not

89
fancy de-

composed meat.

CHAPTER

IV.

ARMAMENT.
PART
II.

MILITARY ASMS.

The Importance of " Keeping Pace with the Times" Brown Bess The Percussion Musket-The Enfield Eifle The Westley Richards' Breech-loading Rifle and Cartridge The Westley Richards' Central Fire Military Rifle and Cartridge The Snider Rifle and the Boxer Cartridge Different Systems of Rifling
compared
Revolver
perer"

Holster Pistols
Tranter's

Colt's

Repeating Arms
"

Dean's

Breech-loading Revolver

The Whis-

Breech-loading Mountain Guns

Jacobs' Shells.

AT

last,

in spite of the
official

trammels of red tape

routine,

and old-fashioned
that be

" the powers

fact, that in

"

have become aware of the

order to maintain our national prestige they must

keep pace with the times ; and although Govern-

ment
in

are

still

very slow in recognising real merit

new

inventions, and look

upon every contem-

BROWN

BESS

PERCUSSION MUSKET.
officious

91
still

plated change as an

innovation,

much

has been done to benefit the service, more

especially as regards the

armament of our land

most
efficient

and sea

forces,

and one of the

reforms has been the adoption of the Snider

breech-loader.

One
Brown
Bess.

of the greatest generals of the

past, oir Charles J. JNapier, the con-

queror of Scinde, believed in the efficiency of

the old

Brown Bess
;

of his day with

for

its flint-lock

and bright barrel

rious field

he had

seen,

many

a glo-

won by men armed only with that weapon, and knew no other. The first great change for the better
te
'

was the introduction of the percussion

musket, which was regarded with such suspicion

by the

authorities, that, in the first instance, I

remember only one company per regiment was

entrusted with
it.

Time

passed, and the

new

arms did good execution in their day, for with

them the

decisive battles of the Sutlej

and the

Punjab were won.

92
,
1

ENFIELD RIFLE.
Thanks, however,
to the late

Duke

e>

of Newcastle, then Secretary of State

for "War,

and the right man in the right place, in

spite of the tenaciousness of ancient prejudices,

the grooved bore was issued to the line,

first

the

Minie, and subsequently the Enfield; and this

country

is

indebted to that wise minister for the

most
solely

brilliant victory of

modern

times, as

it

was

by

the deadly efficiency of their volleys that

a handful of British troops

their

were enabled

to

hold

own, and repulse overpowering numbers of

a brave and determined

enemy on

the heights of

Inkerman.
Breech-loading Rifles adopted.

Ten

years have rolled on since that

the
soldiers'

murky morning when

battle

was won, and another era

is at

in our national

armament

hand, for the weapon that did us

at

such good service

Inkerman has been

dis-

carded, and Government are arming the whole of

our army and navy with breech-loaders.

The repeated warnings

be
all

of the press, to

whom

honour

for its wise foresight

and unceasing

BREECH-LOADING RIFLE.

93

watchfulness over the safety and honour of the

country, together with the sad results of the late

Danish and Austrian campaigns, have done much

to

open the eyes of the

that even

authorities,

and make

them aware,

the bravest of troops,

equipped with antiquated weapons, cannot hold

the most defensible positions against the attack of an

enemy whose arms combine every improveage.

ment of the
It
is

to

be
will

hoped
serve

that
as

these

unfortunate
to future

campaigns
ministers,

warning
false

and prevent any

red-tape,

economy, old
official

prejudices,

or

procrastinating

routine interfering with the effective maintenance of our national defences,

and the

efficient

equip-

ment
the

of our land and sea forces, according to

that

march of the age, and the improvements

is

science
is

continually making.
as

If Great Britain

to

be maintained
days

a first-class power, she

must, as in

of yore,

ever

be

prepared

against an emergency.

Her supremacy was won

it

by

force of arms,

and by force of arms

must be

94
kept.

CAVALRY CARBINE.
The time has not come
;

for the

sword

to

be turned into a ploughshare

peace,

and

as

we wish

for

we

should be prepared for war.

its

Diplomacy, although useful in

not be our sole dependence
safety,

way, should
the honour,

when

and

liberty of action of the

country are

concerned.
that line
it

As

a nation,

we

are not famous in

never was our forte.

treaties the

We

have

often lost

by

advantages gained by
;

the sacrifice of our best blood

for,

whenever a

question has arisen, our diplomatists have found

their

match
that

and the nation has had

has

to fall

back
the
stal-

upon

which

never

failed

her

staunch hearts and bull-dog courage of her

wart sons.
Westley
Richards' Breech-loading Cavalry Carbine.
i

This excellent arm [which has been

adopted lor some years in the cavalry,
i

,1

and of which Government have over

is

20,000 in store]

extremely simple and uncom-

plicated in construction, does not easily get out

of order, and, in case of accident, can easily be

repaired

by a regimental armourer.

CAVALRY CARBINE.
It

95

can be loaded with great rapidity with the

impossibility of
foul after

any accident occurring, does not

firing, is

heavy

of great penetration,

and, at long ranges, great accuracy of shooting

can be obtained.

The

total

absence of foulness was satisfactorily

proved by the experiments made by Government,

when
this

several

hundred rounds were

fired

from

system without cleaning, and there was no

in the barrel or greater recoil exlast shot

more foulness

perienced in the

than the second.

for,

This

is

easily

accounted

as

the greased

wad
is

that lubricates the barrel at every discharge

of two sizes larger than the diameter of the the

barrel at

muzzle

consequently, whatever

remains of the exploded powder or paper from

the cartridge of the last shot
barrel
is

driven out of the

by the succeeding one.

in succession the chief prizes

For seven years

for breech-loading

arms have been carried

rifles,

off

by Mr.
their

"Westley Richards'

which proves

extreme accuracy of shooting.

96

CAYALRY CARBINE.

The Begulation Breech-loading Cavalry Carbine, on

Westley Kichards' System.

CAVALRY CARBINE.
The
rifle

97

Plate on page 96, Fig. 1, represents the

closed.

The

small

lump marked a
all

is

the

only projecting part; in

other respects, the

rifle.

arm has the appearance of an ordinary

Fig.

2 represents a section

of

the breech-

loading parts.

is

a gun-metal plunger which enters the

breech-end of the gun.

is

a solid iron block, with an inclined plane

at the

back
is

c.

There
E;
this

a second inclined plane at the point

throws

the
it

block
fit

back

Into

its

place,

and makes
F,

close against the

end of
fit

the

box

which

is

also

undercut, to

the

inclined part of the block B, at the point

c.

The

block has a sliding motion to allow this action to

take place.

By

this it will

be seen that the greater the

pressure on the block and plunger, the safer the

part becomes; the inclined plane holding the lever
firmly

down

in

its

place.

represents the cartridge.

98
Westle
Central Fire Military
Rifle.

CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE.

r'

Westley Richards has

also in-

vented a most excellent

military breech-loading
rifle,

central-fire

containing

the ignition in the cartridge, which promises to su-

persede
that the

all

other systems.

But notwithstanding

Duke

of Cambridge's prize for breech-

loading arms had been

succession with
rifles

won

for seven years in

of his manufacture, he withat

drew

it

from competition
this

the late

Wimbledon
rifle,

meeting

year,

because Mr. Henry's

which
tition

is

not a military arm, was put in compeit.

with

Compared with the Snider

Enfield,

it

has the

advantage of being considerably

lighter.

The

Snider Enfield and sixty rounds of ammunition

weighing 2^
rifle

Ibs.

heavier than "Westley Richards'

and

its

sixty rounds.
fire it

For rapidity of

cannot be surpassed, as
fired

twenty shots per minute can easily be

it;

with

and

its

accuracy of shooting

is

the same as

that of his

well-known breech-loader, which superrifle

seded the Terry

in the Services,

and has

CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE.

99

Westley

Bicliards' Central Fire Military Kifle.

carried off the

first

breech-loading prize every

year in succession since the

Wimbledon meeting

100

CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE.

to this

was established in 1860, and which up

time has never been beaten.

The

Plate on page 99 illustrates the system

it

and by comparing
it

with the Plate on page 96,

is

will

be seen that the action

'to

in

many

respects
rifle,

similar

Mr. Westley Richards' former

the chief difference being that the sliding plunger

(Plate, ad)
is

perforated, and contains a needle,

or rather striker, bb, that receives the

blow of
c,

the

hammer,

d,

upon a projecting head,

and

which, sliding forward, explodes the cap contained in the

felt

wad

(vide Plate,

page 102),

attached to the cartridge.

These
caps,

felt

wads

are, after the insertion of the

dipped in tallow, and, by a very simple

arrangement, a portion of this valuable lubricating agent

is

driven back by the side of the

striker after each discharge,

coming out through

a hole in the side of the plunger, in regular rotation,

and keeping every part in good working

order.

CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE.

101
back the
lifting

very ingenious lever,

e,

drives

striker

when

the action
all

is

opened, by

up
is

the arm,y, and thus

danger of an explosion
is

removed -when the plunger

There
is

depressed.
action,

no spring in the whole

which is

simple, uncomplicated, and in no

way

liable to

get out of order.

Upwards of 10,000 rounds have been

of one of these
rifles

fired out

without cleaning, scarcely

is
still

ever missing

fire,

and the arm

serviceable

and

fit

for work.
is

Its

accuracy of shooting

7*10 inches at 600

yards,

which

is all

that can be desired.

These cartridges are so simple in their construction that, in case of need, soldiers can easily

make them.

The

Plate on page 102, Fig. 1, shows the cartrifle,

ridge as ready for insertion into the

Fig. 2
is

whilst

a section of the same.

is

Fig. 3, showing the action of the ignition,

twice the size of the Government bore.

G, the

striker or needle, strikes the

head of an

102

Westley Bichards' Cartridge.

CARTRIDGES.
ordinary percussion cap,
iron anvil, a, which
is

103

b,

against the point of an

its

confined in

position
at the

by
ex-

a copper

broad-flanged cap, c c c
is

c,

tremity of which there

an aperture, h

h,

through

which the flame

is

driven which ignites the charge,

Dd

is

a soft thick wad, e e a thin hard one,

which are sown together, and keep the flanged

cap, c c,

and

its

contents in position.
is

The whole arrangement

there
is

very simple, and

scarcely any possibility of a miss-fire.

The " Boxer"

Brothers are

now manufactur-

ing these cartridges under the Patent

of Colonel Boxer, R.A., of
for Snider
rifles

Woolwich Arsenal,

and other systems of breech-loading

fire

taking central

cartridges of '577

and

451 bore, they having been adopted by Govern-

ment

for use

with the converted Snider Breech-

loading Rifle.

The

inventor states that they possess the

:

fol-

lowing advantages

104

CARTRIDGES.

" BOXER"
CARTRIDGE, 577 BOEB.

SECTION OP

"BOXER"
CARTRIDGE, 577 Boms.

1.

The

principle of construction admits of such

a difference between the size of the chamber and

that of the cartridge, that

no rough usage,

to

which the ammunition

facility
2.

is liable,

can interfere with

of loading.
case
is

The withdrawal of the empty

effected

with perfect ease, even under adverse circumstances.

CARTRIDGES.
3. It 4. It

105

cannot possibly swell by damp.

may be crushed

or disfigured to almost

any extent, without danger of breakage or escape

of gas.
5. It is practically
it

waterproof, that

is to

say,

will withstand exposure to

it

damp

for almost

any

period, and

may

be completely immersed in

water for some time without injury.

6. It effects
7.
is

not liable to deterioration from the

of climate in any part of the world.

is

It

sure of ignition.

8. It is not liable to explosion in

bulk; that

is

to say, the ignition of

one or more cartridges

remainder, indeed, a

will not extend to

the

quantity of loose powder

the centre

may be exploded

in

of a barrel of ammunition without

igniting any of the cartridges.

9.

It excels in accuracy of shooting.

10. It is not liable to foul the rifle

even under

the most adverse circumstances.

The

superior qualities of the

Boxer cartridge

have been fully established by the results of a

106
series of

CARTRIDGES.
experiments made by the Government.
trials,

In these

the

accuracy of shooting was

better than that with the muzzle-loading

nition,

ammu-

and only three

miss-fires

occurred out of

the 10,000 rounds fired.

The

fouling from 1000 consecutive rounds did

not appreciably affect the accuracy of shooting

or facility of loading.

After the cartridges had been immersed for

six

days

in

very wet

sawdust

no

miss-fires

occurred, and the loading was performed with the greatest ease in every case.

The

cartridges

were bent, indented, and injured in various ways,

without affecting the ease of loading or accuracy
of shooting
;

they were shaken loose in a soldier's

pouch

for a

month, and came out perfectly

to

ser-

viceable,

and they were subjected

artificially

different

atmospheric conditions

created with-

out sustaining any injury.

As regards

the safety of the Boxer cartridge,

Captain Majendie, in his lecture at the R. U. S.

Institution, stated as follows
:

RIFLING.

107

" I have

several times exploded one cartridge

in a barrel without igniting the remainder.

I
I

have

fired ten at once,

and no more exploded.

have gone further, and placed a barrel of 700

cartridges inside an iron cylinder tightly screwed

down, and have exploded a quarter of a pound

of powder in the midst, and although the screws

were broken and the

lid

blown

off

with violence,
distorted,

and some of the cartridges strangely

not a single cartridge was ignited."

To

obviate

any danger of these cartridges

transit,

exploding accidentally by rough usage in

the anvil and chamber are purposely arranged

so that they can scarcely

be ignited except by a
Cartridges

properly constructed

rifle.

made

to

ignite very easily are extremely dangerous, being

liable to

explode when closing the

rifle,

in addi-

tion to the chance of ignition in transit.

Arms
Eifling.

are

still

in a transition state,

and

it is

yet a matter of doubt as to

is

which system of rifling

the best.

108
Whitw riv

THE WHITWORTH RIFLE.

From
the numerous experiments I

have made and witnessed, I consider

that, for

accuracy of fire , nothing equals that

of
his

Mr
rifle

Joseph "VVhitworth,
with
the

of

Manchester

gated
other

projectile
at

hexagonal " distanced " having

in the course

bore and

elon-

every

long ranges
trials

of expe-

rimental

lately

made

at

the

School of

Musketry
is

at

Hythe ;

besides which the trajectory

lower than any other system.

He

uses a short

barrel,

having an hexagonal bore and a very

;

quick turn

for

whereas the Enfield

ft.

rifle

has

only one turn in 6

6in.,

and therefore only half

is

a turn in the barrel of the Enfield, which

ft.

in.,

he has a 45-inch bore, with one turn in

is

20 inches, which rotation

bullet

sufficient

with a

of the

requisite

specific

gravity.

Mr.

Whitworth has reached such a pitch of accuracy,

that in a shed excluded from the influence of

wind,
rest, at

and

firing

from a beautifully-contrived

500 yards he can put any number of con-

THE WHITWORTH RIFLE.

secutive
balls

109
than
it is

within a space

less
;

that

occupied by a five-shilling piece

that

and

said

he will not be contented until he can throw

of one
rifle

a bullet from the barrel

into the
distance.

barrel of another placed at

500 yards'

His ordinary

rifles

are guaranteed, in the hands

of a good marksman, to
distance within

be true

at

the

same

eight inches.

When

his rifle

was tested

at

Hythe with a Regulation

one
as

Enfield, the

efficiency of the

compared with the other

was

as

twenty to one: Colonel "Wilford saying

that the

Whit worth was

at

better at

800 yards than

the

the Enfield

500.

Beyond 1100 yards

Enfield must cease firing even at large masses,

while Whitworth's can do business at 2000.

deed, rifling seems in
its

In-

infancy, and range must

only cease with the power of the

take an
aim. If

human

eye to
his

Mr. Whitworth

applies

peculiar principle of rifling to a breech-loader, he

will

produce the most finished weapon of the

day.

110

ELLIPTICAL FIRING.

Em

tical

^r
is

L ancas ter's

elliptical

rifling

gives excellent practice, and the bore being smooth,

not liable to harbour rust or

easily cleaned.

wear away, and

is

Mr. Henry, of Edinburgh, has

lately

turned

out most excellent arms of octagonal bore, the

shooting of which can scarcely be surpassed, and
the success they have

won

at the

Wimbledon

meeting has gained him a great name for careful

workmanship.
Holster Pistols evo vers.

For

active service in the field, as

QJ g p ortm g
.

^^ ^
to

purposes, I

much

prefer

double-barrel breech-loading pistols for

the holster
as
it

any revolver yet brought

very

out,

carries a

much
it

larger bullet,

which

will disable
part.

even when

may

not strike a vital

The
pistol

sketch on the opposite page shows a holster

made by Westley Richards, which

is

all

that can be desired.

For campaigning purposes abroad, when with

HOLSTER PISTOL.

Ill

Westiey Bichards' Holster

Pistol.

112

HOLSTER PISTOL.

the regular troops, I should prefer to have

holster pistols, as well as
central-fire system,

my
as

my

service

rifle,

on the

and of the same gauge

rifle

the
as

breech-loading I could then

issued to the

troops,

make use of

the

regulation

cartridges.

For the holster

pistols,

however, some of the

recoil will

powder should be extracted, or the

too great.

be

Mr. Holland, of Bond

attention to holster pistols

Street, has turned his

on

this system,

and the

following sketch shows his last improvements.

Holland's Holster Pistol.

REVOLVING

PISTOLS.

113

For many years

Colt's

revolving

arms

have

been
be

considered to

the most efficient

weapons of
kind
for

their

service

in the field, having

stood

every

test

that practical ex-

perience can
vise.

de-

In the Crithe
late

mean,

Continental,

and

the
wars,

American
they

have

been very generally used,

and have
to

always proved

be

most

reliable

and certain weaColt's

Revolving
1

Pistol.

pons.

For superiority

114

REVOLVING

PISTOLS.

of material and workmanship, safety, simplicity,

durability, accuracy,

and

celerity

of

fire,

great

length of range, force of penetration, they possess

important advantages both for public and private

service.

The

barrel

is

rifle-bored.

The

lever

ramrod renders wadding or patch unnecessary,

and secures the charge against moisture, or be-

coming

loose

by rough handling or hard

at full cock,
is

riding.

The hammer, when

by which
full

forms the sight

to take

aim, and

readily raised to

cock by the thumb, with one hand.

provision
is

A very effectual

made

to

prevent

the accidental discharge of Colt's fire-arms whilst

being carried in the hand, holster, pocket, or

belt.

Between each

pair of nipples (the position

is

of which secures the caps in their places)

small pin or notch, and the point of the
is

hammer

let

down upon
on
is

it

so that if the

hammer be
notch,

lowered
cylinder

the

pin,

or into

the

the

prevented from revolving, and the

not in contact with the percussion

hammer

is

cap, so that, even if the

lently

hammer be

struck

vio-<

by

accident,

it

cannot explode the cap.

REVOLVER WITH CARBINE BREECH. 115

Colt's Revolver,

The Carbine Breech

attached to the 8-inch

with attachable Carbine Breech.

Barrel

Army and Navy

latest

Revolver, Colt's

improvement
Plate)
is

(vide

one by which

the

pistol

may

be

made an
tute

efficient substi-

for

the

carbines
use,

now

in

general

without detracting from

the special and peculiar
qualities of the revolver.

The weapon may be

used with great
facility

and convenience
carbine; and

as

when not

required for such use,

the pistol

may be

re-

moved and placed

in

the holster on the body, the butt or stock being

allowed to swing from

116

COLT'S PISTOLS
or
at

a strap or sling over the back,

the
is

side.

An

obvious advantage of this fitting

in action, if
all

that,

when

the charges of a repeating

arm have been

fired,

the discharged pistol

may

be instantly exchanged for the other of the pair

in the holster.

Directions.
Before loading blow the
Directions for using
Colt's Pistols,
oil

and dust out of the

nipples,

Great care should be taken, when Colt's cartridges are not used, that all the balls are perfect,

and

charges
at once.

may

jar out,

fit the chambers snugly, otherwise the and more than one chamber be discharged

1st.

Draw back

the

hammer to

half-cock,

which

For Loading and Firing.

of powder
3rd.
in,

allows the cylinder to turn in one direction freely,

2nd. Holding the muzzle erect, place a charge ball upon the mouth of the chamber.
until the loaded

and a

Turn the cylinder

chamber

is

under the

rammer, and force the ball with the lever below the mouth of the chamber if the ball fits, the chamber is then hermetically
;

closed and the

powder protected from water, damp, and sparks

of

fire.

4th. Eeverse the

nipples.
5th.
firing.

arm and

place the percussion caps on the

Draw

the

hammer

to full cock, and the

arm

is

ready for

COLT'S PISTOLS.
Set the
leaning.
barrel,

117

hammer

at half-cock, and drive out the

k ey ag far ag

^e

screw will allow, remove the

which may be done by the aid of the lever pressing down the rammer upon the partitions between the chambers of the
cylinder.
oil

Wash

the cylinder and barrel in

oil freely

warm

water, dry and

them thoroughly,

the base-pin on which the cylinder

revolves, then replace the parts.

1st.

Set the
k- e

hammer

at half-cock,

and drive

Lock to
'Pieces,

aud OU

y or wedge which holds the barrel and Clean cylinder to the lock frame, and remove the ou^ *^e
parts.

2nd. Turn out the bottom and

two rear screws which fasten it

to the trigger guard and lock frame, and remove the stock.
3rd.

Loosen the screw that fastens the main spring to the

guard, and turn the spring from under the hammer.

4th.

Turn out the three screws which fasten the guard to the
it.

lock frame, and remove

5th.

Turn out the screw, and remove the double spring which

bears upon the trigger and bolt.

6th.
bolt.

Turn out the

side screws,

and remove the trigger and

7th.

Turn out the hammer screw, and remove the hammer

with the hand attached, by drawing it downward out of the lock frame. Clean and oil all the parts thoroughly, and restore them
to their places in the reverse order of separation.

Besides revolving pistols

both

for

the

belt

and

holster,

which

have been adopted by the

British

and the

United States

War

Depart-

118

COLT

FIRE-ARMS.
ments, carbines
are
also

and

rifles

manufactured
principle
;

upon the same

which, in time of need, I

have

found

to

be

most

efficient

weapons in every

respect.

The

Colt's

Fire

Arms

Company,
are

of 14, Pall Mall,

making

experiments

with a new breech-loading

revolver,

which, from
is

all

accounts,

a most efficient

military weapon, likely to

supersede
in

all

other systems,

which

certain defects are

known
hitherto

to exist, that

have

prevented Euro-

pean

or

American
from

Go-

vernments

adopting

any breech-loading revolver

Bevolver Kifle.

yet introduced.

ADAMS' REVOLVER.
Adams'
Revolver

119

^is

rev

l ver

has of late years been

officers in

very generally adopted by

the

Army and Navy, and

in comparison with the

it is

old muzzle-loading pistol,

a tolerably efficient
as

arm, although far

from being
pistol.

good

as

is

required for a service

It
is

unnecessarily heavy, carries too small a

bullet,

and cannot be depended upon

This
latter

for accuracy
is,

of shooting.

drawback

however,

chiefly occasioned

by extreme carelessness in the

manufacture, the barrels being irregularly bored,

and the locks not properly regulated.

The

patent having expired, these pistols are

got up as cheaply as possible by small Birming-

ham

houses,

who make
to sell.

fire-arms wholesale, not

to shoot,

but

120

CARTRIDGES.

Eevolver Skin Cartridge and Section.

This cartridge (vide Plate, above)

the invention of

Captain Montague

Hayes,

is

the best for both Colt's and

Dean's
to

revolver, as the

arm may be exposed

any

weather without danger of the powder of the

charge getting wet.
I prefer a breech-loading revolver
Bevolver.

on Tranter's system
brought out,
as it is less

to

any other yet

complicated and handier

perfect, as
if
it

to load, although by no

means

might

be made much more serviceable

the barrel
larger.
is

were shorter and the gauge very much

The

bullet carried

by

the present

arm

much

too small to be effective.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR LOADING.

121

Section of "Waterproof Copper Cartridge for Tranter's Revolver.

Raise the
first

hammer till

the trigger

falls
'

into the

P en the shield on the side and pnt a for Loading** cartridge in each hole of the chamber ; close the The cartridges can be withshield, and the loading is complete.
bent
'

drawn

readily with the fingers, if not desired to be kept loaded.

fired,

the empty cases can be reThe pistol can be carried, when loaded, at "half-cock" for safety. The cartridges should be well covered with lubricating composition, before placing them in the chambers. The pistol should be well oiled after use.

After the cartridges have been

moved with the

cleaning-rod.

Remove the stock by taking out the two screws Directions for Taking to which fasten it to the frame aH owing the top Pieces and Take off the main strap to remain in the stock. Putting
Together.
at the

spring by placing the left thumb on the bent part, same time placing a turnscrew under the extremity of the short side, and gently lift it off the hook. Take out the two

screws which hold the guard, and lift out the trigger-spring, which will then be loose. Take out the hammer-pin and the

hammer, observing to press the lifting catch from the hammer Take out the trigger pin, which will release the trigger and works attached to it. Take out the
with a small turnscrew.
detent catch.
rod,

Press

down the
;

lever catch, which will release the

and also the chamber

or the chamber

may be removed

first

122

THE WHISPERER.
lever catch,

by pressing down the

the centre rod.

and at the same time drawing

oil

To put
part.

Put

the revolver together again, clean and well in the centre rod, then pnt in the chamber.

every

Replace

the detent catch, then the hammer, observing that the swivel is properly placed in it. Attach the claws of the main spring to the swivel; press down the main spring into its place on the

hook with the

fingers; affix the

works to the trigger

replace

it,

taking care that the lifting catch is in front of the hammer. Replace the trigger-spring, screw on the guard and the stock.

'

The "Whisperer " a

;

rib-tickler.

"The
Whisperer."

This arm >

wn i c h was

built for

me

Mf

Hollandj of Bond Street>

is

after

my own

design,

rifle

mounted on

wheels, so as to be easily drawn by one

man

BREECH-LOADING GUNS.
over

123

any kind of country with

ammunition.

my wigwam
it

and
packs
a

Taken
This
called

to

pieces,

all

on

one

mule.

"
it,

rib- tickler,"

as

Yankee sportsman

was

built

for

me

about three years ago for service in Central

Africa,

and

it

is

a most formidable
It

arm

either

against rnan or beast.

burns twelve drachms

of powder, and throws a cylindro-conical bullet

weighing half-a-pound, or a
Breech-loading
oneor

shell.

two-pounder

guns,
ser-

mounted on such
viceable
structed

carriages,

would be very
field,

on service in the

as those

con-

by Mr. Whitworth, of Manchester, make

shot and
shell at

excellent practice with

2000

yards

and with a dozen of such

to

pieces, I

would

undertake
Theodore.

silence all the artillery of

King

They

are superior to rockets, which

t(

I class in the

same category with

for

dollar" trade
as

guns

made

the

African
fires

market

dan-

gerous to the

man who

them
is

as to the party

who

is

shot

at.

Their course

so erratic,

and

124

BREECH-LOADING GUNS.

their practice so uncertain, that, although they

may
skins

frighten

savages, they rarely leave

;

on the grass

in fact, their bark

is

many much

worse than their

bite.

CHAPTER

V.

ARMAMENT.
PART
Arms made
III.

ON THE

SELECTION OP ARMS.
Inferior

to Sell

and not to Shoot

Arms False

Policy

On the Selection of Arms First-class Arms the Cheapest in the End Locks The Testing of Guns and Eifles The
Proper Bend and Length of Stock
Confidence inspired by

Good Arms.

" CAUTION."

For the present day, the market

is

Arms made to

delu g e <l with arms that are

made

to sell,

and not

to shoot

and the
not to

public should be on their guard, so

as

allow themselves
imitations
;

to

be taken in by spurious
are

for there

unscrupulous vendors
first-

who do
class

not hesitate to engrave the names of

inferior

gunmakers upon guns of

and
sell

workman" bar-

ship,

them

to the uninitiated as

126
gains."

INFERIOR GUNS.

Young
own

sportsmen, in selecting a gun,

should always go to a maker of note, who, for the

sake of his
allow an
credit
is

and reputation, would not

arm

that

unsound, or of inferior work-

manship, to leave his establishment bearing his

name, which, in
graved

Jirst-class

v^ork, is

always en-

m full,

with address.

He may

have

to

pay a long figure

in comparison with the cost of

the inferior article, and, perhaps, something for

" the name " but he ;

is

sure of a good weapon,

which

will

prove far better worth the money in

the long run, and need not be apprehensive of

accidents from defective
material.
Inferior

workmanship or unsound

Inferior guns,

" made

to sell," are
at first

now-a-days got up so well, that

sight they resemble
first-class

A1
;

guns of best material and

but the practical sports-

workmanship

man, on taking them

counterfeit.

in hand, soon discovers the

is

There

no music in the locks ; the

strength of the mainsprings, as well as the pull of

the triggers,

is

unequal ; the barrels are imperfectly

CHEAP GUNS.

127

bored, or rough and unpolished in the interior,

and perhaps the gauge shows that they are not of

exactly the same calibre.

Again, the lock-plate

fitted

and mountings are not

and

let

in

with

that peculiar nicety that distinguishes

first class

London work
coat of

and the

stock, in spite of a thick

French polish and varnish, betrays green-

ness, being

made

of unseasoned wood.
inferior

have
shot

seen some of these

guns throw

pretty fairly to begin with, but, after a short time,

they invariably

fall off

both in strength and regu-

larity of shooting,

become shaky, and even dan-

gerous

for the locks (being

made of

soft metal,

instead of the best tempered steel) begin to wear,

and are no longer

It
False Policy.

to
is

be depended upon.
mistaken
to

policy

and

false

economy

purchase any other than

a first-class gun, which, with ordinary care, will

last

longer than half-a-dozen cheap ones of in-

ferior

workmanship, and give

infinitely

more

satisfaction, to say

nothing of the great additional

security against accidents.

128

CHOICE OF A GUN.
following precautionary suggestions re-

The

lative to the choice

and purchase of a gun, and

its

the best

mode

of trying

powers,

may be

of

service to the tyro.

If price be no object, the novice

On

the

Selection of Fire-arms.

cannot do wrong by going

to

any
gun-

one

of

the

half-dozen

crack

makers, Purday, Westley Richards, Lancaster,

Lang, or Boss, who will not compromise their

world-wide
bearing
reputations

by

letting

a bad
shops.

gun

their

name

leave

their

By

naming

these

firms as first-rate artists in gunto infer that other

making, I by no means mean

manufacturers are not practically as good, or as

much

to

be depended upon,
as

makers who turn out

know country highly finished work as

as I

can be purchased in London.

My

object

is to

disprove a doctrine often promulgated by the

ignorant, or interested parties attempting to im-

pose upon the credulity of the public, by the

unsound doctrine, "

that cheaply

made guns
and
last

are
as

intrinsically as good, shoot as well,

CHOICE OF A GUN.
long as the highly-finished arms that

129

command

high price."

It is

an egregious mistake.

Cheaply

got-up and roughly finished guns

disappoint the purchaser, even
arises;
if

will invariably

no worse

result

and well-made, highly -finished guns always

prove the cheapest in the end.

If

money

is

an object, and the purchaser does

not care to go to a long price, rather than allow

himself to be deluded into buying an inferior
article, let

him go

to

one of the large London

gun

repositories such as Whistler's, in the Strand,

where he can have the choice of several hundred

second-hand guns and
rifles

by the

best makers.

Here anyone who

is

a judge of fire-arms can

pick out as good and serviceable a

gun

as

can

be turned out, at about one-half

its

original cost.
to part

Although sportsmen rarely care

really
like to

with

good arms, some people are whimsical, and

change their guns
as

they do their coats

is,

the consequence of which fancy

finished guns that

that highly-

have hardly seen service are

often in the market.

130

FIRST-CLASS GUNS CHEAPEST.

First-class

A
well

first-rate

gun, made of the best

its

Ci^pesTin

materials, with all

fitted

component parts
an
a

and

finished, will last

ordinarily careful sportsman his lifetime.

As

proof of this fact I

14-bore double gun,

may mention

that I

bought a

from his agent, the

made by Westley Richards, Bishop of Bond Street, in

1843, with which I have shot so

pair of barrels

much

that

two

were completely worn out, yet

as

the locks and stock are as good

when
a

first

turned

out

of

hand:

have

also

Man ton
to

and a pair of Moore's that are known

be

over thirty years old, yet are as serviceable as

ever.

Old and well-seasoned walnut (the best wood

for gun-stocks), never shrinks or gives

way, the

locks
after

and barrels

fitting

as

closely

and well
first

twenty years' wear as they did in the

instance.

Brazier's
Locks.

locks

(which have been

celebrated since the days of

Manton)

are so admirably made, the springs so carefully

HOW

TO SELECT A GUN.

131

adjusted, and the steel so thoroughly tempered,

that the friction after

many

years' use

is

scarcely

productive

of any

appreciable

or

perceptible

wear; so that they will generally survive two

pairs

of barrels, for barrels

even of the best

thin after

quality will give

way and wear

much

continuous shooting.

Let us suppose the purchaser, havSelectionof

ing selected

a Gun.

half-a-dozen guns

that

appear to suit him as regards price,

finish,
etc.,

length and bend of stock, bore, weight,

proceeds

to

the

shooting ground, to test

I

their

capabilities

of shooting, a proceeding

should

always recommend (and which no re-

spectable

gunmaker
is

will

object to), before

the

purchase

concluded.

When
before

ordering a

new gun

or

rifle, I
is

generally

try the shooting whilst the

it

gun

in the gray,

is

engraved and finished or the barrels

browned,

as

when

in this state the shooting can

less

be altered with much

finished.

expense than when

132
TheTestin

TESTING.

Nothing can be
the

easier than to test

powers of a gun,

which

is

the
to

affair

of a few minutes.
viz.:

Three things have

be considered,
the penetration;

the correctness

of shooting ;
of

and

the regular distribution

the charge.

The
tained

correctness

of shooting

is

easily

ascer-

by

firing at a small

mark on

the bull's

eye of a target, and observing whether the barrels are

so put together as to deliver the

fairly

body
at.

of the charge

upon

the point aimed

If barrels are carelessly bored they often

to the right or the left,

throw

high or low.

Guns

also

vary in throwing the charge, as more

is

or less elevation
barrels.
to

given to the muzzle of the

In

my

opinion the elevated rib ought

be so regulated as to make the point-blank

range forty or forty-five yards, as the generality

of sportsmen often er shoot under than over their

game.

The
gun
is

best

mode
firing

of testing the penetration of a

at fifty sheets of

by

brown paper,

TESTING.

133

folded closely together, and fastened tiglitly on

an iron

target.

hard-hitting

gun

will drive

No. 5

shot

through forty sheets of ordinary

paper
at

brown

cartridge

forty

yards,

thirty
at sixty at

sheets at fifty yards,

and twenty sheets

yards.

have broken ordinary beer

bottles

the latter distance with a favourite Joe Manton,

but

it

was a gun among a thousand.

tested the penetration, the next thing

Having
is

to ascertain if the

gun

distributes the charge

regularly,

and

this

a few shots at a large whitewill

washed iron target

soon determine.

The

shots ought to strike very close

and regular in

the middle, gradually spreading as they diverge

from the centre.

When
formed

no paper

is

at

hand, some idea

may be
gun

as to the

penetrating powers of the

by

observing the state of the shot that has re-

coiled

from the

target.

It is flattened in

pro-

portion to the force with which

the

gun

shoots.
distri-

The

elevation

and regularity of the

is

bution of the charge

also

shown by

firing at

134
water on a

POINTS OF A GOOD GUN.

still

day,

when

the surface

is

smooth

and unruffled.
It is not sufficient that a

gun
it

is

well
suit

The Bend and

Length of
Stock.

finished

and hard hitting

must

the sportsman in the length and bend

of the stock, so that
it

comes up at once well to

the shoulder, and strikes the object aimed at with the

first

motion.

This enables the hand and eye

to act simultaneously, the great

desideratum ne-

cessary for

good and quick shooting.

No

one

can shoot brilliantly with a gun that does not

come up

well.

gun should be

built according
;

to the length of
for, in

arm and neck of the sportsman

many

cases

men

can no more use the same

other's coats.

gun than they can wear each

Good Arms

A well-finished good gun

/. .

gives con-

STinfSfor
Ones Disgust.

fidence to the sportsman, whereas an

,

interior

one destroys

it,

.,.,,. besides
is

being

productive of bad shooting.

There

no reason
tole-

why anyone

should not shoot well

who has
life,

rable eyesight,

and begins early in

but there

are certain requisites a

gun must have,

or the best

CHOICE OF A GUN.
performer will make but a sorry bag.

135
Let
trie

sportsman exercise his best judgment in choosing

his gun,
inferior

and remember that the purchase of an

article
is

not only false economy, but

great imprudence, if he sets any value on his

personal safety.

CHAPTER

VI.

PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE USE OF THE RIFLE.

The Theory of
Sights
tions for
Eifle Practice

The

Eifle,

the Bullet, the Line of

Fire, the Trajectory, Point

Blank Eange

The Line of Sight

Aiming Drill Position Drill Two Steady PosiLong Eange Practice Blank Cartridge Firing

Judging Distance Drill Target Practice Hints upon Loading Allowances to be made for the Wind, the State of the
:

Atmosphere, and the Position of the Sun observed when Firing at Moving Objects.

Eules to be

THE

following hints on rifle-shooting

may prove

useful to those

who have

not had the benefit of

an

efficient instructor.

Riflemen are not made in a day, but

it

is

an

established fact that anyone gifted with perfect

vision can, with instruction

and practice, become

RIFLING.
an
efficient

137
none should be

marksman ;

therefore,

discouraged or despair, as perseverance must lead

to

ultimate success.

Commencing with the

which must be

theory of

rifle

practice,

fully understood before the rifleall

man

can hope to be an expert shot at

ranges,

I shall afterwards enter

upon the practical part

of his initiation.

The
The
Eifling.

first

point for consideration

rifle,

is

the barrel of the

which

(in the

Enfield pattern),

it

may be

observed, has three

spiral grooves cut in the interior, or bore, at

an

equal distance from each other, of even depth,

and making half a turn in the length of the

barrel,

which

is

3 feet 3 inches.

These grooves,

otherwise termed the rifling, give the bullet (an

elongated
cylindro-conical
projectile)

spiral

motion, sometimes called the spin or twist, as

it

flies
its

through the

air

point foremost, rotatory

on

own

axis.

This very

much

increases the
it

accuracy of the flight of the bullet, as

serves

138
to

WINDAGE.
it

keep

in
it

its

true course, and prevents any

to deviate

inclination

may have

from

it,

owing

to irregularity in

shape or weight.
the bore
of

The diameter of
Windage.

an

Enfield
bullet
is

rifle

is

*577, but that of the

rather less, in order to facilitate the

loading.

This difference in

size

i.e.,

the differ-

ence between the circumference of the bullet and

the bore
leaves a space

between the bullet and

the bore, termed the windage, which was the

principal

cause of the inefficiency of

Bess," for two reasons
the
first,

the

old

" Brown

because

a great part of the explosive force, or gas generated

it

by the

ignition of the powder,

was

lost, as

escaped by the space between the bullet and

;

the side of the bore

and, secondly, because this

irregular escape caused the ball to

side
to

rebound from

side

in the

barrel,

instead of passing

evenly through the bore, and the consequence of

this

was that
its flight.

it

took an erratic impetus through-

out

ENFIELD CARTRIDGE.

139
bullet
is,

The
The
Bullet.

Enfield

however, so constructed
to

as

do away

with

these

objections.
is

Although the circumference

less

much

than that of the bore, so as to

enter the barrel easily in loading, all

windage

is

effectually prevented, as in
is

the base of the projectile

into

a hollow,

which
or

is

fitted

a small

wooden
which,

cup,

plug

(vide Plate),

by the

force of the explosion of the

charge, acts like a wedge,*

and expart

pands

and enlarges the lower

it fit

of the bullet, making

J ' v THE ENFIELD tisrhtly,

the barrel

SECTION OF

and take

the rifling, so that *

it is

CARTEIDGE.
j

j tg

passa g e through the barrel

constrained to turn with the grooves, and thus

receives the
axis,
-

spinning movement on

its

longer
flight,

which not only insures accuracy of

* This theory, although adopted by the School of Musketry

at Hythe,
is

contradicted by several competent authorities

and

I believe there is reason to doubt its accuracy.

140

BARREL
its

AXIS.
point forward.

but also always keeps

By

the

bullet being thus expanded,

and so much en-

larged as to

fit

the barrel and grooves tightly,

none of the explosive power of the gas engendered by the ignition of the charge
escape,
is

allowed to
force
acts

but
the

the

whole

propelling

upon

projectile.

There

is

also

much

better chance of the

whole of the powder being

burnt.

The
The
Barrel.

barrel

is

a tube of iron, of

which the
bore, are parallel,

sides

of the interior, or

but those of the exterior con-

verge,

it

being necessary that the metal of the

breech-end should be very

the
as
it

much
it

thicker than at

muzzle, towards which

gradually tapers,

has to stand the force of the explosion of

the charge.

In consequence of this contraction,

itself

every barrel has in

elevation

a certain degree of

but of

this

more anon.
is

The
The
Axis.

axis of the barrel

an imagi-

nary line drawn through the centre of

the bore, and parallel to the interior sides.

LINE OF FIRE.

141
the continuation
line,

The Line of

The
of

line

of fire J J
in a

is

the

axis

straight

and

marks the direction the bullet would take on

leaving the barrel, propelled by the explosion of
the charge, were
it

not that

it is

also acted
it

upon

by

the power of gravity, which attracts

towards
its

the earth, and the resistance the air offers to

passage, which
its flight.

is

always in direct opposition to

TheTra'ec

*^ ne

^ ra j ecfor

tne actual course

of the bullet, which dalways escribes

a curve

a fact easily accounted for, as, from the

it

moment

leaves the muzzle, the force of the

gunpowder
it

drives

it

forward, and gravity draws

downward,

so that

by yielding

to

both forces
at the

i.e.,

by moving onwards and downwards

it

same time

must

travel in a curve diverging

line of fire, until at

more and more below the

last,
falls

the

propelling power being

expended,

it

to the earth.
is

Hence
directed

it

follows, that if the

bull's-eye of

axis of a barrel

upon the

a target, at 100 yards distance, the bullet will

142

POINT-BLANK RANGE.
below; the power
deviate

strike about 1 foot 5 inches

of

gravity having

made
it

it

from

the

line of fire,

and drawn

towards the earth,

1 foot

and 5 inches, in a
if

flight of

100 yards.

Therefore,
it is

the barrel were as thick at the muzzle as

it

at

the breech,

would be necessary

to

aim

1 foot
it
;

5 inches above the mark in order to hit

this is not the case, for, as I

but

have before observed,

a
certain

every barrel has in

elevation,

itself

degree of

on account of the increased thick-

ness of metal at the breech end.

rifle-barrel has

The Enfield
75

elevation in itself for about

yards.

'

blank

^ ne Pi nt -blank range is the extreme

point at which the trajectory intersects
fire,

the line of

or the greatest distance to

which

rifle

will

throw a ball in a direct course

parallel

to the line of sight.

If an Enficld

rifle

be held with the axis of the

barrel parallel to the

ground
the

at

the height of

feet

6 inches above

it,

first

graze

when

the

bullet strikes will be

about 200 paces distant,

LINE OF SIGHT.
the ball having

143

dropped

4%
as

feet in that distance.

is

The point-blank range

80 paces
is
;

of an Enfield

about

but they vary,

more

or less elevation

given to the muzzle of the

rifle,

or according

to the strength of the propelling

power.
or

The
Line of Sight.

line

of

sight,

aim,

is

an

imaginary straight line taken from the

pupil of the eye through the centre of the backsight,

along the top of the fore-sight, to the

object intended to be hit.

The

back-sight

is

so
for

arranged as to give
different distances.

the

proper elevation
is

The

further the object

to
;

be aimed

at,

the greater the elevation required

and

this is

given by raising the sliding bar of

is

the back-sight, which

marked with

lines

up

to

900 yards.

Accuracy of shooting
Sights.

is

greatly de-

pendent upon the sights being carefully adjusted,

and

fitted exactly

parallel to the
is

axis of the barrel.

If the back-sight

too

much much

inclined to the right, or the front-sight too

to the left, the rifle will shoot to the right of the

144
mark aimed
sight
is

DRILL.
at

in the

same manner,
to

if

the back-

placed too

much

the

left,

or the forewill carry to

sight too

much

to the right, the

gun

the left

and the greater the distance the greater

he the deviation.

in proportion will

Every

rifle,

therefore, ought to be carefully sighted

and shot

before

it

is

placed in a novice's hands, as non-

success in practice on account of an ill-sighted

weapon would not be

to discourage him.

his fault,

and might serve

TheEoutine
to

mechanical

routine

necessary

be gone through before the tyro

efficient

can become an

marksman,

consists

of

aiming

drill,

position drill, judging distance drill,

and. practice injlring.

AIMING
Aiming
Drill.

DRILL
the

is

necessary

to

familiarise

uninitiated

with the

use of the sights, teaching

rifle,

him how
mark.

to align his

or

aim correctly

at a

The

practice

of this drill exercises the eye, strengthening and

developing the sight in the same manner that

continued exertion increases the power of the

DRILL.
limbs.

145

The

following standard rules should be

:

carefully observed
I.

The

rifle

should always be held with the

it is

sights perfectly upright, as

only in this posiline

tion that the line

of

sight, the

of Jire, and
If the
is

trajectory, are in the

same

vertical plane.

butt of the

rifle

is

not held vertically, but

"canted"

either to the right or the left, so that

the perpendicular

of the back-sight with the axis

of the barrel

is

not preserved, the ball will strike

sight inclines to the left,

to the right if the

and

vice versd ; and, in firing at long ranges, a slight deviation in this respect will cause a

very

wide

deflection.
II.

The aim

or

line

of sight

should

be

taken along the centre of the notch of the backsight

and the top of the

fore-sight,

which should
at.

cover the centre of the object aimed

III.

the

The eye should be fixed steadfastly on mark aimed at, and not on the barrel or forewhich
latter will

sight,

be easily brought into the

fixed as directed.

alignment,

if

the eye

is

146
IV.

DRILL.
In aiming, the
drill is
left

eye should be closed.

Aiming

" travergenerally taught with a

is

sing rest," or, if that

not at hand,

a tripod

with

sand-bag on the top, standing about

4 feet 8 inches from the ground (or the average

height of a man's shoulder) will answer every

purpose
rifle

and the novice

is

required to align his

at

with the proper elevation upon objects

distances varying from 50 to

900 yards.
he
steps

Each
aside, his

time he has
in

aligned
the

his

rifle

order

that

instructor

may

take

place and see if the aim be correct.

tice

This prac-

should be continued until the novice has no

difficulty in aligning his rifle

all

on the bull's eye

at

distances.

Up

to

300 yards, the

bull's eye is

8 inches in diameter, and above that distance

feet.

POSITION DRILL
Position Drill.

is

absolutely neat

cessary

to

insure good practice

long ranges.
rect positions,
all

It habituates the

novice to cor-

and enables him

It gives

to fire steadily in

situations.

him a

perfect

command

DRILL.

147

over his weapon, and enables the eye and hand

to act together,
rifle at

so that the left

hand

raises the

once to bear upon the object, for the eye

to take

aim

and

at the

same moment the

fore-

finger of the right

hand

acts

upon the

trigger.

To

establish the

natural connection between

is

the eye and the hand, constant practice

reto

quired

and the novice should be accustomed

rifle

handle his

both with
all

and without

the bayonet,

being put through

ing

the motions of firing stand-

and

kneeling, with the

same precision

as if

actually practising with ball cartridge.

At

the School of Musketry at Hythe, recruits

are taught to fire standing at all distances

up

to

300 yards, and kneeling

at

every longer range.

for taking a steady
:

There are two positions

without
artificial

aim

appliance
first is

Kn

,.

The

by kneeling on the right on the right

heel, the

knee and
rifle

sitting

being firmly grasped and steadied by the

left

hand, the

left

elbow resting on the

left

knee

so as to

form a support.

148

DRILL.

The second
Sitting

is

by

sitting

on the
planted

ground with both

flat,

feet fairly

and the knees raised

so as almost to
rests

form a
left

right- angle.

The
is

left

elbow

on the

knee, which
object aimed

pointed in the direction of the

at,

and the right elbow

rests

on the

right knee,

which is extended

to the right.
is

The

latter, in

my

opinion,

the firmest posi-

tion the

marksman can adopt

little

in shooting at long
it

ranges, and after a

practice

becomes a

very comfortable one.

In
Lying down.

practising

at

long

ranges,
nre,

or the

when

exposed

to

heavy

marksman can make very good shooting by lying

down
with

his full length

his

upon

his belly,

and

firing

head slightly

raised,

and with

his

two

elbows resting steadily on the ground.

^napping

Should the novice meet with any

difficulty in

aiming correctly, the into

spector should cause

him

snap caps at a lighted

if

candle placed about a yard distant, when,

the

aim

is

properly directed,

the

candle

will

be

DRILL.

149
attentively

extinguished.

The novice should be

watched during
to

this practice, until all

is

tendency

wink

or flinch

overcome, and his countenance

to the report.

shows that he has become indifferent

This
practice
is

most excellent for forming

saving ammunition,
it

" Marksmen"

for, besides

may be

continually resorted to, even in a room,

the bulls'-eye being a small black wafer on the

wall at one end, and the stand taken at the other.

By

snapping caps only, the young beginner

is

enabled to see whether the muzzle of the barrel

wavers when he presses the trigger, which he

cannot properly ascertain

when

firing

ball,

on

account of the smoke of the discharge.

constant handling of the
rifle in

The

a proper manner,

by aiming

at various objects at different distances,

enables the " finger to

work

in unison with the

eye,"
before,

and

gives

great

steadiness

of

position

during, and
is all

after

pressing the trigger,

which

that

is

required in making good ballof which the

distance
is

practice at a

target

known.

150

BLANK CARTRIDGE.
Before the novice
is

allowed to

fire

Blank
Cartridge.

^^ ^^^ ^e gh^d
of

practise a certain

routine

blank-cartridge firing, in

order to

further the same object for which he was exercised in snapping caps, as well as to accustom
to

him

" the " recoil

" or kick," which

is

a backward

motion caused by the force of the explosion of

the powder acting against the breech of the barrel
at the

same time

as against the bullet.

The force of
upon
the

the

recoil

depends
the
the

charge

of

powder,
rifle,

weight of the bullet, the weight of the

windage, the
rifling

of the barrel, the boring of

the barrel (whether purely cylindrical or otherwise), the

amount of

friction,

and the foulness,

which much increases the

the air to the bullet passing
instructor should impress

resistance offered

by

up

the barrel.

The

upon the novice the

necessity of pressing the heel of the butt well

and firmly

into the hollow of the shoulder, as the

to his rifle,

more confidently a man " stands up"

the less likelihood there
is

of

random

shooting.

JUDGING DISTANCE.
The
position of the body, arms,

151
and hands,

and the manner of pressing the

the position of the head

trigger, as also

when taking
this

aim, are to

be duly watched both in

exercise, in order to
errors

and the former

discover and correct those

to

which are

fatal

good shooting, and

which cannot be
firing ball.
Judging Dis-

so successfully corrected

when

One

of the greatest essentials in a

is

well-trained mai'ksman

the capability

to estimate distances correctly, as

good shooting
is

cannot be

made

unless the distance

previously

ascertained and the proper elevation given to the

back-sight.
practice
is

At long ranges

it

requires
;

great

to

judge distance accurately

but there
it

always a

ready method of ascertaining

firing,

prac-

tically,

by

and watching

whether

the

bullet

strikes

the
at.

ground over or under

If over, he
;

the

object

aimed

will
if

lower the

sliding bar of the back-sight

raise
it.

under, he will
is

Practice over all kinds of ground

the

best

means of teaching a novice how

to

152

RULE.

judge distance correctly by the eye, and anyone

possessing good vision

may

train himself

most

effectually in this art for all practical purposes.

This, however, can only be accomplished

tinual practice

by con-

and careful observation.

at a target

When

engaged in ball-practice

placed at

known

distances, the tyro should carefully notice

the apparent height of the markers at each range,

remembering that in

fine

clear

weather objects

standing in a strong light will appear

much nearer

than they really are, and vice versa in cloudy and

damp
Eule.

weather.

At 50

yards, the features of a

clearly
identified,

man
his

may be

and

complexion, arms, accoutrements, and dress distinctly perceived, the buttons

and the badge on

his

forage-cap being

distinguishable.

At 100

yards, the features

become

indistinct, the buttons

appear in a

line,

and the badge can be only

faintly discerned.

At 200

yards, the face ap-

pears like a whitish ball under the line of the

cap,

and the buttons and badge become

invisible.

TARGET PRACTICE.
These distances should constitute the
tice
;

153
first

prac-

the second would embrace distances from

to

200

400 yards;

and the

third,

from 400 to

1000 yards or more.

are visible,

At 500

yards no features
like a ball

and the head looks

upon

the shoulders, the neck being hardly visible.

The

instructor will desire the novice to

mark

the size of the

men

at

each distance, and point out

any difference he may discern in their appearance.

He

will also desire

him

to take notice of

the position

of the sun, the

state of the

character

of the
at the

background, and
time, in

atmosphere

order that he

may be accustomed
under

to

their altered appearance

stances.

different circum-

After some days' exercise in Judging Distance

Drill, the proficiency of the novice

may be

tested

by

his being practised

to

judge the distance of

ranges.

objects placed at
Tar
t

unknown

The novice having been thoroughly

.

Practice.

instructed

in

"

'

,,

,c

aiming,
drill,

"position,

and "judging distance"

can commence

154

TAKING AIM.
when
his efficiency
will

"target practice"
tested.

be

The
novice
:

following hints

may prove

useful to the

At

the

moment

of pressing the trigger, the act

of respiration

should be suspended, to ensure

greater steadiness of aim.

When
in

once the aim

is

clearly taken, all delay

is

pressing the trigger

;

prejudicial to

shooting

as, if

the

rifle is

held at

good " " the present

" too long, a " wavering of the muzzle takes place,

and an uncertain shot

Taking Aim.

is

the consequence.
at a target, fix the

In taking aim
steadfastly

eye

on the
left

bull's eye, grasping

he ii&e firmly with the

(according to
its

hand " well forward "

balance), the butt being pressed

;

home

into the hollow of the shoulder

the right

hand, with the exception of the forefinger, lightly

clasping the small of the stock behind the trigger-

guard, so as to steady and preserve the butt in a

vertical position
;

then, holding the breath, place

it

the

fore finger well round the trigger, feeling

HAND AND
lightly,

EYE.

155
gradually

and

raise

the

muzzle
is

and

steadily until the fore-sight

seen through the

centre of the notch of the back-sight covering the centre of the bull's-eye,

when

the motion should

be arrested, and the trigger simultaneously pressed

without the slightest jerk, the eye being rigidly
fixed on the object

aimed

at,

and the whole of the

body immobile.

The
On
the

Hand
is

great

" knack " in

rifle-practice
to

and Eye working together.

to

accustom the hand and eye

together,, so that

work

the trigger be
object

pressed simultaneously with the

being

"

covered," as

it

is

almost an impossibility to

retain an aim.

Care should be taken that the aim

is

not

lost in

pressing the trigger, which, if the lock

is

well

" made, should not pull too strongly."

After the trigger
to
is

pressed

keeping the

rifle

the shoulder

a perfect immobility of

body

should be retained, and the eye kept steadfastly

upon the
noted.

object

aimed

at,

and the deflection

156

POSITION OF THE HEAD.

rifle at

In aligning a

a mark, the position of the

head with reference

to the

to the butt will vary according

range and the elevation required.

is

At short
and the
cheek

distances, the shoulder

little

raised

head bent forward (not

sideways), the

resting against the small part of the butt, so that

the object aimed at

is

seen through the notch in

the back-sight.

At

longer ranges, the head must

at

be raised, and the shoulder lowered; and

furthest distances, if the stock of the

the
too

rifle is

much

bent, the heel of the butt

may

rest against

the breast or side instead of the shoulder.

As
it

heavy

firing in this position is inconvenient,

is

perhaps better in
sary elevation

this case to allow for the neces-

\>y firing

high, or aiming above the

is

object intended to be hit, as the recoil

often felt

severely

when

the heel

of the butt only rests

against the shoulder.

Carelesa

Careless loading

is

conducive to

ir-

regular firing.

The exact charge

of

powder

that the rifle will

burn should be coradhered

to, for

rectly ascertained

and

strictly

CARELESS LOADING.
little

157

more

or a little less will cause a great vertical

deviation in the flight of the bullet.

Care should

be taken

to

keep the barrel upright when pouring

in the charge, so that the grains of

powder may

not adhere to the sides of the barrel, which would

foul

and impede the passage of the

bullet should not
fit

bullet.

The

too loosely nor yet be

to force

so large as to require
it

hammering, in order

down,
"

as in the

former case

it is liable

" to

strip

for pass out of the barrel without taking

the rifling, and gaining the spiral motion), and in

the latter
it

will

have ragged edges, which will

its

cause
flight

it

to

diverge from
air.

true direction in

its

through the

In pressing down the

bullet,
it

although great
properly home,

care should be taken to drive

much

force should not be employed, as,

by ram-

ming and jamming with the ramrod, the shape of

the
bullet
is

'altered

and

spoiled,

which much
is

affects its true flight,

and the powder

" mealed"

and

"caked," by which the strength of the

charge in

much

diminished, as a certain amount

158
of
air
is

ALLOWANCE FOR WIND.

necessary
to

ensure

thorough

com-

bustion.

The base of

the bullet should rest evenly

its

upon

the powder, and

the barrel.

axis

be in

line

with that of

For
there
is

fine

shooting, care should be taken that

bullet, for if

no hidden defect in the

any

part be hollow or imperfect, the centre of gravity

will not be in the line of the axis,

and conseflight.

quently there will be a deviation in

I shall

its

now

notice the causes of irregular firing

over which the rifleman can have no control, but

which may,
injurious to

to a certain extent,

be rendered

less

" the score "

if

the following obser:

vations are carefully attended to

Allowance for

First > the

wind

affects the

ht of

the bullet to a considerable extent in

firing at

long distances, diverting

it

from
its
it.

its

true

course, and accelerating or retarding

progress

according as it
the

blows with or against

When
opposite

wind blows from a quarter exactly

it

to the direction of the bullet,

experiences a

ALLOWANCE FOR WIND.

greater resistance in
its

159
accordingly

flight, a.ud

more

elevation should be given.

Should the wind

to the target the

blow exactly from the shooter

resistance will be less than ordinary,

and conseis

quently

less elevation

than ordinary

required.
to

Allowances should
strength of
the

be made according
air.

the

current of

If

the wind

blows from the right, aim to the right, as the

deflection will be to the left,

and

vice vers

if

from the

left.

If the course of the wind forms an angle to

the direction of the bullet, aim must be taken,

and allowances made accordingly.

Thus,

if

the

wind blows from the

right

and contrary, the

:

deviation will be to the left and low

therefore,

in order to strike the bull's-eye, aim should be

taken
high
the

to the right
if

and high; and

is

to

the left and

the current of air

contrary,

and from

left.

If the

wind blows from the

at the

right

and

rear,

on aiming direct

bull's-eye, the deflection

left

of the bullet will be to the

and high

there-

160

STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

a case, aim should be taken to the
;

fore, in such,

right

and low

or to the left

and low,

if

the cur-

rent of air comes from the left and rear.

Correct judgment in making the proper allowances for the effect of various winds
flight of

upon the

the projectile can only be gained

by

practice in all kinds of weather, but the above

hints

may

assist

the novice.
sta ^ e

State of the Atmosphere.

^ ne

^ e atmosphere consi-

In damp weather, when the atmosphere

its

is

dense,
is

resistance

to

the

flight

of

the

bullet

increased,

and

consequently

greater

elevation

should be given.

In fine clear weather, on the

is

contrary, the resistance

rises,

less,
is

and the bullet

required.

therefore less elevation

Hurange
has a

midity in the atmosphere also

affects the
it

of the bullet in a different manner, as

certain

influence
in

on

ignition
is

of gunpowder,
;

which

damp weather

not so rapid as in fine

therefore,

on such days larger charges should be

used than on hot summer days.

POSITION OF THE SUN.

p
. .

161
some,

The

position

of

the sun is

times liable
aim, as if
it

to influence
it

the correct
lightens

shines from the right

up

the right side of the front-sight, and the left side of the notch of the back-sight, throwing the left

of the front-sight and the right of the back-sight

into the shade
;

therefore, if the firer

is

not careis

" " line of ful in aiming properly, the sight

liable to

pass from the left of the centre of the

notch of the back-sight and the right of the frontsight, the effect of

which would be that the

and vice versa
if

bullet

would

strike to the left,

the sun

shines from the left.

Sun-shades are sometimes

used

to obviate this difficulty.

Allowance

must be obvious

to all, that the

m8
ObjectJ.

a certain flight of the bullet occupies

time, and in firing at moving objects a certain

allowance should be

made

accordingly, and great

judgment
at
if

is

required in this point

when

firing

long ranges.
a deer
is

For instance,

in deer-stalking,
to the

running transversely either

right or

left,

a sportsman aiming directly at the

162

ALLOWANCE FOR MOVING

OBJECTS.

shoulder would

most likely either strike the

as, in

hind- quarter or miss by shooting behind,

the time between the discharge of his

rifle

and

the impact or striking of the bullet, the quarry

would have moved forward a

certain distance.

The
no

following hints on this point

may

aid the

A ce:

In

firing at

anything moving,

it is

advisable to
it

cover the object and allow the muzzle to follow

for

some distance before pulling the

trigger, in

order to ascertain the velocity of the motion, and

the allowance required to be made.

If the object

is

approaching the person

firing,

the muzzle of the barrel should be gradually

lowered, the finger feeling the trigger
time, and aim should be taken low.
all

the

If the object be retiring, the muzzle of the

rifle

should be raised (more or

less

according to the

distance and the velocity of motion of the object),

and aim taken

high.
is

If the object

moving

across, either to the

ALLOWANCE FOR MOVING

OBJECTS. 163

right or left, aim should be taken well forward,

after

having followed the motion with the object

well covered for some time.

Should the object be ascending a \n&, fire high ,

if

descending , fire low;

if diagonally, in front.

CHAPTER

VII.

TENTS AND ENCAMPMENTS.

The Danger of being exposed to the Night Air without Shelter The Regulation Bell Tent Officers' Bell Tent The Eound Wall Tent The Marquee or Mess Tent The Tent of the
French Army
tary Tent
"

How to

Shooting Tent Edgington's Improved MiliThe Old Shekarry's Wigwam " Tent Pegs pitch a Tent Tent Furniture The Encampment

The Camp Guard.

I SHALL

now

enter

upon the

subject of tents, for

much

of a traveller's comfort depends

upon

his

having a commodious shelter impervious to wind

or weather, sufficiently portable to be always car-

ried with him, which, unfortunately for our poor

soldiers,

Government

tents

are

not.

Many

thousand brave fellows have been laid under the

TENTS AND ENCAMPMENTS.

165

Tents and Encampments.

sod, wasted

away from

disease contracted
at the

on

ser-

vice, because,

when weary

end of a long

march, their tents not having come up, they have

thrown themselves upon the damp ground, or

slept exposed to the deadly night-dews.

After

the intense heat of the day, a night passed in this

manner

will

undermine the strongest

constitution,

166

REGULATION BELL TENT.

fever,

and lay in the seeds of rheumatism,

dysentery.

and

The

following sketches show the different kinds

all

of tents in general use,

of which are to be

obtained at B. Edgington's establishment, in

Street, near

Duke
many

London Bridge, which

all

firm for

years has borne the palm for

kinds of camp

equipment

Begulation Bell Tent.

The above

Plate shows

the Regulation Bell

OFFICERS

BELL TENT.

167

Tent, which has a circumference of 40 feet, and

is

supposed

to

hold a dozen men.

;i r --;*sE ^^^fe^Ttr^r * ^"^'as*

^r^5?*R*ss^;^*^s

>

Officers' Bell Tent.

The above
is

Plate shows an Officers' Tent, which

a modification

of

the soldiers',

having low
area.

side walls,

and standing on the same

Round

"Wall Tent.

The above

Plate shows a

Round

"Wall Tent,

much used

in India

and other hot climates, being

at the

more convenient, but

same time considerIt is also

ably heavier, than the regulation tents.

much more

liable to

be blown down.

The Plate on page 169 shows the Marquee of an officer commanding a regiment, or an Indian Mess
Tent.
It

makes a great show

in a

camp, and

is

very spacious and

comfortable

dining in, but

sometimes comes to grief in a storm.

INDIAN MESS TENT.

169

SHOOTING TENT.

171

The Plate on page 170 shows the tent much used

by the French army during the campaign in the Crimea. In fine weather it is far more commodious than the English Regulation Bell Tent, but
it is

not so comfortable in wet weather, and

It

is

considerably heavier, weighing 160 Ibs.

makes

a very nice tent for a pic-nic, or for a lawn.

Shooting Tent.

172
The
little

MILITARY TENTS.
Plate on page 171 shows a very convenient

tent for shooting

on the moors, but

It holds

it

will

not stand heavy weather.

two persons

very comfortably.

The two

Plates,

pages

173 and

174,
is

show

B. Edgington's Military Tent, which

in every respect to that
B. Edgington's

superior
in use

Improved
tary Tent.

Mill-

in the .British army,

....
feet,

now

T it is

14

leet

6 inches square, with porches each end projecting 6

at

and sustained by

light

6- feet poles, protecting the

entrance from rain.

The

figure

is

a pyramid,

and the angles are

strengthened from the head of the tent by an inch

rope, to which the canvas
is

bolted,

and which,

being secured by strong iron pegs to the ground,

constitutes

the principal
is

support of
the

the

tent.

"The

ventilation"

at the top,

aperture

being secured against the entrance of rain.

centre pole
is

The

divided into three parts

the small

poles into two, and the whole (including poles, pegs,

and every

requisite) is

packed in two

IMPROVED MILITARY TENT.

173

THE OLD SHEKARRY'S WIGWAM.

valises
etc.
;

175
polesv
feet.

weight of

tent,

93

Ibs.

and 79

Ibs.

Area of
is

tent with porches,

394 square

This tent

also

made 9 and 11

feet square.

For cold weather a stove and chimney can be

substituted for a centre-pole, and

by means of

rack, the top of the tent can be raised or lowered,

according to the action of the weather on the

canvas, the pipe being free from the stove.

The

Plate on page 174 shows the arrangement of the

stove.

"The Old
Shekarry's

I herewith give a sketch of a very

comfortable tent of

Wigwam."

my own

invention,

which

I have found very serviceable

when
taken.

a small
It is

amount of baggage only can be

water-tight,

weather-proof,

well

ventilated,

and very portable.

are
:

The dimensions
Length of top
Slope, 7 feet.

ridge, a to b, 10 feet.

Height of

poles, 5 feet, to lengthen to

feet.

176

EXTERIOR OF WIGWAM.

INTERIOR OF WIGWAM.

177

"The "Wigwam."
This tent or wigwam, as I term
fortable for
if required,
it, is

very com-

two persons, with their baggage, and,

four can find ample

room

in

it

to

sleep.

Although a man cannot stand upright in

my

tent (the height being only 5 feet in the cen-

tre),

without digging out the inside area

as in

my

expeditions I rarely travel

with table, chair, or

little

even bedstead

I suffer very
;

inconvenience

from the low pitch

to

and, on the other hand, I go

sleep with the comfortable assurance in

that, although the winds

my

mind

may blow and the

to

rains descend,

my home

is

impervious

both.

Mr. Benjamin Edgington, of Duke

wark, has built

Street, South-

me a famous wigwam for Abyssinia,

it

which has

all

the edges strongly roped, so that

will stand the brunt of

any storm.

THE WIGWAM.

179

When
is

only one tent

is

taken, and the journey

it

likely to

be a long one, perhaps

would be

advisable to

have a somewhat larger wigwam.

is

Mr. Edgington
and 8

building some 8 feet in height,

feet broad, in

which there

is

plenty of
substi-

room

for a stove, the

chimney forming a

tute for the centre-pole.

The

Plate on page 177

shows the interior of

interior

the larger

"

wigwam," with the

dug

out, which, including the porches, has

an area

of about 18 feet

by

8,

and

is

a very comfortable

habitation for four officers in any weather.

" The

wigwam," having two entrances opposite

each other (which are protected from the weather

by

the porches), the ventilation can be regulated

;

at will

a thorough current of air always passing

tent,

through the

which

is

a great desideratum in

a hot climate.

With every " wigwam," Mr. Edgington

sends

out an extra piece, with an iron socket attached,

to lengthen the centre-pole,
is

when

the inside area

dug

out, also storm ropes in case of hurricanes,

180

TENT PEGS.

and a canvas saddle-bag, which contains the whole

tent.

The wigwam,

having

no

outlying

ropes,

stands on a smaller area of

ground than most

other descriptions of tent, and can therefore be

pitched close to another, with only a centre drain

between them.
a
large force
is

This

is

a great advantage

when
is

encamped, and the ground

circumscribed.
I prefer galent Pegs.

vanised
tent-pegs
ones.
to

iron

wooden
should
to

They

have a notch
the
rope,

hold
rings

and

passing

through

the

ends to sling them together,

their being lost

and

prevent

when on

the march.
is

How to Pitch

Great art

shown in P itcnin g a
as to stand

tent properly, so

firmly

with the canvas tightly stretched.

Care must

HOW
be taken

TO PITCH A TENT.

181

to dig a trench, outside, to carry

;

away
to

the rain-water (vide Plate, page 177, 5)

raise a

and

bank of earth
a), to

in the inside (vide Plate,

page 177,

prevent wind, dust, or draught

sides.

from coming in under the canvas

it is

When
may be

intended to remain for any length of time

in a place, the interior area of the tent

excavated, leaving a shelf of about 18 inches in

width

all

round;

and

the centre pole being

it

lengthened or the stove set up,

a most commodious habitation.

then becomes

In case of bad weather, storm-ropes should be

fastened
to

the

spokes of the tent-poles and

taking
in
a

pegged
pegs

securely,

care

that

the

tentin-

are

driven

sloping

direction,
less

clining

inwards, so that
out.
soil

they are

easily

drawn

Should the

be sandy, the ropes ought

is

to

be bushed, which

done by burying branches

deeply, and only leaving a hook above the surface, to

which the rope

is

attached (vide Plate,

page 180;.

Two

tent-pegs

may be

buried in a

182
similar

CAMP STOVE.
manner but the former arrangement holds
soil.
S

best in a light
Edgington's

arran g ement ( Plate > P a g e 183 )

is

which
Apparatus.

particularly well adapted for

tents,

is

remarkable alike for

its utility

and compactness.
case (12),

The whole packs

into

an oval

22 inches high, 16 inches long, and

Weight, 80
Ibs.
:

13 inches wide.

The

following articles are contained

;

Camp

stove (1)

two-gallon boiling pot (2), the cover of

(3)
;

which forms a frying pan

kettle with

one-gallon tea
(4)
;

swing handle and screw spout

coffee boilers

two one-quart hooked

(5)

four
;

oval bottles for essence of coffee, etc. (6)

one

meat dish
oven
(9)
;

(7)

one soup

ditto (8)

one toasting
(10)
;

oval

box and pepper box

one

pint porringer (11).

Directions

Place the stove in the oval pan,

which forms the cover of the iron box ;

fix the circular

rim on the top of the stove, on

boiler, frying pan, or tea kettle,

which place the

as required.

COOKING APPARATUS.

183

Camp

Stove and Cooking Apparatus.

184

COOKING APPARATUS.
pots will

The hooked

hang on the

sides

or

front of the stove.

ing,

When not

required for cook;

put on the round cast top

will hold the fuel.

the large oval

box

Directions

e articles to

be put into the stove

1st

in the following order:

Deep
3rd

dish and toasting oven.

2nd

Meat

dish.

Frying pan.

4th

Boiling pot, in which place

the two hooked pots, oval boxes, and pepper box.

(The oval
5th

bottles will

go into the hooked

pots.)

The

tea kettle, in

which place the porringer.

and elbows
oval
to

6th

The

stove, funnel pipes,

be

placed within the case.

cover.

The

pan forms the

On

the opposite page

is

an engraving of a very

compact and useful

fork,

little

dinner apparatus ; knife,

like a pocket-

and spoon, each closing up and

fitting,

knife,

with

salt,

pepper, and mustard-

pots, into a leather case, which,

is
fits

when

rolled up,

contained in the drinking-cup.

into a

The whole

compact leather case, which can be

strapped to the saddle.

DINNER APPARATUS.

185

Dinner Apparatus.

Tent
Furniture.
-r

A
-n

portable bedstead,
i

as

made by
LonT

B. Edgmgton, of 2,

# A-'

Duke

%."*-

Street,
is

don Bridge

(vide Plate,

page 1863.

not a bad

186

TENT FURNITURE.

B.

Edgington's Camp-Bed.
as

investment,

but

always carry
I

pair

of

bullock

trunks

when

intend

to

indulge in

luxuries, I prefer to fix a canvas stretcher with

an iron frame-work between them, which forms

a very comfortable bed (vide Plate below).

By

this latter

arrangement

my

goods and gear

in the boxes are tolerably safe from pilferers,

and

no one can meddle with them whilst I sleep

without
owner.
first

trying

conclusions

with

their

Bengough's Trunk-Bed.

INFLATABLE BATH.

187

Cording's Inflatable Bath.

A portable bath
of

is

a great luxury, and those

india-rubber,

inflated

with

air,

made by
the best I

Cording, 231, Strand, are

by

far

have seen.

When
The Hammock.
sling a
.

the inside area of the tent

,
.

is

excavated,
to

it

is

an easy matter

to

hammock

ropes fixed to tent-pegs or

posts firmly driven into the ground, and in

my
bed.

opinion this makes the most

I

comfortable

always

carry

one

of

Cording's
if

waterproof
I

hammocks with me, which, even

sling
it,

cannot

serves

me

as a ground-sheet.
it

Slung from a bamboo or pole,

stretcher for a sick or

makes a
;

capital

wounded man on

the

West

Coast of Equatorial Africa, where horses will not

188
live, it is the

ENCAMPMENTS.
only

mode

of conveyance for Euro-

peans, in getting about from place to place.

In Madeira, South America, and throughout

India,
it is

also generally used.

ENCAMPMENTS.

An
enced

old soldier, and

traveller, will

an experi-

Camp

Eules.

always choose

the encamping ground himself; as not only his

comfort, but very often his safety, will depend

upon

his selection.
is

If he

in a hostile country,

" where might

is

right" and he considers his party strong enough

to

hold their own, in case of an attack from pre-

datory tribes, he will pitch his camp upon an

eminence, sufficiently near to water to

its

command

easy approach, and far enough from any cover

that

might conceal an enemy.

will take care that his tents are placed so

He

that the excavations

form

rifle-pits,

arranged to

defend each other by

cross-fires in case of a sud-

den rush of the enemy from any quarter.

is

This

a most necessary precaution,

is

and

if

a strict

watch

kept day and night, a camp so con-

CAMP RULES.
structed,

189

and defended by a few resolute men,

rifles

armed with breech-loading

is

and revolvers,

a formidable place to assault even with greatly

superior numbers.

Should the party be too small

resistance,

to offer

much

and

its

object be to

pass

through a

hostile country without attracting observation, the

greatest care

must be observed, and

if

a tent

is

ever pitched, a hollow in a plain, or a patch of

dense wood, must be selected for the camp.

Dry wood, which makes very

saddled and ready for a move.
The Camp

little

smoke,

should be burnt, and the horses should always be

Watchers and

sentries

should be

posted on elevations in the daytime,

and on low ground

at night.

They should

patrol

a short distance from the camp, and, if they hear

the slightest noise, ought to

ear close to the ground,

lie

down with

the

by which means they

may

often

detect an approaching footstep at a

considerable distance.

Sentries ought to be re;

lieved every two hours, if possible

and even

if

190
the

CAMP GUARD.
number of the party
is

small,
still

and the duty

a strict watch
if

comes round very quickly,

should be always kept.
posted, can

Two men,

properly

command

a large extent of ground;

and

it is

better to have

two watchers who keep

vive, than a chain of

wide awake and on the qui

sleepy sentries.
safety of his skin

When

man knows

that the

depends upon his keeping his

generally pretty well on the

eyes open, he
alert.

is

CHAPTER

VIII.

HINTS TO TRAVELLERS.
The Advantages
of Travel

An Even Temper

required

The Custhe Ad-

toms of a Country generally the Beat to Adopt

Eising

On

vantages of Knowing the Language of the Country

Early

The Stirrup Cup

Tiger's Milk

Claret

Tea Striking Camp Malarious Districts and Filtration To Find Water Well-sinking Signs of Water Watering Cattle Hard and Soft Water Summer
Beverages Servants and Followers The Watchfire in Cases of Illness Fever Dysentery.

Cup Beef Water Boiling

Hints

MUCH

of

a traveller's comfort

depends upon
is,

himself, and the best way of getting on

by
the

never anticipating
best

difficulties,

and making

of them when they come.

Many

of

the "

inconveniences and privations of " camp

life

may be

avoided

or,

at

any

rate, mitigated
is

by

forethought and timely precaution, which

inculcated

only
a

by experience; but the charms of

192

ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELLING.
life

wanderer's

are so

many and
any

varied, that they

amply compensate

for

little

discomforts that

he may meet with en

route.

"We English are a nation of travellers ; and, as Sam Rogers says, " None want an excuse. If
rich, they

go

to enjoy;
;

if

poor, to retrench; if
learn
;

sick, to recover
to relax

if studious, to

if learned,

from their

studies.

But whatever they

believe, they go for
;

may
who

say,

whatever they

may

the most part on the same errand

reflect,

nor will those

think that errand an idle one.

" In

travelling

we improve

imperceptibly, not in

the head only, but in the heart.

Our

prejudices

leave us

seas

and mountains are no longer our

learn
to

boundaries;

we

love, to

esteem, and

admire beyond them.

itself

Our benevolence extends

with our knowledge, and must

we not

return
be-

better than

we went.

The more highly we

institutions of

come acquainted with the

countries, the

other

more must we value our own.

Yet

the enjoyment of travelling, like other pleasures,

must be purchased

at

some

little

expense

and he

HINTS TO TRAVELLERS.
whose
good humour can be
ruffled

193
by every

petty inconvenience he

may

chance to encounter

had unquestionably

better remain at

home."

The

traveller should adapt himself to the cus-

toms and ideas of the people" in whose country

he sojourns.

He

should always be a gentleman

in his actions, never in his pretensions,

real

and

his

worth will become apparent, even amongst

savages.

Mental superiority will always com-

mand

respect,

and in the desert a man

his

will not

be appreciated the more because

ancestor
is

happened

to

be a great man, or that he

descended from a king's mistress.

They judge

him by

his actions

and

his line of conduct.

is

In travelling through a land where " might

right," although
it

is

as well

always to be pre-

pared against treachery, suspicion ought never

to

be shown by any outward

It
is

sign.

always well to treat the inhabitants of the

country through which you travel with familiar

courtesy,

and much information may be gained

entering into their

by mixing with them and

o

TRAVELLERS
amusements.
peculiar
It
is

QUALIFICATIONS.

also advisable to fall into the

customs of

the country, as
it,

they are

generally the best adapted to

and although
it is

sometimes they
generally

may be

little

inconvenient,

much more

so to

run counter to them.

is

good knowledge of the language

an imto

mense help.

The Emperor Charles V. used

number

say that in proportion to the

a

of languages

man knew, he was

so

many more

times a man.

"

knowledge of the language of the country

travel in
is as

you

good

as a filled
;

purse

as

two
it

pair of eyes, and one pair of ears

for without

the one ^pair he possesses

use." Addison says,

is

likely to

be of

little

" When a

traveller returneth

home,

let his travel

appear rather in his discourse

;

than his apparel or gesture

let

and in

his discourse

him be rather advised

to tell stories
;

in his answers than for-

ward

and

let it

appear that he doth

not change

his

country manners for those of

foreign parts, but only prick in

some flowers of

that he hath learned abroad into the customs of

his

own

country."

EARLY RISING.

195

He who
Early Eising.

sleeps with a forest tree for

his canopy, a stone for his pillow,

and

the ground for his bed,

is

not likely to play the

sluggard

and the sportsman who means work

will be afoot as soon as the soft blue light of the

morning becomes perceptible along the eastern

horizon
falling
;

for

he knows that his best chance of

in with large

game

is

before the

sun

gets up.
"

The Stirrup

The

traveller

should

never

start

early in the

morning upon an empty

before leaving

stomach.

On

the

march,

the

bivouac, he should always take a cup of coffee,

tea,

or

"something" with a

biscuit or crust of

bread, to fortify the inner man, as the malarious

vapours that
rious effect

rise

from the ground have an inju-

on an empty stomach.

When
milk"
nature.
is

milk and eggs are procurable,

"
Tiger's

not a bad concoction for resuscitating

Recipe

Beat up

the

yokes

of

six

eggs well, with

spirit

" a modicum" or

half-pint of
a

(rum

or brandy), three

lumps of sugar,

o 2

196
bit of
as

THE STIRRUP CUP.

lemon peel cut
thin,

and a

little spice,

such

cloves or cardamums.

Add

a quart of

new

milk,

mix

well, grating in the third of a

nutmeg,

and you will have a stirrup cup

In hot weather, "claret cup"
tute.

for three persons.

is

not a bad substi-

The

following

is

the recipe of

Arab Mac

(a celebrated old Indian general, of great racing

and sporting

notoriety),

who

gloried in having
:

the finest stud and the best kitchen in India

" To a bottle of

claret

add three wine-glasses of

cognac, a couple of large table-spoons of sugar,

the rind of a lime cut thin, a dozen cloves, the
seeds of three cardamum-pods, a

quarter of a

nutmeg, one green

chili,

a small sprig of borage,

a dozen leaves of mint, and a threatening of limejuice, or,

what

is

perhaps better, a lime cut into

it

thin slices.

Let

stand for twenty minutes, and

stir-

then add three bottles of cooled soda-water,

ring
it

up

well,

and serving

it

out with a ladle

whilst in a state of effervescence."

This brew

makes a good drink

for three people.

Beef

tea

is

also

very good for a traveller to

BEEF TEA.
take in the early morning; and

197
when
ladies are of

the party,

it

always ought to be ready, as they can

often swallow that

solid.

when they can

take nothing

Beef tea

is

made with lean

fresh meat, cut into

small pieces the size of dice, put into a " digester" or covered jar, which
is

again placed in a sauceto

pan of water, and allowed

goodness
is

simmer

until all the

boiled out of the meat, when the juice

extracted should be strained and flavoured with

salt

and pepper.

When

fresh

meat

is

not ob-

tainable, Liebig's Extract of

Meat may be used.

This extract contains the nutritious constituents

of animal food, one ounce containing the soluble

matter of about two pounds of fresh meat.

Very

good beef
spoonful

tea

is

made by

dissolving a dessert-

of

the

extract in
salt

pint of

boiling

water,

to

which

and

pepper

should

be

added.

When on
striking

the march, unless the head

servant can thoroughly be depended

upon,

it is

advisable for one of the party to re-

198

MALARIOUS DISTRICTS.
to see the tents struck, the

main behind,

baggage

packed, and the mules loaded.

He

should also see that no imposition has been

attempted by any of the servants, and that there

are no complaints " that supplies furnished have

not been paid for."

Malarious
Districts.
i

Ifc

is

hiW

advisable not to cross

i

low

swampy ground,
at least

or

malarious
sunrise,

districts, until

two hours

after

as

by

that time

much

of the noxious vapour so

deleterious to health, that rises

from the ground

during the night and early morning, has been

dispelled.

I would, at

any time, rather

risk the

chance of a coup-de-soleil by travelling during

the day, than expose myself to malaria during the night.

One
Water.

of the great causes of sickness

is.

in tropical climates

bad water, and

the traveller ought to

make

a rule, not to drink

any that has not been previously boiled and filtered,

if

he can possibly avoid

it.

In malarious

districts,

the water, being exposed

WATER.
to

199

an impure and

foetid

atmosphere, absorbs the

noxious gases, and becomes impregnated with

poison.

Again, in hot climates, water becomes tainted

and unwholesome, by
soil full

filtering

through a porous

of organic impurities, caused

by decom-

posed animal and vegetable matter; and very often

the poisonous ingredients absorbed cannot be detected

by the

senses, as neither the eye nor the

palate of a tired
to discover the

and

thirsty traveller are likely

dangerous impregnation.
springs and streams
still
is

Water taken from

gene-

rally better than that of pools, as

water soon

becomes putrid, and

full

of a variety of living

animals and vegetables.

The

best

means of rendering such kinds of

is

water wholesome,

by

boiling and. filtration

the

former process destroys the animalculae, and the

latter clears
it

from impurities.

Were

proper precautions taken by Government,

cholera, typhus-fever

and dysentery, the scourges

of camp-life, would be comparatively

unknown

200

WHERE TO FIND WATER.

when our

whereas, under the present regime,

" army takes the

field." ten soldiers

;

die of these
this state of

diseases to one killed in action

and

things
takes

is

likely to

" the Press " continue, until

officials

up the

matter, and forces our inert

after

to look a little better

the welfare of our

gallant defenders.

Fi a

Travellers are sometimes put to great

straits for

want of water, whilst ex-

ploring the arid wastes of Africa, and other thinly

inhabited

flat

countries,

where

rain seldom falls,

to

and every explorer should accustom himself

read the signs that indicate the presence of water.

In a

flat

country, water

may generally be found

by digging wells

in the beds of rivers, taking care

to select the spot just

below the junction of a

tri-

butary, and also paying attention to the formation

and appearance of the sand,

as it often indicates

the line along which the stream last flowed

by a

winding undulation.
In the bends of a river, deep holes are often

formed by the force of the current, where water

WELL SINKING.
sometimes remains in pools long
after the

201
stream

has ceased to run; and such places may often be dis-

covered by following up the fresh tracks of animals.

Should these be dry, wells must be sunk in the

places

where the ground appears

districts

to

be the lowest.
springs
are

In mountainous
generally
after

small

found

amongst primary rocks;

but
in

a long drought, search should be

made

the water-courses that wind through the bottom of the deepest ravines, where pools of water often

remain

all

the year round.

is

Should these prove

to

dry, there
places

no alternative but
to

dig in the
last;

where water appears

have been

and the most likely places are often indicated bv

the greenest vegetation, or

by

plants that in that

country are usually found near water.

In sinking
"Well-sinking.

wells,

the presence

of
or

water
earth, before
it

is

indicated
its

by moist sand

makes

appearance, as

unless

a spring

is

struck

by chance

the water takes

some time
and

to filter

through the sides of the well,

very slowly.

at first it generally collects

202

SIGNS OF WATER.
rivers in Africa,

In sinking wells in the beds of

I Lave had to construct basket-work gabions to

prevent the sand from falling in

it

as fast as I

dug

out, and sometimes I have had

to

work very
"
quick-

cautiously on account of falling in with

sands."
g
.

In searching

for water, a line should

be formed, and the most insignificant

sign must not be overlooked.

The

fresh track of
to

animals

may be
more

followed

when they appear

if

converge,

especially

different

species

have passed over the ground

tion.

in the

same direc-

Flights of birds should be watched, as the

feathered race generally drink morning and even-

ing

whenever they are numerous, water cannot

be

far off.

All animals in a wild state make for water by

instinct,

but when domesticated they generally

5

appear to lose the faculty; although, sometimes,

I have seen horses, oxen,

and dogs

start off in a

bee-line to a pool of water in a country

where

they had never been before.

ABSTINENCE FROM LIQUIDS.

In following up the
trail

203
animal,

of a

wounded

I have often come unexpectedly across a stream,

or pool
;

as the loss of

blood causes intense

thirst,

and,

if

not disabled or too closely followed up,

most animals will seek for water, and even drink

until they fall dead.

I have seen both antelope

and elephant do

this.

In some of the most arid parts of Africa, there

are certain plants full of sap, which antelope are

very fond
1

of,

and sometimes, in case of emergency,

have kept

my mouth

moistened, and

my

lips

from sticking together, by chewing the pulp.

other times,

At

when very hardly

pressed, I have

drank the liquid contained in the paunch of

different animals I

have

killed.

" Habit

is

second nature," and the more a

:

man

drinks, the

more he wants

a hunter should ac-

custom himself to drink at his morning and evening meals only

;

and he ought

to

be able

to

go

through a hard day's work, even under a tropical

sun, by only moistening his

mouth from time

to

time with a couple

of spoonfuls of boiled water,

204
or,

WATERING CATTLE.
is

what

better

still

for

quenching

thirst,

cold

weak

tea,

without milk or sugar.

Horses and
Watering
Cattle.

cattle

should be accusif

tomed
otherwise

to

drink out of a trough,

pos-

sible,

when

the only water obtainable

has to be drawn from shallow wells in the beds of

rivers, they will
fill

them up and cause much

travelling with

extra labour.

When

waggons or
as

baggage animals, a small force-pump and hose,

previously described, ought always to be carried,

Pump, Hose, and Trough.

HARD AND
as

SOFT WATER.

205

with

it

the animals are watered with far less

labour, and the water in the wells remains undis-

turbed.
Hard and
fcer '
,

Soft water

is

preferable

to

hard

water for

all

culinary purposes.
artist

Mon-

sieur

Soyer, the

celebrated

in

cooking,

declared that where, with soft water, five cups of

tea

might be made, only three cups could be got

with hard water, from equal quantities of the

leaf.

Soft or distilled

water, he

says, has

an

extraordinary power in obtaining a full extract.

Vegetables cooked in

soft

water are quickly done,

is

and the flavour of the vegetables

whilst those

in the water

cooked

in

the hard water never

into the

become tender, nor does the flavour go

water.

In extracting the juice or gravy from,

it

meat, soft water does

quickly and well

but

hard water, instead of opening the meat, seems

to

draw

it

closer together,
it fails

and

to solidify the al-

bumen, whilst
of the meat.

to

extract the true flavour

soft

For bread-making,

water

is

of

great importance.

206
The

SUMMER BEVERAGE.
effect of

hard water on animals

is

veiy

apparent.
soft water,

Horses have an instinctive love for

and they refuse hard water
soft.

if

they can
a rough

possibly get

Hard water produces

and

staring

coat

on horses, and renders them

liable to gripes.
g

Pure
factured

fruit syrups,

such as manu-

by Sainsbury, 176, Strand,

cold water,
or soda water,

when mixed with

when you have

The
is

it,

form a very delicious and

refreshing beverage in hot weather.

best

way

of cooling the water,

is

when

ice

not to be procured,
it

to

wrap the

bottle or
it

vessel containing

in a wet cloth,

and expose

to a current of air, allowing the rays of the sun

to shine

on

it,

when

practicable.

The

cloth

must

be kept wet,

and thoroughly cover

the vessel.
will

The

principle fruit syrups

which

keep in

tropical

climates

are lemon, orange, raspberry,

strawberry, apple, and red and black currant.

Servants and
Followers.
,

Much

of a traveller

comtort deof his

p en(js U p n the

capabilities

SERVANTS AND FOLLOWERS.

servants,

207

and

my

experience leads

me

to believe

that

it is

much

better to gain their confidence

by

kind treatment, and showing that you have an interest in their welfare, than

by harsh measures and

after their

"

badgering."

If

you look

comfort

they will look after yours, and a kind and considerate master
listen to

makes a devoted

follower.

Always

your
:

followers' complaints,
if

whether real
;

or imaginary

they are real, remedy them

if

imaginary, reason with them patiently, and point

out the fallacy of their arguments.

Make yourself
remove

thoroughly acquainted with their character and

manners, then
prejudices.

it

is

not

difficult to

their

Should insubordination show

your
people,
investigate

itself

amongst

the

cause

thoroughly

before you act, then be very firm ; in such cases

half-measures will not do.

Should
let it

punishment be absolutely required,

be severe and summary, as the example

will

be greater, and

it

will

be more seldom

required.

Never

strike or flog a

man

yourself,

208
if

WOMEN FOLLOWERS.
it,

you can help

but

let

him be punished by
It has a

one of his fellows, in your presence.

better effect.

Reward your
vices.

followers liberally for extra ser-

Tobacco, grog in moderation, should be

served out in the evening,

properly.

when they behave

Do what you
hear

can to keep them cheerful, by

I like to

promoting merriment amongst them.

my

fellows sing

and chaff good-humouredly

they work
;

amongst themselves
in

as

and

I believe

an old Indian saying,

;

"

light heart can

carry an elephant

a long face stumbles

under

the weight of his turban."

In India and Africa I never

tion to

make any

objectheir

my

followers being accompanied

by

women,

as I rarely

found them cause any delay

whilst on the march,

useful.

and they were

often very
lively

Besides, they keep the

camp
if

and

the

men

contented; and even

they occasion

" a row" now and again, it does not much matter,

for
it

serves to -break the monotony.

THE WATCHFIRE.
The Watch-

209

When upon

a hunting excursion,
it

and very often whilst campaigning,

has been an established custom for

my

people to

assemble round the watchfire in front of

at sunset, and, if possible, I

my

tent

always attend myself,

and see that

my

head-servant goes round and

distributes to each

man

his rations for the next

if I

day, an allowance of tobacco, and,

glass of grog.

have

it,

After the distribution I always

of

make
are

a point

asking
if

if

all

my
a

people

satisfied

and
to

anyone has

grievance or
to
settle
it

complaint

make, I endeavour

then

and

there.

Then
such
as

those

who have charge

of

my

animals,

horses,

mules, bullocks, sheep, goats,

dogs, and poultry, inform

dition
;

me

as to their con-

whilst

my

head- servant arranges matters

concerning the commissariat

an important
to

arfill,

rangement when there are many mouths

and rather a responsible one when

all

the party

depend upon

their master's

gun

for food.

210
The

FOLLOWERS' CONFIDENCE.
orders for the

morrow

are then given, the

is

line of route settled,

and each man

made

to

understand what he has to do.

Business settled, the events of the day and the
prospects of the

morrow

are talked over;

the

habits of wild animals and hunting exploits are

discussed;

tales

are

told,

songs chanted, and

anyone of the party may join in the conversation.

During
the world

my

wanderings in differents parts of

followers have presented a great

my

diversity of appearance,

and I have had

to

do

with

all

kinds of characters; but I found the

same

line of

conduct answer for

all,

no matter
to,

what nation,

tribe, or caste

they belonged
is

and

the result of

my
:

experience

contained in the

following advice
fairly,

Treat them kindly, pay them

listen

to

them

patiently,

humour

their

prejudices, respect their feelings, do not interfere

with their religion

will find that

and

after a short

time you

you have gained

their confidence,

and in your hour of need they

will not desert

HINTS ON ILLNESS.
you.

211
understand
is

When

master and

servants

each other, and pull together, " camp life"

happiest existence I

the

know

of.

My
crew

"gatherings" have often been a motley

a rough and reckless lot of desperate men,

of different colours, race, and creed,

tie,

bound by no

and heeding no law

yet perfect unanimity

always existed amongst them, and

night have
fire after

many

a jovial

we

passed reclining round the watch-

a hard day's work, a sharp skirmish, or

a great hunt,
tales

when wild

songs were sung, strange

were

told,

and many a hoarse peal of merrinight-air, as the jest

little

ment rang through the

round.
for the

went

Loudly we laughed, and

morrow.

we recked

Hints in Case
of Illness.

The

two
.

S reat maladies that a

,.
,

sportsman

is

liable

to

in malarious

regions are fever and dysentery, both of which,

if

not checked, are apt to end

fatally.
is

Fever in
Fever.

its

mildest form
that
is,

gene-

rally intermittent

there are
;

intervals

of health between the attacks

but as

212
the
disease

SYMPTOMS OF FEVER.
becomes

more
form,

aggravated,

it

as-

sumes the remittent

only
remit,

and the symptoms

aspect,

change their

and do not

disappear.

Fever rarely lays

Symptoms.
,

its
,

victim

pro-

strate at once.
it

The malarious poison

that engenders

has a period of incubation, and

breaks out some days after the primary symptoms

are evinced

which

are, a sense of lassitude

and

languor, accompanied
ing, restlessness,

by yawning and

stretch-

want of

sleep, loss of appetite,

to con-

dull eyes, dizziness,

and an incapacity

centrate the ideas ; chills a dull

come over the body, and

loins

heavy pain racks the

to
act.

and kidneys,
intense

which often cease

Then comes

headache, cramps which seem to draw up the

body, and the hot stage, which

often

brings

on delirium and a

state

of coma; from which

condition the patient either awakes in the next

world, or finds himself bathed in profuse perspiration, greatly prostrated,

but relieved from

pain.

ITS

TREATMENT.
is

213

Then
Treatment.

the time to take quinine in

as large doses as the

system will bear.

at

Should no medical advice be

hand, and the

patient be alone in the bush, he cannot do wrong,

when
head

in that stage,
feels

by taking quinine

until his

so dizzy that

everything appears to

turn round, keeping himself

only drinking hot
perspire as

covered up, and

so as

weak lemonade,
as possible.
is

make him

much

Sometimes the fever

killed at once
;

by

this

sharp bat severe treatment

but

at others, attack

comes

after

attack,

and paroxysm follows pa-

roxysm, each one leaving the patient weaker than

the
last, until

the crisis

is

passed and the disease

wears
in
its

itself out,

and gradually becomes weaker

its

shocks, or, on the other hand,

victim

sinks

under

it,

and passes away in a

state of in-

sensibility.

In tropical climates, delays are danPrecautions.

gerous,

and

the slightest

symptom

should be immediately met with

energetic treatment.

decided and

Constant doses of quinine

214

DYSENTERY.

should be taken daily, more especially

when

ex-

posed

to the

dew, rain, night-air, or the malaria

engendered

by winds blowing over swampy

ground or decomposed vegetation.

My experience
Dysentery.

leads

me

to believe
is

that the only cure for dysentery

im-

mediate removal out of tropical climates

wise,
it

other-

almost always ends fatally.

Upon
Treatment.

the

first

symptoms, take an

emetic of

ipecacuanha,
(as
;

and

in

the

morning a mild aperient

15 grains of rhubarb

and 2 grains of calomel)

on the following day

2 grains of ipecacuanha, with a quarter of a grain

of opium, three or four times within the twentyfour hours, eating nothing but plain boiled rice

sweetened with sugar.

If this does not stop
the complaint, and the

tenesmus gives the well-known sign of decided dysentery, a dose of 20 grains of calomel with a quarter-grain of

opium should be taken, which must

be followed next morning with a dose of castor

oil.

This generally cuts the matter short

but

it

OPHTHALMIA.
is

215

as well to follow it

up with 2 grains of ipecacu-

anha, and | -grain of opium, four times within the

twenty -four hours, for two or three days

chlorodyne
is also

after

of great service.
is

This disease
ua"

often

brought on

by sudden

transition

from excessive

dryness to

damp

glare from the

snow or desert

or from dust

and sand being blown

into the eyes.

first

In cases of inflammation of the eyes,

remove
;

the irritation with warm-water fomentations

then

bathe with a lotion composed of

grains of sul-

phate of copper dissolved in an ounce of distilled

or rose water
;

and

for the first stage of ophthal-

mia, drop into the eye one or two drops of the

following lotion
:

10 grains of sulphate of zinc in

one ounce of

distilled or rose water.

Of

course I need not observe, that in case of

its

any disease of the eye making

the
first

appearance,

thing to be done

is

to obtain the best

medical advice.

My hints are
no surgeon
is

only intended for adoption

when

at

hand.

216
USEFUL RECIPES.

USEFUL RECIPES.

Mix

a P int of

&&*%

oil >

two

To

render Shooting

Boots Waterproof.

ounces of yellow wax, two ounces

of turpentine, and half an ounce

of

Burgundy pitch,

carefully over a slow

fire.

Lay

the mixture whilst hot on the boots with a sponge

or soft brush,

and when they are dry lay it on again

becomes quite satuno more
;

and again,
rated

until the leather

is

that

to say, will hold

let

them

then be put away, and not be worn until they

are perfectly dry

and

elastic

they will afterto wet,

wards be found not only impenetrable

soft

but

and

pliable,

and of much longer duration. and

Or, take of equal quantities of beeswax

mutton

suet,

and melt them together in an earthen

fire
;

pipkin over a slow

lay the mixture while

hot on the boots, which ought to be made

also
;

warm

let

them stand before the

fire

a short time,

for

them

to soak the preparation in,

and then put

are so,

them away

until quite cold

when they

rub them dry with a piece of

flannel, in order

not to grease your blacking-brushes.

If

you

black them well before you put the mixture on,

TRAP FOR ANIMALS.

you
will find

217
better

them take the blacking much

afterwards.
_, To Preserve

The

natives of India preserve meat.

call

which they
ting
it

"

Ding-ding," by cutsalt,
it

into long strips, into

spices,

which they rub

ground
becomes

and then dry in the sun

as a board.
it is

until

as

dry

When

required for use,

allowed to soak in
is

water for a couple of hours to soften, and

broiled over embers,
able,

then

when

it is

not at

all

unpalat-

and often constituted the principal part of

on
trail.

a Shekarry's fare whilst

The Hasp Tip Trap.

The Rasp Tip Trap, invented by Mr.

of Alnwick,
is

Pringle,

one of the best for catching small

animals alive.

The animals
surfaces, as

are caught between

two convex

between the fore and

218

HOW

TO DESTROY FLIES.

middle fingers of the hand when half-closed, and

so securely held that escape is almost impossible.

No
_

bones are fractured, nor muscles lacerated by

the action of the trap.

To Destroy

_.

Put a handful of quassia

basin,

into a white

and pour a pint of boilingcool,

water over
sugar over

it it

let it

and sprinkle a

little

as

a greater inducement.

It will

draw away and

kill all flies.

CHAPTER

IX.

"HINTS TO SPORTSMEN."
Deer-Stalking

Chamois and Ibex Hunting

Pig-Sticking

Feline Animals

Elephant-Hunting

Dumb

Companions.

THERE
solitary

is

no

animal more shy

stag.

or

by nature than the

He
;

takes alarm from every living thing in the forest

the slightest sound, be

it

only the

fall

of a leaf or

the scratching of a jungle fowl, will scare and set

him

off in a

moment.

Except in certain embar-

rassed situations, they always run up wind, their

great security lying in their extreme keenness of

scent, for they can smell a taint in the air at

an

almost incredible distance.

When
and he

a hart

is

disabled and run

down by

dogs,

feels that

he cannot escape by speed, he

220

DEER-STALKING.
he can, and defend

will choose the best position

himself to the

last

extremity with his antlers.

pull

Powerful dogs

may

down

a full-grown stag

when running and

breathless, but not a cold hart

(one that has not been wounded)

at bay, for

when he

stands

he takes such a sweep with his antlers

that

he could exterminate a whole pack, should

they attack in front only.

Deer, like

many

other animals, seem to foresee

hills

every change of weather, for they leave the

and descend
weather
is

into the plains

whenever any rough

about to take place.

The

deer-stalker should not only be able to run

like an antelope, but

he should possess the bottom

of an Arab horse, to enable him to keep the

in view
;

game

he should be able

to creep like a leo-

pard, and to run with

his

back bent almost

double, and at a pinch to wriggle himself along

the ground, ventre a terre, like an
eel.

He
to

should

be able to wade or swim torrents,

keep his

footing on slippery water-worn stones,

rememdry,

bering, if he

does

fall,

to

keep his

rifle

HINTS ON DEER-STALKING.
whatever becomes of himself.

221

He

should never
cool,

go rashly

to

work, keeping always

wary,

and steady, never allowing any untoward circumstances to interfere with his equanimity
possession.

and

self-

Before commencing operations, he should carefully survey his line of route,

marking any cover

that inequalities in the ground, or bushes, rocks,

etc.,

might give.

I need not add, that tempe-

rance and moderation go a long

way

to

keep
I

the

hand

in

and the nerves steady.

When

first

began deer-stalking,
instil

my

mentor endeavoured

to

the following general rules in

years'

my

mind,

and several
proved
to

subsequent experience has

is

me

that his theory

correct.

Be

on

your ground betimes in the morning; consult the

clouds,

and keep well

to the

leeward, even if you

silent as the
etc.,

have

to

make a

circuit

of miles; be

grave; when you step on stones or dry leaves,

tread as lightly as a ghost; keep under cover;

exercise

extreme judgment in approaching your

is

game, which

a happy mixture of wary caution

222

CHAMOIS HUNTING.

combined with prompt decision and boldness of

execution.

Memo.

All

this is useless, if

you do

not use straight powder.

Hunting the chamois,

ibex,

and

Se^SmS?
difficult

creatures of that class > although intensely exciting

sport,
is

the

most
the
;

of

all

deer -stalking,

and

proves

severest test of the qualifications of a hunter

for

not only are these animals exceedingly shy and

watchful, but they are also gifted with remark-

ably keen sight, and their senses of smelling and

hearing are developed to an extraordinary degree.

From the

almost inaccessible nature of the ground

on which they are found, he who would take

their spoils should

be endued with great strength,

perseverance, and endurance, besides which he

must have the

agility of a

mountaineer and a

steady head, or he can never follow

to their haunts, along

up

his

game

narrow ledges of scarped

rocks and beetling heights, where a false step or

a moment's giddiness
struction.

would

entail certain

dethat

There can be no doubt but

HABITAT OF THE CHAMOIS.

intense excitement takes
ger, for I have seen
it

223

away

all

dread of dan-

exemplified

many

times,

not only on the hunting-ground but also on the

field

of battle.

An

ardent hunter, like a daring

to all

soldier, possesses a

mental energy superior

for,

thought of peril;

seeking only the attainhis course with

ment of
that

his purpose,

he pursues

dogged stubbornness,

inflexibility of

purthat

pose,

and recklessness of self-preservation

invincible,

make him
end.

and ensure success in the

Chamois, ibex, mouflon, burrul, gooral, surrow,

thaar, markore,

oves-ammon, and other grega-

rious animals of the wild goat or sheep species,

are generally found amongst the rugged crags

of the loftiest ranges, their food chiefly consisting

of the different mosses and short crisp delicate

herbage indigenous to high altitudes.

They seem

little

affected

by

cold, for in the

daytime they remain in the most secluded and

inaccessible spots, far above the limits of vegetation,

and in the evening move downwards towards

224

SCENT OF THE CHAMOIS.

grounds.

their feeding

In summer the males

separate from the females, and in a

to the

body

resort

higher regions.

Generally speaking the

females are very inferior in size to the males, and

have much smaller horns.

wary old buck, who has often quite a pa-

triarchal appearance, is generally chosen as the

leader of the herd;

and

if

he sees anything

suspicious, or catches a taint in the air, a peculiar

whistle alarms the rest, causing

them

to collect

together and remain on the alert, and on a repetition of the signal

away they scamper, always

ascending or descending a slope in an oblique

direction.

Sometimes I have seen an old female

occasions

lead the herd, and on such

I have

always found

it

extremely

difficult

to get within

range, as they are doubly cunning.

Lions,

tigers,

panthers,
this

leopards,

and animals of

genus, are

ge-

nerally hunted either by stalking, beating,

sitting

up by

water, or near the carcass of some animal

they have killed.

FELINE ANIMALS.

225

The

great secret necessary to ensure success

is

in this kind of shooting

never to pull

trig-

ger
vital

unless
spot,

certain of striking the

game

in

and again, always

in case

to

keep a shot

in

reserve,

of

wounded animal

charging.
I need not say that extreme coolness
is

as

much

required

as accuracy
feels

of marksmanship,

and anyone who

" that he even has nerves "

had

better confine his attentions to

game

that will

not retaliate

when wounded.

None

of the feline race, with the exception

of man-eaters, which are few and far between,

will attack

men, unless provoked.

They always

avoid his presence, and the taint even of his

footstep in the forest will often

make them turn

aside

and leave the neighbourhood.

all

These animals are

very tenacious of

life,

and the hunter should always endeavour

to shoot

them
have

either through the brain or the heart.

often

dropped

them stone-dead with a

bullet right

between the eyes, or by aiming just

226

ELEPHANT-HUNTING.

behind the shoulder-blade, as the fore-arm moves

forward in walking.
p,
,
.

Any

sportsman

who

is

a fair shot,

cool, steady, persevering,

and

active,

may
of

count upon killing heavy bags of most kinds

tolerable certainty;

game with

but he

who

would

slay the elephant in his trackless jungle-

home must have

other qualities combined, or he

will fail in his attempt.

The elephant-hunter must have

knowledge of the nature

a thorough

and habits of that

sagacious animal, whose keenly-developed senses

far

exceed that of any other denizen of the forest;

its

he must be well acquainted with

structure

peculiar

and anatomy, or

his

bullet,

however

true, will never reach

the vital part with any

at

certainty

he must be an adept

"

tracking," or

following spoor, and in the understanding

of

jungle signs, which, although a natural gift to the

red
is

men of the Far West and Indian jungle-tribes,

only acquired

by

intense

study and

long

practice;

he must be patient

and

enduring,

ELEPHANT- HUNTING.
satisfied with,

227
as

hard fare and short commons,

he

will often

have to subsist wholly upon his gun,

with the ground for his bed, and a forest tree for
his canopy.

He
is

should feel with, the great poet,

society

that "there
for

where none intrudes;"

he must often be content with nature and his

thoughts as companions, and he must not
let

own

his spirits

be depressed by the

solitude

and

intense stillness of the deep jungle.

The hunter must

sleep like a hare, always on

for

the alert, ever prepared and watchful;

he

never knows what he

may

meet, or the danger a

moment may bring

had

forth.

Inured

to peril,
;

he

must never be cast-down or

faint of heart

or he
of

better not attempt to follow

up the spoor

the elephant to his haunts in the dense, deep

jungle,

where

the

rays

of

the

sun

seldom

penetrate,

and the woodman's axe was never

heard

where the deadliest of fevers lurk in

;

places the most beautiful to the eye

and where,

with the exception of certain times in the year,

the air and the water are poisoned by malaria,

Q2

228

HOG-HUNTING.

and impregnated by the exhalations of decayed

leaves
tailing

and

decomposed vegetable
death
to

matter, en-

certain

the hunter,

were

he

tempted
season.

to follow

up

his perilous calling out of

Hog-hunting, or pig-sticking,
Hog-Hunting.

as

carried out in India,

is

a truly regal

sport, being the incarnation of all that is exciting.

It

combines

all

the attractions

of fox-hunting

with the excitement of steeple-chasing, height-

ened by that intense fascination which the presence of danger only can inspire.
siderably over twenty years since
It is con-

took

my

maiden spear, yet there are times when every

incident of that memorable day comes vividly

before me, and in

my

mind's eye I see the well-

remembered forms of
forest

my

old associates in the

their

and the

field,

and think I hear

joyous
the

voices

resounding in

my

ears.

In
after

both

Deccan and the Nugger Hunts,

jesty's health

Her Ma-

had been drunk, Bob Morris's chant " was ever the opening lay," so I give the words.

SONG OF THE BOAR.

THE BOAE.
The
boar, the mighty boar's

229

my theme,

Whate'er the wise may say

My morning thought, my midnight dream, My hope throughout the day

;

Youth's daring

spirit,

manhood's

fire,

Firm hand and

eagle eye,
aspire

Must they acquire who dare To see the wild boar die
!

CHORUS. Then pledge the boar, the mighty

high the cup for me, Here's luck to all who fear no
Fill
fall,

boar,

And

the next gray boar

we

see.

We envy not the rich their wealth,

Nor kings their crowned career The saddle is our throne of health, Our sceptre is the spear.
;

We rival, too, the warrior's pride,

Deep stained with crimson gore For our field of fame's the jungle side,
;

And

our foe the jungle boar.

Chorus

Then pledge the

boar, &c.

When
And

age hath weakened manhood's powers, every nerve unbraced,

still

These scenes of joy will

be onrs,

On memory's tablet traced; And with the friends whom death hath

spared,

When youth's
We'll
tell

wild course

is

run,

of the dangers

And

the tushes that

we have shared, we have won.

boar, &o.

Chorus

Then pledge the

230

DUMB COMPANIONS.
If I have endeavoured to impress

Companions.

uon

the

mind of

the traveller

the

absolute necessity of treating his followers of the

human

species with consideration, if

he has any

regard for his

own

personal comfort,

how much

more strongly would I urge him

welfare of those servants

to look after the

who

cannot complain

when they

are neglected or ill-treated, or leave

it.

his service if they are dissatisfied with

to his horses

I refer

and dogs.
if

Animals appreciate kindness as well,

better than

not

men; and patience and gentle

treat-

ment

will

do much more in the breaking in of a

horse or a dog, than harsh measures and beating.

During the wild life

years,
tion

have been leading for many

my

faithful

companions of the brute creait

have borne a conspicuous part; and

has

ever been

my maxim
man

to

endeavour

to

make them

look upon
to

as their friend,

and I teach them

Vice
is is

obey

me from

love rather than fear.

engendered by ill-treatment

kindness

never

thrown away.

CARE FOR YOUR HORSE.

" Feed

231

your horse well, groom him properly,

will

work him with moderation, and he

good service," was General
Gilbert's advice to
his regiment
;

do you

Sir

Walter Raleigh

every youngster on joining

which precept the veteran carried

out in practice, and the consequence was, that in

the pursuit of the Seikh army, his nags were in

the best condition of any in the force.

I

am

of opinion that the

as

manner of

living of a

dog has

much

to

do in bringing

out his
in;

qualities as the

mere education or breaking

for instance, Ponto, a favourite

hound who was

woods, by

my

companion

for several years in the

living constantly with his master instead of in the

kennel, sleeping near him either in the bungalow

or

by the

watch-fire,

and seeing and hearing

everything that went on, had not only learnt the

meaning of what he saw, but

wonderful
everything

also,

in a most

manner,
that

could
said,

understand
either

almost
to

was

relating
life,
it

himself, the ordinary routine of

camp
that

or his

duty in the

field.

He knew

was

my

232

" PONTO."
to

custom before I got up in the morning

have

cooled soda-water in cantonment, or black coffee

in

camp ; and

if

the servant whose business

it

was

to prepare it

happened

to oversleep himself, I

had only

to tell Ponto,

and he would rouse him

at once, distinguishing

him from

the rest of the

servants without the slightest hesitation, although

a dozen of them might be lying on mats in the

verandah,

all

entirely enveloped in the

same kind

of white chedder or sheet.

He

also

knew most

of

my

people by name, and would bring them to

I ordered him.
as

me whenever
game, small

After

all

kinds of

well as large, I never saw his

equal; for whenever anything

was

afoot,

by

watching his master's looks, he seemed to understand his

snipe,

meaning.

He

would
tiger,

retrieve

or track a

wounded

with equal

certainty; in the latter case, leading his master

fearlessly

and quietly a pace in advance along

with the greatest precision and address.

the

trail

When

out deer-stalking, he would creep along by

my

side with the greatest caution, never

showing

PONTO'S COURAGE.
himself, or

233
"When
I

making the

slightest noise.

halted he lay down, and after I had fired, if the

quarry was only wounded, he would follow up

the shots with the most untiring perseverance,
singling out the

wounded animal from

the rest

of the herd, and never leaving the

trail,

what-

ever obstacles he might encounter en route, until

he brought him

to

bay,

when,

showing

the

greatest address in avoiding the horns, he

would
;

pin him by the throat and strangle him

or

when

the deer was too powerful for

case,

him alone

which was rarely the

slightly

except

when

only

wounded

he would show great cunning

in attracting its attention, so as

and generalship

to prevent its escape, giving

tongue until

came
if

up.

When
it

he had killed the game, or

he

found

dead, he would trot back, look up in

my

face with a peculiar expression,

light,

whine with de-

and then lead

me up

to the spot

where he

had

left it.

His great delight was large game

although he
always
preferred

hunting

and,

accompanying

me

on such occasions, yet he would

234
go with anyone

PONTO A JUDGE.
else if I

ordered him, looking to

him only

for orders whilst

with him.

I think

he

sometimes looked upon snipe-shooting in the hot

weather as rather a bore; for

although he never
after

seemed

to get fatigued in the forest

some

hours' tramping through the paddy fields and

mud,

I have seen

him

quite done up, and heard

as

him growl and grumble

he went along,
la chandette.

as if

he thought lejeu ne vaut pas

He

looked upon an indifferent shot with the most

supreme contempt, and the manner in which he

showed

his indignation at

bad shooting was some-

times highly amusing.

In cantonment he lived

on terms of friendship with numerous kinds of

tame animals, against which in their wild
state

he

was accustomed

to

wage war

and young bears,

hunting leopards, deer, antelope, monkeys, mongeese, pea-fowl,

and partridge, that

I kept about

the house, were allowed to wander unmolested,

although he seemed to wish to keep aloof from

them, and never encouraged any undue familiarity.

With Gooty, my

favourite Mahratta pony,

" GOOTY."
however, the case was very
reciprocal affection
different, for

235
the

between these two

faithful

servants was something extraordinary.

Ponto used
times

to visit the

pony

in his stall

during the day, often carrying

or scraps of bread from his

many to him
food,

biscuits

own

and Gooty would neigh and whinny in recognition of the dog's whine.

With

the rest of

my
an
all

canine followers he was ever the acknowledged

leader,

although he used to assume quite

bearing with them, seeming at

aristocratic

times to prefer his master's society to their diversions.

Even my huge

Poligar hounds,

who were

almost as big as donkeys, used to pay him the

most deferential respect ; and I have often been

much

struck with the extraordinary power he

to

had in communicating
wishes.
I

them

his

ideas

and

may very
had

fairly attribute

much

of the success
to

I have

in large

game shooting
dogs in tracking.

the un-

erring instinct of

my

My dogs
when
set

never

left

my

heel in the forest, except

236
on
trail.

GOOD DOGS.

On

scent,

no jungle, however

thick, or
;

rocks,

however

steep, could check their course

no

stream,

however

rapid,

could

discourage

them ; they would enter without

and double about from bank
recovered the scent, and
to

splashing, cross

bank, until they

with their quarry,

I

when they came up would keep him at bay until

had time

to get up.

With

good horse, a

good dog, and

a

good gun, there are lands where

to use

man who knows how

"

them may

live in
effects

luxury, without ever feeling the depressing

of that baneful disease,

impecuniosity."

CHAPTER

X.

HINTS TO NATURALISTS.*
Mammalia

On

On Skinning and Preserving Animals of this Class Preserving the Skeletons Birds On Skinning, Preserving, and Packing, so as not to Injure the Plumage
,

Birds'

Eggs Nests Eeptiles and Fish, How to Preserve them Insects, Where to Find them, How to Catch them and the Best Manner of Preserving them Butterflies and Moths Beetles Spiders, Scorpions, etc. Crustacea Sponges and Corallines Star-fish and Echini Land and Fresh-water Shells Marine Shells, and Where to Find them Dredging The Collector's Note Book Instruments required Eecipe for Arsenical Soap, and How to Use it
.

SMALL
Mammalia.

animals

of

this

class

may
entire

either be skinned

or inclosed

(an incision being previously

made

in the

under

side of the animal) in jars or barrels,

which are

* The author

is

indebted to Mr. S. Stevens, the naturalist, for

this valuable compilation of practical information.

238
to
or,

MAMMALIA.
filled
is

be

up with some
preferable

spirituous liquor, as gin,

it

what

when

can be procured,
its

proof-spirit diluted with half

bulk of water.

If no spirit can be had, strong brine must be

adopted.

In respect to their retaining their nais

tural colour, brine

even preferable

to spirituous

liquors for preserving the specimens.

To

skin

the larger mammalia,

line along the belly,

make an incision in
from the vent

a straight

to the throat,

and detach the skin carefully with the

knife.

The
to

skull
left
;

and the bones of the legs and

feet are

be

the brain, eyes and tongue must be

extracted,
to

and

as little fat as possible

to

be suffered

remain adhering
is

the

inside of the skin,

which
for the

then to be dressed with arsenical soap,

of
If,

mode

making and applying which

however, some
of,

see

note at end.

fat

remain which
it

cannot well be got rid

strew

over with

powdered

tan,

or the bark of oak, willow, &c.,

previously to applying the soap.

The

ears, lips

and

feet of large

mammalia should, when

practi-

cable,

be well anointed with

spirits of turpentine,

MAMMALIA.
which
insects
will assist their
:

239
to destroy

drying and tend

when

dry, roll

up the skin with the

hair

innermost, beginning with the head, and put a

layer of dried grass or moss between the folds, to

prevent

its

being injured by rubbing.

The

skin

must be occasionally unrolled and examined, and,

if practicable,

exposed

to

a hot sun, and fresh

If any

spirits

of turpentine added.

symptoms

of insects should appear, tobacco (the stronger the better) strewed in the package will be serviceable
;

and in countries where

spices

and

aromatic drugs can be procured at a reasonable

rate, these

may be used

to great

advantage, and

even supersede the necessity of applying the

arsenical soap.

When

a very large animal has

been

killed,

under circumstances which prevent

the application of the arsenical soap, the skin should

be stretched out on the branches of a

the air free access to every part of
as
it is
it,

tree, to give

and, as soon

cold, well dressed

on the inside with wood

ashes.

Entire skeletons (especially of the rarer

animals) should be procured

when

possible.

It

240
is

BIRDS.

not necessary that they should be jointed or set

up, but, having

the bones, and

removed

all

the soft parts, boil

when

well dried pack them with

at

moss or grass, or the best packing-stuff

so that they

hand,

may

travel securely.

Take

especial

care that not a bone, tooth, or claw, be lost.

With
Birds.

respect to birds, the collector

should
size,

proportion his shot to

their
as

so

as

to

injure

the skin and feathers

little as possible.

As soon

as the bird falls, the

blood should be carefully wiped up, and cotton

placed within the beak to absorb any that might
flow from the mouth, and thus prevent
the plumage.
as
to
its

staining

Birds should be skinned as soon

may be
remain
off.

after

they are killed,

for, if suffered

till

putrefaction has begun, the feathers

fall

The mode

of skinning birds

is

very

similar to that of skinning

mammalia, and equal

care

must be taken both

to

make

the incisions as

small as possible and in the least visible parts,

and the feathers must be separated

injured

so as not
:

be
the

by

the knife in dividing the skin

PRESERVING BIRDS.
incision

241

may be made from

the vent to the breast:

all

the head and legs must in

cases be carefully
left in

preserved, and the os coccygis

the skin,

otherwise the tail-feathers will be liable to drop

out.

In packing the skins care must be taken

that the

plumage be not injured by contact with

the harder parts, which for that purpose should

be surrounded with cotton, tow, or the best

packing material
at

soft

hand, as dried leaves or grass.

When
species

more than one individual of the same

can be procured,
it

is

desirable that a
spirits,

second specimen should be preserved in

and the same remark applies

malia, and indeed to
skins
all

to the smaller

mambirdas
if

the orders.

The

must be dressed with the same materials

those of the mammalia, but the arsenical soap

used

at

all

must not be too

liberally applied.
at dif-

As

the

plumage of birds varies extremely

life,
is

ferent periods of their

and even

at different

seasons of the year,

it

of great importance to of
all

obtain both sexes, if possible,

ages, from
its

the chick just hatched to the adult in

maturest

242
plumage, and
liveries.

BIRDS' NESTS.
also in their

summer and winter

Birds'
for,

eggs should also be anxiously

identified:
to

sought

and the species carefully

is

the best method of emptying them

make

single hole near the middle of the shell, of about

an eighth of an inch in diameter, into which a

small tube
is to

be inserted, so

as

nearly to touch

the opposite side of the shell, which, being held

with the hole downwards,

contents,

is

easily

emptied of

its

by blowing pretty strongly through the

no more convenient instrument
is

tube

if

at

hand, a straw will make a very serviceable blowpipe.

Birds' nests should not be neglected

they

possess a high degree of interest: the collector

should, therefore, take

accurate descriptions of

the materials, form, and size, of every kind of

nest he finds, always being extremely cautious to
ascertain the species to

which each respectively

belongs

he should

also

make

careful drawings

of every variety, and even collect such of the

smaller nests as possess any peculiarity in point

of material,

structure,

or

mode

of suspension.

REPTILES
Burnt alum
will be

AND

FISH.

243

found very useful in cleaning

the fingers whilst skinning birds and animals,

and

also applied to those

which have a good deal

of fatty matter adhering to them.

Re

tiles

and

These are best preserved in

spirits,

each specimen being previously wrap-

ped

in a linen

cloth;

but when too large

fish

to

be so treated, serpents and

fully skinned,

may be

care-

with the

least possible

injury to

the scales or any of the external

organs,

and

with especial caution not

the skin, which

to destroy the

form of
it

may be preserved by
by

stuffing

tightly with cotton or tow, or

filling it

with
feet,

sawdust, and the skins dried, with the head,

and
fish

fins

on.

Instead of being skinned whole,

divided into two nearly equal porincision

may be

tions,

by an

passing

longitudinally

through the vertex of the head, the back and

belly, but

on one side of the dorsal, caudal, anal,

fins, so

and ventral

as to leave one-half of the

animal with the

perfect.

gills

and

all

the organs of motion

easily

Their flesh

may then be

removed

244
from

TORTOISES, ETC.
this portion,

and replaced by tow, which

will preserve the

form of the body.

is

"When well

dried, this

portion

to

be carefully packed.
is

On

the whole, this

;

method

preferable to all

others

and

fish

thus preserved,
eyes,

when provided
flat

with proper

artificial

and mounted on

boards, afford excellent specimens.

The upper
should be

and lower

shells of the tortoise tribe

separated by dividing the ligamentous or

portion which unites them on each
side,

bony

between

the fore and hind legs; after which the fleshy

parts

may

easily

be removed, the head,

legs,

and

integuments of the body being carefully preserved.

As

to the lizards

and crocodiles, they

may be

skinned in the usual manner, care being

tails

taken not to injure the

are very brittle, or,

of the former, which

when

not too large, they

is still

may
the

be preserved in

spirits,

which

better.
all

The form and

colour of the eyes in

vertebrata, of whatever class, should be carefully

observed and noted

taken.

down

the

moment they

are

INSECTS.
Insects
Insects.

245
almost everyfor all beetles
trees,

may be found

where; look especially

under stones, under bark of decayed

on the

inside of ditto, on felled ditto, on trunks of ditto

(especially those that

have the sap running from

them), by beating the boughs into a net or sheet,

smoking under and burning inside hollow

trees,

on

long grass or herbage, on flowers, under rubbish

(especially

on the slopes of mountains, and in

at the sea-side,

marshy places), under sea-weed

and

indeed they are to be found almost everywhere in

warm climates,

especially in
hills,

open places in woods,

and on the slopes of

and are generally most

soil,

abundant in a light sandy

the rainy seasons
:

and

in

and

after

they

may be
or

collected either

by picking with the hands,

by sweeping and
to the situation
:

brushing with a net, according

the larger ones
pill or

may

either be put separately into

other boxes, or else immersed at once into

a bottle of clear spirit,

ately die
;

when

they almost immedispirit,

and may either remain in the

this

and be sent in

way

to

England

(if

possible

246
changing the

INSECTS;
spirit just before sending), or else

the same or following day taken out and soaked

for about a quarter of

an hour in

warm

water,

and then
dry
:

laid

on blotting-paper a few hours to

after that, either pin

and

stick in tight in a
soft

well-made box, lined with cork or some

wood, or

else (if in a

dry country) lay carefully

in rows, in a box, on cotton wool:

numbers may
soft

be packed

this

way

in layers,

between

paper,

and generally reach England in beautiful condition.

The

small beetles

may

also
if

be collected

and sent in the same way, and,

spirit,

immersed

in

put in a separate bottle from the large

or else

ones

when captured put into

killed

a phial with

some blotting-paper, and

on reaching home,

by immersing

it

in hot or boiling water for a

it

minute or two, or placing

sun for a short time
:

in the heat of the

they can then either be

soft

pinned or else packed in

layers, as the others,

paper in rows and

and should not be despised

size, as

on account of their small

quently more valuable

they are frelarger

ones.

than the

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

247

Look

especially in and near ants' nests in sultry

weather, and under bark of trees where ants

occur, or under stones, and at the roots of grass,
for small beetles.

Butterflies

and Moths (Lepidoptera) must be col-

lected with great care, so that the beautiful scales

on the wings are not rubbed ofFor injured,

then become generally worthless
:

as

they

they

may be

bred from caterpillars found on various trees and

plants (which
is

an excellent plan, as they are

then very perfect), or else caught by the aid of a

gauze net

a ring net about 1 J foot in diameter

and 2

feet deep, will

do very well, attached

to a

stick 3 to

feet long.

Woods and
to

wild places
in
;

are

generally the

best

find

them

it

is

necessary to pin them as you take them, which

must be

done

with

great

care,

so

that
;

the

upper parts of the wings are not rubbed

fore the collector

there-

must be provided with a good

large
large

box

to

stick

them

in.

Some

of

the

and big-bodied moths

little

will

probably not
is

die unless a

oxalic or nitric acid

applied

248
to them,

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

which may be done by dipping a long
it,

pin or needle into

and running

it

down

the

body of the

insect

two or three times, commenc-

ing under the mouth; they can then either be

pinned tight in boxes, or

else laid

between dry
;

cotton and paper, the same as the beetles

or

when
into

collected, instead

of being

pinned, put

three-cornered

pieces of
is

paper with the

wings folded up, which

there
sorts
is

a very

good plan when

Other

no convenience

for carrying boxes.

of insects

may be

caught and killed the

same way, and sent over as before directed, between layers of cotton and paper.

No

other
;

insects but beetles should be put into spirits

and not these when the colours are

delicate,

beautiful,

and of a chalky texture

be full of

the bottle be-

fore sending should

filled

insects, or else

up with

cotton, so that they cannot shake

about.

Great care must be taken with

they do

all insects

that

not get broken, especially the horns

(antenna) and legs of beetles, and the antennae

ARACHNIDA.
and wings of the
their value
is

249
for then

butterflies

and moths,

greatly diminished.

Beetles should always be pinned through the

right elytrum, or

wing

case, so that the pin

first

may

come out between the

legs
;

and second pair of

but

all

other insects

may be

pierced ver-

tically

through the thorax.

Great care

must

also
sects

be taken that the boxes containing the in-

be

left in

a dry situation, and the sooner

they are transmitted to England the better, previously applying

small quantity of
to the inside of the

boxes a

powdered

arsenic or camphor,

to prevent the attacks of small insects.

Arachnida.

Spiders, Scorpions, and Acari are

best preserved in spirits, as well as the Myria-

poda, including the Juli, Scolopendrse, and other

individuals of the order
;

but they

may be

pierced

through the thorax (the intestines being carefully

removed and replaced by

cotton),

and pinned

tight in boxes, as the insects.

Crustacea.

The marine

species

may be

killed

250

SPONGES AND CORALLINES.

in cold fresh water,
it

by being immersed
should be
left

and they

in

for several
salt,

hours, to free
if

them from the adhering

washed
out, renders

which,

not well

them

liable to

attract mois-

ture from the atmosphere and injures the speci-

mens.
shells,

When

well washed, separate the upper

as

and remove
;

much

of the fleshy parts as

possible

then carefully dry and pack them.

The

smaller species
insects, if the

may be

pierced with pins, like

consequent bulk of the packages

Entire Crustacea

be not an objection.
preserved in strong

may be

spirits or brine.

Sponges and

Corallines.

Search the line of

sea-weed
latter

at

high-water mark, and the more the

small corals and other
in fresh

are covered with

parasites the better.

Never wash them

as they are found.
fuller

water, but dry

them

Never

wash or squeeze sponges ; the

they are of

gelatinous or fleshy matter the better.

Use un-

washed small Fuci

crispness
:

as packing, dried,

but not to

the boxes should be divided into two

STAR FISH.
or three compartments.

251

Corals should never be

washed
the sea.

or bleached, but sent as they

come from

Star-Fish and Echini.

These may be either

If large,
into boiling

dried or bottled in the saline fluid.

plunge them

for

two or three minutes

;

water before drying

if

small, one minute will

be enough.
things,

Annelides, Actinia, and other fleshy

bottled with a saturated solution

may be
salt,

of

bay

with two grains corrosive sublimate

to each quart.

Always keep up the strength of

the saline solution

by

the

addition of salt as

needed.

Land and

Fresh-water Shells.
as

Land

shells are

found in many places, such

clefts

under stones, in

of rocks, on the sides of hills and

moun-

tains,

under decayed wood and

trees, on the trunks,

roots

and leaves of

trees

and bushes, in decayed

vegetable matter, dried leaves and moist, on small

plants
;

in fact, almost every situation produces

:

them except open and cultivated places

where

dead specimens are found, living ones cannot be

252
far
off.

SHELLS.
"WTien collected, bring them
pail, or

home and
vessel,

put them in a

some other large

and pour a quantity of cold water over them;

then cover up the vessel for two or three hours,

which
(it
is

will cause the animals to

come out a

little

necessary to cover them up, or else they

will crawl

away)

when they

are a

little

out,

draw

off

the water,

and pour a quantity of

boiling water on them, so as to cover

let

them well

them remain a few minutes

to cool a little

then take out the animals with a large pin or

needle, as
are
all

you would

a periwinkle

when they
off

done, take a soft brush

all

and wash

gently

the dirt and

filth

from them, and place

them

in anothrr vessel of fresh water until all

;

are clean
is

then shake out well the water that

in them,

and place them out

to
in

dry, with
the

their

mouths downwards, but not

dry,
if

sun

when

they are small, pack them away in

cover the locality

small boxes, writing on the

and

situation in

which found.

Should the
shell in a

shells

be rather large, then wrap each

paper

SHELLS.

253

by

itself,

and pack them away in a larger box,

localities, etc.,
is

with their

with care

but never
without

put by a box that

adding
to

not quite

full

sufficient cotton or other

soft

substance

fill it,

for

such tender subjects should not have

their
transit.

play

during

In rivers, lakes,

ponds, and small streams, will be found

species

many
hand-

of
are

shells

which

although
;

not

some

very
left

interesting

none, therefore,
a cause of

should be

behind, as it

may be

regret hereafter.

Some

of the shells which will

be found in the above-mentioned places are of

the same form as the land shells
;

others are like

:

our fresh- water

mostly

mussel

or

cockle

they

are

found in the mud, sometimes in deep dead ones are sure

;

water

to

be found on the
if

banks of lakes and rivers

and

you cannot

procure living ones, show the natives the dead

specimens,

and

offer

them money

to

get

quantity of living ones.

of

The

rivers
:

and pieces

water abound with shells

be diligent in

seeking them, and your labours will be

most

254

FRESHWATER SHELLS.
Having
collected the fresh-water

amply repaid.
shells, place

them

in a vessel,

and pour a large

quantity of boiling water on them; they do not

require to be
shells

first

put into cold water,

is

as the
little

land
cool,

do
it

as

soon as the water

pour

off.

take out the animals as before

shells, etc.,
etc.
;

menthe

tioned,

wash the

but

as

bivalve or fresh-water mussel will open wide as

soon as the animal

is

out,

it

must be
;

tied close

before being put out to dry

will break,

if

not the hinge

and make the

shell valueless.

Some

of the fresh-water shells that are like the snails

have a mouth-piece, or operculum, which must be

taken care of: the mouth-pieces should be kept
in separate packages,

and packed with the species

of shell to which they belong, as they are of

great service in determining the species.

Some

of the land shells have also a mouth-piece, which

should be packed in the same manner.

the bivalve shells are tied

When

up and dry, wrap each

of them in a piece of soft paper, pack them in small

boxes, and remember localities, habitats,

etc., etc.

MARINE SHELLS.
Marine
Shells.

255

The
is

best time to collect shells

on the sea-shore

at the

new and

full
:

moon,

for then the tides

make

greatest ebb

the col-

lector should

be on the spot two hours before

assistant to

low water, with an

'

help in turning

over the large stones, should there be any, under

which

will be

found many species of cowries, buc-

cinums, tritons, mitres, cones, and several species

of bivalve shells, also
stones,

many kinds adhering

off

to the

which must be taken

with a knife

in a careful

manner

several species bore into the

stone

itself,

which must be broken with hammers

be
soft,

to get out the shells, or, if the stone

it

cut

carefully with a hatchet,

species will be found

on doing which many

:

more

care
:

must be taken

to avoid breaking the shells

be always provided
it,

with a light basket and a small box in

in

which
mens.

to

put the smaller and more delicate specistones

The

when turned over must be

well inspected, as

many

will be

found covered

with marine matter, which makes them appear

like the stone itself
:

collect all,

and do not despise

256
them on account of
for

CHITONS.
their

unmeaning appearance,

amongst them may be new genera and other

shells.

very rare

Many
shells

stones at the very lowest

ebb

will

have most

on them, therefore the

little

collector

must not mind getting a

wet.

Amongst

other sorts will be found chitons, which

off in the

must be taken

same manner
:

as

the

limpet and other adhering univalves

care

must

be taken, when
the other shells

at
;

home,

to

separate

them from

put them into a pail of fresh

water, and let them remain there from twelve to

twenty-four hours, by which time the

fleshy substance that surrounds

salt

on the
be well

them

will

soaked out

then cut out the animal, and wash

all filth,

the shells well, inside and out, from

and

throw them into another vessel of fresh water,

where

let

them remain

till

the whole are cleaned ;

then place them on a narrow strip of board

and bind them down

place to dry,

tightly,

put them in a shady

will

and in three or four days they

be

fit

to pack.

Among

the rocks on the sea-shore, in the ere-

PATE LL AS, ETC.

vices

257

and on them,

will

be found many species of

patellas, chitons, murices, etc.

Make
;

a careful

survey of every rock and stone

they will amply

little

repay the trouble.

All sheltered coves or

bays are the best places in which to find shells

examine these places in preference

particularly those

to

others,

in

more exposed

situations.

The
is

first

thing to observe

when

in a

new

locality

to

go along the sands

shells are

at high- water

mark, for
sea, par-

many good

thrown up by the
;

ticularly light bivalves

any time of the

after a gale of

tide will

do.

Never miss going

wind, for

then

many

valuable deep-water shells will

at other times.

be
In

found which are not seen

sheltered bays and places just at the very lowest

water-mark will be found, in the sand and mud,

various species of bivalve shells, just beneath the
surface,

and generally in great abundance: do

all

not neglect to collect

in plenty.

and every

species,

and

In collecting
tic,

shells,

whether

terrestrial or

aqua-

the collector

must always give the preference

s

258
to live shells

DREDGING.
that
is,

such as are but

if

still

inhabited

by the living animal

tained,
for the

they cannot be obthan none, though,

dead

shells are better

most part, they are worn and faded.

The

more

delicate species

must be packed in cotton

or other soft substance, or, in a default of such, a

fine

sawdust.

Shells containing their animals, as

well as the naked mollusca,

spirits or brine.

must be preserved

in

It is necessary to
Predging.

have a rope for

inches (60

the dredge from 2^ to 3

fathoms long);
ladle
less
;

fine

sieve,

bucket and a

a boat with a small anchor

and cable (not

than 30 fathoms), to moor her in the situation

to

where you are going

dredge

a good stout

canoe to convey the dredge away from the boat

as far as the rope will allow.

The dredge

to lie

in the

bow
:

of the canoe,
it is

mouth upwards, handle

as far as the

inwards

when

conveyed

rope
that

will allow, those in the canoe are to heave

is,

turn the dredge over gently into the water,

let it

and

be from

five

to six minutes, until

it is

DREDGING.
fairly

259
it

at the
:

bottom

then haul

on board
such as a

the boat

should any obstruction

prevent
its

rock, etc.,

being brought home, place

the canoe under the rope and pull her along until
the place of obstruction
is

arrived at

then bring

up

the dredge, either straight or

by taking it a little

way

back, and

let

those in the boat haul dredge

clear

and canoe towards them until

stacle
:

of the obagain, and

is

the dredge

is to

be

let

down

hauled in as before.
alongside the boat,

When the dredge

lift it in,
fill

brought
all

and take out

the

mud

and sand

half

the sieve with this, and

it,

pour a bucket of water gently on

holding the sieve to shake
it

the party
all

gently until
:

the

mud
all

and

fine

sand has passed through

take out

the larger shells as soon as possible, to pre-

vent their breaking the more delicate ones, and

put them into your basket, and the smaller ones

into boxes.

Should there be many small

shells

in the sieve,
out,
it

which would take much time picking

best to throw the sand from the
it

would be

sieve into a basket, and take

home, where

it

82

260

SIZE OF DREDGE.

can be inspected more minutely, after having

dried
it

in the sun on paper.

gets
to

The

nearer the
sheltered

collector

a reef of rocks in

places, the better for shells, as they will lie there

for protection
;

but be careful to throw the dredge

it

clear of the rocks, as

will save a deal of trouble.

feet

The dredge can be made 3

and
1 foot

6 inches long

wide

the outer edge to be turned

outwards about the angle of 30, and beaten

down

rather fine

the lower part of the bar

should not be less than half-an-inch thick, with

holes

punched

in

it

from one end

to the other,
:

an

inch and a-half apart, to lash the bag to

the bag

can be fashioned according to the dredge, and

made of double
General

bread-bags.
s

EveiT

P ecimen * dr7 or

in

s P irit >
it,

should have a number attached to

corresponding
to

one in the

collector's note-book,

in which he must enter his

memoranda con-

cerning

it

as for instance

The country where found,

Habits,
Habitat,

The

season when,

Local name.

GENERAL REMARKS.
The

261

collector should be furnished with knives,

scissors, scalpels, pliers, nets, a large

assortment

of pins of various sizes, needles, a hammer, small

hatchet, packing-cases (large and small, including

cork boxes for lepidoptera and other insects, and

a great

number of

pill-boxes in nests), cotton

and

paper, and also with a folding-net, hoop-net,

water-net, forceps, digger, glass phials,
collecting insects;
etc., for

he must

also

have a good

supply of prussic acid and arsenical soap.

composition and
follows
:

The
is as

mode

of making the latter

Camphor
Arsenic, in

5 2

oz.
Ibs. Ibs.

powder

White soap

Salts of tartar, or subcarbonate

of potash

.... ....
. .
.

12

oz.

Lime, in powder

oz.

Melt the soap completely with heat

in a small
;

quantity of water, and add the potash and lime

then remove
arsenic;

it

from the

fire

and

stir

in

the

next

add

the

camphor,

previously

262

ARSENICAL SOAP.
with, a little spirit of
:

rubbed to powder,

wine,

and mix the whole thoroughly

have the consistence of paste.

it

should
it

now

Preserve

in care-

" POISON." fully-closed glazed vessels, labelled

To

use

it,

mix the quantity required with

cold
3

water to the consistence of tolerably clear soup

and apply
skins.

it

with a brush to the inside of the

CHAPTER

XI.

THE FOREST AND THE MOUNTAIN.

Pleasing Eecollections

The Primeval Forest

The Fascinations
Forest

of a Hunter's Life

A Forest Ranger's Qualifications

Forest Creatures

Scenery

Woodland Streams

The Forest

during the Different Periods of the Day and Night The Voices of the Woods The Ever-changing Face of Nature Instinct of Animals Variety of Character The

Weird "Breathings of Nature" Language of Animals Music A Hunter's Lullaby Mountain Scenery Mountain Life The Mountaineer The Highest Altitudes.

THE

forest

How many

pleasing recollections

of heart-stirring events are associated with, that

name ; how many a glorious day's sport does recall to mind how many a dear friend does
;

it it

bring before

me

with

whom

have bearded the

tiger in his lair, tracked the

mighty elephant to his

haunt in

its

inmost recesses, and there despoiled

trophies.

him of

his

Many

a hand I then

264

THE PRIMEVAL FOREST.

clasped has become cold,

to listen to
is

many

a voice I loved
forest, the
still

hushed
all

for ever,

but the

home we

rangers

loved so well,

is

un-

changed, and

my

heart yearns to return to those

I shall

well-remembered scenes which

to portray.

now

attempt

The Primeval
Forest.

Those who have never explored a

primeval forest can have but a very

faint

conception of the mysterious effect that

intense depth of

absence of light and

gloom

have upon the human mind.

silence

The unbroken
everywhere per-

and utter

stillness that

vades

its

leafy arches, creates a strang* feeling of loneliness that depresses the spirits

awe and

and

appals the heart of those

to
,

who

are unaccustomed

wander in

its

solitudes

and even the stoutest

heart feels overpowered with a strange sensation

he can neither account

*

for

nor explain the

first

time he enters, for the voice of the

man

resounds

with a strange and

startling echo,
fear,

and even the

very hound whines with

and couches close

left alone.

to his master's side, afraid of

being

CHARMS OF A HUNTER'S
Solitude
The Fascinations of a
,

LIFE.

265

is

too insufficient a term

i
/>

to

convey an idea
.
.

01

the intensely
.

,1

Hunter'slafe.

overpowering sensation of desolation

and loneliness that pervades these regions

to the hunter,

yet,

who

is

accustomed

to sojourn in
is

their deepest recesses, the wilderness

home
;

which he would not exchange

as

for

any other

and

he roams through

its

boundless expanse of

vendure, with no other companions but the silent

trackers

and

his

dogs,

and no guide but a

pocket-compass and certain jungle signs not to

be understood

by the dwellers

in

cities,

he

imbibes certain feelings that cannot be entered

into

save

by those who have themselves ex-

perienced the charms and fascinations of "forest

life,"

and enjoyed

its

pure and heartfelt plea-

sures.
to

To him

it

possesses a peculiar spell, not

;

be found elsewhere

and, far

away from the

haunts of man, he gives no care to the turmoil

and bustle of the busy world, but loves

to

study

nature in her grandest form, and silent unsullied

266

NECESSARY QUALIFICATIONS

beauty, whilst his heart glows with thoughts that

bear him untiring company.

There
ing
life,

is

a peculiarly exhilarating delight, pass-

all

description, in the wild excitement of this

dispels all anxiety,

which

and strengthens

the mental and physical energies for the ever-

changing scene, delights the eye, and gives pleasure to the intellect
,

whilst, at the

same time,

the constant excitement arising from the varied

incidents of such a state of existence invigorates

the

mind and

stimulates the powers of thought

and observation.

A Forest Banger's Qualincations.

The body, sustained

er tion

in continued ex-

constant exercise, by '

enables the

hunter to maintain his course for days

together through the pathless woods, with that

dogged stubbornness and

inflexibility

which

is

necessary to ensure success in the pursuit of the

game he

seeks.

He

moves

noiselessly

along,

without a care as to what he

may

encounter, for
his

he has implicit confidence in the power of

FOR A FOREST RANGER.

trusty
rifle
;

267

and

his vigilant eye, piercing the

shadowy depths of the jungle, leaves no hollow

unsearched, for he and his followers are depen-

dent for their subsistence on their exertions in

the chase.

Nothing

is

so conducive to the

keen develop-

ment of the

senses

as

the constant exertion of

the different faculties during a sojourn in the

jungle

quickness of eye (an indispensable quahunter) and unceasing watchfulness are

;

lity in a

there attained

habits of observation are engen-

dered, for anything out of the

diately attracts attention,

common imme-

and the ear is habituated

to catch the slightest sound.

The hunter should have

a thorough knowledge

of the habits of the wild animals he seeks, bear-

ing in mind

how

suspicious they are,

is

and how

quickly their attention

attracted

by unusual
even the
al-

noises, strange traces in the jungle, or

taint in the air

which the presence of man

ways

leaves behind.

The ranger

of the forest

a thorough feeling of independence

263

FOREST SCENERY.
restraint in these wilds, that

and a freedom from

contrasts

most favourably with the desagrements

existence
it,
;

of

artificial

and few of those who are

fitted to

enjoy

ever quit these scenes to return

to civilised life without

deep feelings of regret

that their unalloyed pleasures are at an

end

and

in after

life,

the

murmuring of

waters, and the

trees, will re-

sighings of the
call to

wind through the

mind moments of intense

interest,

and they

will ever feel at heart that there is

no music so

sweet as the wild voices of the woods.

F
cenery.

All forests are gloomy, but they

h av e,

their

comparative

degrees

of

shade, and present a great diversity of appearance.

The

tall

feathery

bamboo

contrasts most

delightfully with the stately teak,

r

ebony black-

wood, and other gigantic

forest,

trees of the primeval

is

where the

air,

being confined,

generally

close
is

and

suffocating.

The

surface of the

ground

everywhere thickly strewn with decayed leaves

or dead branches, and underneath the trees

may

be seen the green of young seedlings which

FLOWERS AND GRASSES.

spring

269
but for

up by thousands during the

and
die,

rains,

the most part pine

light

being deprived of

and

heat.

In some places the forest becomes more open,

dense woods alternating with beautiful verdant
glades,

and

their limits are so well defined, that

the scene
tions of
this

much

resembles the ornamental planta-

an English park; indeed, so

much

does

similitude strike the

first

Anglo-Saxon stranger,

the

time

it

meets his eye, that he looks

around the verdant lawns, shrubberies of evergreen, stately avenues, and embowering groves,
fully expecting to see

some ancestral manorial

mansion, or gray embattled pile, to diversify the

landscape, so strongly does
it

remind him of the

home he has

left

perhaps for ever.

Every turn

in the forest reveals

some change.
fan-

In some places fern flowers and grasses creep

tastically tangled

on the sides of darkly frowning

raise their
forest,

crags,

and lichen-covered precipices

heads above the wave-like looking sea of

and present a scene with that depth of colouring

270
and

WOODLAND STREAMS.
exquisitely
rich
tints

that Salvator

Rosa

loved to paint.
Woodland

Clear pellucid streams and rivulets

are

often

met. with

in the

densest

forests;

and during the dry season, the hunter

all

cannot do better than follow their course, as

kinds of game abound in their immediate neigh-

bourhood.
Their banks are often carpeted with mosses

and lichens of endless variety of

tints,

whilst

patches of gorgeous flowers are seen amongst

the luxuriant herbage, adding their rich colours,
as
if

to

diversify the

sombre appearance the

forest usually wears.

In some places they run

through open glades ; in others they are completely arched over with dense foliage, forming

an impervious shade over head, the trees on both

sides being laced
infinity of

and bound together with an

wild vines and gigantic creepers, which

hang

in festoons, or lie twisted in snake-like coils

upon the ground.

Gushing through the arches of the
forest, the

WOODLAND STREAMS.

271

woodland stream dashes along through scenes of

ever-varying loveliness and beauty, with a voice

of impetuous freedom and gladness

pleasant

now, with a
;

murmur,

it rattles

over a bed of pebbles

now,

lost to the eye, it glides stealthily

through a

shady hollow;

now

it

sweeps past the base of

cliff;

huge masses of

syenite

dashes over boulders

of rock, or creeps silently

stones;
rocks,
rills
i

among moss-covered

now, divided by dark, boldly jutting

it is

scattered into

a score of bubbling

now, again united in one broad expanse, a

mass of foam,
it

rolling

goes tumbling headlong

over a rocky precipice into a boiling abyss below,

mingling
in
its

all its

waters in a foaming pool.

a thousand springs
last
it

Joined
tribu-

course

by
at

and

tary streams,

becomes a broad and

along,

rapid
in

river,

gliding

smoothly
the

hushed

peace,

reflecting

passing

cloud,
;

and
then

scarcely ruffled

by the freshening breeze

habitation

man

builds his

by

its

banks,

and and

forest creatures drink of its waters in fear

trembling.

272
Forest

FOREST CREATURES.
Each period of the day has
customed
visitants,
its

acits

every hour has

"

certain signs," that can be read

to

and understood

by those only

whom jungle
observe and

voices are familiar,

and who, from long habit and experience, have

been enabled
to

mark

the systematic

order of Nature's handiwork.

Early Morn*

^ n tropical climates the interval be-

Forest.

tween the
is

first

glimmering of dawn and

daylight,

very short, and on entering the forest

at this hour, jungle-cocks like gold as they

(whose plumage gleams

run by followed by their dusky

merrily on every

seraglio)

may be heard crowing

side, whilst great

hooded-owls, like drowsy re-

vellers after their night's carouse, sail hooting,

leisurely flapping their

their haunts in

wings

as
tree.

they return to

some hollow

As

the light

increases, the notes of the earliest of the feathered

songsters are heard,

and troops of monkeys are

to

seen making their

their

way

some pool or stream

fly

for

morning draught, but who

to

skipping from

branch

branch, chattering and showing their

DAYBREAK

IN

THE FOREST.

273

teeth as soon as they discover our presence.

Now
an in-

and again, the dun

sides of deer flash for

stant before us, as they

bound across the open vistas

of the forest, and disappear in the densest cover.

Birds of gaudy plumage dart amid the branches,

gay

butterflies
glitter

hover about, insects of metallic

leaves,

hue

on the

and

all

Nature seems

glad in this highly-favoured spot.

Toucans and gigantic

horn-bills,

with

their

awkward

flight, pass

from tree

to tree in search

of the reptiles and small animals on which they

feed j and long lines of flamingoes, with their magnificent rose-coloured

plumage, pelicans, herons,

lines

storks,

and

ibis,

may

be seen in long

wend-

ing their

way towards

their feeding grounds.

In certain seasons, long before sunrise, elk are

heard bellowing, and their loud
cries of defiance
forest,

resounding from every side of the

might,

by unaccustomed
of

ears,

be mistaken for the roaring

animals, so hoarse

much more dangerous

and

hollow do they sound.

All nocturnal animals return to their haunts in

274

BEAUTIES OF MORN.
first

the deep jungle on the

appearance of dawn,
the "r6veille."

when

the

jungle-cock sounds

Bison and deer retire slowly from the open glades

where they have pastured during the night, and

seek the shade of the thick cover.

At

this early

hour there

is

generally a cool
fresh

breeze, and the morning air

is

and bracing;

but very shortly the whole of the eastern horizon

glows with ruddy lustre, and the sun bursts forth
in a blaze of living light,
his

and seems

to travel

on

way

in the heavens with

much more
is

rapidity
for

than in northern climes.

This

the

moment

the lover of the beautiful to see the forest, for

the dewdrops on the leaves and ground sparkle

like brilliants,

and

at

no other time are the varied

colours of the verdure so vivid.

The

lights

and

shades show to the best advantage, and a peculiarly

harmonious charm reigns over the whole

face of Nature,

which must

strike
spirit,

upon the heart

and make him

even of the most apathetic

feel,

with the great poet, that

" There
is

a pleasure in the pathless woods."

NOON IN THE FOREST.

Noon
in the

275

During the intense heat of the day,

whilst the sun
is
still

high above the

to

meridian,

all

animated nature seems to yield

his overpowering influence.

A strange
to

stillness,

profound

silence,

reigns throughout the forest,

which

in early

morning seemed

teem with

life

and motion.

Every

living creature disappears

into the deepest shade of the woods, in order to

escape from the exhausting heat and oppressive

glare;
falcon,

except, perhaps, the eagle, hawk, and

who

are seen hovering overhead in circles,

like specks in the cloudless sky, or

skimming,

with strange wild

cries,

over the tops of the

jungle in search of their prey, and the green

enamelled

dragon-flies
to leaf.

that

still

flit

over the

water from leaf

Then

the sturdy hunter,

overcome with

lassitude, suspends his toil,

and

seeks the grateful shade of some gigantic foresttree or overhanging rock,

where he reposes

until

the mid-day heat

is

passed, whilst his dog, also

sharing in the universal languor which seems at

that hour to oppress the whole face of nature,

T 2

276
lies

REVIVAL OF LIFE.

panting upon the ground, with his legs exto the utmost,

tended

and

his tongue

hanging

far

out of his mouth.

The weary hours

roll on,

and Nature revives

the woods again resound with the melody of the voice of birds
across the
;

butterflies, of varied
;

hue, nutter
to

open glades

bees

flit

from flower

flower; and lustrous beetles, exhibiting metallic

hues of green and blue, that rival the deepest

shades of the emerald and the sapphire, hover

round in

circles,

making a peculiar booming

Myriads of

noise from the flutter of their wings.

insects

keep up a perpetual

hum

in the solitudes

of the jungle, and other gentle sounds

softly

murmur
and

from every

side, like spirits in the air,

produce an

effect

singularly

strange, soothing,
this

and dreamy.

At

times, above

jungle melody,

may

be distinguished the distant cry of the peashrill

cock, the

wild note of jungle-fowl, the

call

of the coppersmith, the tapping of the wood-

pecker against some hollow

tree, the chattering

of a troop of monkeys as they pass in the dis-

EVENING IN THE FOREST.

tance, bounding from
liarly soft

bough

to

bough

the pecu-

and melancholy note of the turtle-doves,

;

as

they flutter in pairs from tree to tree

or the

shrill

screams of flights of paroquets, whose bril-

liant

plumage shines with exquisite

lustre in the

light of the sun, as they dash close past, uncon-

scious of danger in their forest

Evening in
the Forest.
-,

home.
all

As the
j

declines, birds of
i

kinds are seen returning

;

j homeward

from their distant feeding-grounds

heavily

pelicans rise

on

their

unwieldy
their

wings

from

the

marshes, and

wend

way

to their nests
spot.

on

the highest trees in

some secluded

Flying-

foxes leave the shady grove where they have

hung

suspended during the heat of the day, and are

seen in numbers darkening the sky as they roam

through the twilight

flit

whilst multitudes of bats

about in

all

directions in search of the insects

on which they

feed.
sets, insects

As the sun
their retreats,

of

all

kinds issue from

and mosquitoes are constantly heard

buzzing about, increasing in the audacity of their

278

THE SILENT FOREST.

The
shrill voices

attacks as the night wears on.

of innumerable crickets, the croaking of frogs, and

the continual

hum

of other insects, keep

up a

perpetual serenade long after darkness has corered the earth.

The

tuneful songsters ceased their warbling,

/nd the woods no longer resounded with the

sharp strokes of the woodpecker
;

but the night-

hawk was on
fro after the

the wing, and darted swiftly to and

flit

moths, which at that hour

about

in

great numbers.

The

air

becomes redolent

with the fragrance of numberless flowering shrubs,

which seem

to

emit a double perfume towards-

the close of day.

The evening deepens

into

twilight, the twilight darkens into night,

stars

and the
if

with their mild radiance seem as

they

strove to eclipse

the lingering rays of sunset.

At length

the mighty forest becomes silent,

and

no sound reaches our ears save the occasional

chirping of a cricket, the dismal hooting of the

horned howl, the howling of troops of jackals, or

the melancholy booming of the great hill-monkey.

NIGHT IN THE FOREST.

As
the night wears on, the
tall

279

trees can hardly

as

be distinguished one behind another,

they

loom darker and darker against an indefinable

background.

Hundreds of flying-foxes

glide silently through

;

and " the harsh cry of alarm of the plover, Did he do

the night air, like evil spirits of darkness
it,

did he do it?"

is

heard long

after the rest of

the feathered race are at rest.

Then
our

the voices of night

come upon

ears.

Elephants are heard trum-

petting as they crash through the underwood,

and
deep

at

intervals

sundry smothered roars

and

hoarse

grumblings re-echo amongst the

forest,

hollow arches of the

fiercest denizens
its

and

tell

us that
lairs

its
in.

have risen from their

innermost recesses, and are prowling about

in search of prey.
It
Forest Lore.
is

not the mere killing which

the

affords

hunter pleasure, as

he

ranges the forest in the pursuit of game, for the ever -changing sylvan realm
is

beautiful under

280
every aspect.

FOREST LORE.

The

varied hues and forms of the

different trees, each possessing its

own

distinctive

character, are so beautifully blended

as to set
at

by Nature

naught

all

the imitations of Art.

objects

Here a crowd of
embraced
vignettes
at

interesting

may be
delineate.

a glance, on every side forming

such as Turner

loved

to

Yes, my gentle reader, the forest has indescribable

charms which grow round the heart, but he must

live long

with Nature

who would understand her

mysterious signs, hidden ways, and ever-changing

face, or interpret the wild voices of the

woods

a language which none save the long-initiated

can read.
The Everchanging Face
of Nature.

The hunter,
these

after a

long sojourn in

solitudes,

gets

accustomed

to

observe the minutest change;

his

nothing escapes

keen observation, and by degrees, with close

attention,
effect,

he begins to trace the cause by the

to study the regular, harmonious,

and

and

systematic laws of Nature.

Then he never

suffers

from

lassitude, gets disheartened, or is cast

down

NATURE'S CHANGES.

281
has within

when

alone in the

forest,

for

he

himself an exhaustible source of occupation which

keeps his mind active, his thoughts engaged, and

his faculties in constant exercise.

To him every
either

object has

its

attraction

and importance,

elucidating some principle or affording instruction;

and the more he learns the more

his curiosity

is

stimulated, rather than wearied, until after a time

he becomes almost independent of external

cumstances,
artificial

cir-

and

loses

all

craving

after

the

excitement of the outer world.

is

He

finds

"that there

society

where none intrudes,"

:

or, as the great

"

master-mind Shakspere says

books in the running brooks and good in everything."

Tongues Sermons

in trees in stones

t'

ct

Besides the beauties of Nature that

meet the hunter at every

step,

the

observation of the instincts, character, and habits

of different animals
occupations.

is

one of the most entertaining

In the place of improvable reason

all

given

to

man,

animals are endowed with

to

faculties

which impel them

perform certain

INSTINCT OF ANIMALS.
actions

and guide

them

in
to

certain
their

operations

which cannot be ascribed

own mental
show an
which

consciousness, for some of their works

acquaintance

with

scientific

principles

man

has

only discovered

by long

reflection.
forest,

By

watching closely the inhabitants of the

will

the hunter
sagacious

be struck with

the

different

expedients

by which they provide

themselves with food, construct their habitations,

or

defend
:

themselves

against

their

natural

enemies

and he

will find that the capabilities

;

of all animals are proportionate to their wants

thus some have different senses more strongly

developed than others.

ingenious
to will

Sometimes the different

artifices

means

and

animals

resort

almost induce the observer to suspect

that they are

endowed with a

certain

amount

of reason

yet,

on reflection, he must be convinced

that this cannot be, as the ant

and the bee, which

are of a very inferior class in the scale of animals,

possess an instinct

more highly developed than

any

other.

The

various means animals will resort

INSTINCT OF ANIMALS.
to for self-preservation are very extraordinary:

one

class will

endeavour

to crush their antagonist

;

with their ponderous bodies

a second charge,

making use of
paws and

their horns

a third employ their

teeth, being gifted

;

with immense mus-

cular strength

a fourth being protected

by

their

hides, roll themselves

up

in a ball
;

a fifth inject
;

subtle poison from hollow fangs

a sixth sting

a seventh eject from their bodies a volatile foetid

liquor offensive in the highest degree, or exhale

disagreeable and penetrating odours

outstrip their pursuers

an eighth

by superior

swiftness, fly,
;

climb out of the way, or creep into the earth

a
;

ninth counterfeit death on the presence of danger

whilst others,
again, have such

extraordinary

vitality that dislocated portions

grow and become

new
,,.
.
,

animals.

Variety of
Characters.

The

characters of different animals

i
:

vary extremely

n some are naturally

;

01

a savage and vindictive disposition

for instance,

the tiger's thirst for blood

is

insatiable,

whereas

the lion does not attack his prey except from the

284

VARIETY OF CHARACTER.
hunger
;

cravings of

some are

constitutionally
;

brave, as the boar, buffalo, and bear

others, such as the
class,

whilst
feline

hyena and most of the

are

cowardly.

Some

are pugnacious, as
;

the rhinoceros,
'*

jungle-cock, and spider

and

others harmless
as the elephant

by nature, and peacefully inclined,

and deer, except when excited by
are naturally solitary, only seek-

jealousy.

Some

" the season of love," ing each other during

which comprises
birds
;

all

the rapacious order of beasts or

others live in families, as the elephant ; or

in herds, as bison, deer, and antelope.

associate only for the

Some

purposes of hunting, as
;

wolves, jackals, wild dogs, and vultures

or pre-

vious to migrating, as swallows, snipe, and wood-

cock ; whilst others live permanently together, as

(

monkeys, parrots,

rabbits, crows, pigeons, prairie

dogs, and the society bird.*

In some animals

* In Central Africa, I have come across the habitations of

the society birds, which at first sight I imagined to have been constructed by man ; for they live in hundreds together in a kind of mud and thatch-house, impervious to wet, having

LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS.
memory and attachment
strongly implanted
to

285
are

mankind

more

by Nature than
dog, horse,

in others,

more particularly
phant.
The Language

in the

and

ele-

The tunter ma7 g ain

into the nature

fres k insight

and character of

ani-

mals,

by

their cries

under

different circumstances

which express
as all

their various desires

calls

and emotions,

have certain

and utter peculiar sounds

maternal
affection,

denoting pleasure,

sorrow,

connubial attachment, anger, rage, alarm, and

fear.

In former days there were

to

men who

pro-

fessed

understand the songs of birds; and

often as I have listened to the

merry songsters of

the wood, or to the exquisitely plaintive

melody

of the turtle-dove as he wooed his bride, I have

thought that

it

was quite possible

to learn

much
and

of their language

by watching

their actions,

paying attention to the manifold accents of their

long streets, with lines of nests on each side at regular distances, from each other. The tree selected is generally the smooth-

barked acacia.

BREATHINGS OF NATURE.
notes

now

low,

soft,

and long drawn out, now

shrill, disjointed,

and harsh.

These studies of Nature are the hunter's recreations,

and he

feels pleasure proportionate as

he understands them.

Her laws

are ever the

same, ever changeless, ever perfect.

Truth

is

ever before him, and there are no imperfections

in the models of his study
for

Nature

is

ever

young.
th ings of Nature,

Th B

^e
-i

* nere

are

mysterious natural
vi

phenomena met with

in

the

,1

dense

forest, for

which even the

long-initiated hunter

cannot account.

I allude to those indescribable

but peculiarly soothing and melodious sounds

that issue from every side,

and seem

to

make

the

very

stillness
,

palpable.

My

mentor,

Walter

M
was

who, besides being the keenest sportsman

most skilled in woodcraft, and
all

also the

knowledge appertaining
ever

to the forest that India

to

produced,

used

term these nameless

sounds the "breathings of Nature;" and often,

when watching

for

game

in places far

away from

WEIRD MUSIC.
the haunts of man, have

287
hour
after

we

listened,

hour, endeavouring to account for each of the

various noises as they caught the ear.

The
Weird Music.

faint,

soothing tones and

hum-

ming sounds with which the

forest is

resonant at certain times are doubtlessly occasioned by the

countless

variety of insects that

inhabit it; but sometimes

when

alone, even in

broad

daylight,

the

hunter will find strange

emotions arise, and feel startled for the

moment

at the almost supernatural tone of the voices of

the wild woods

ful, until

for the

unknown

is

always fearits

habit has familiarised us with

solitudes,
is

preis

sence

and when alone in those

false

man

deprived of that

courage that

engendered

by

the presence of his fellow-man.

Sometimes the hunter will hear resounding

through these wilds, strange sounds like bursts of
fiendish laughter, or long, protracted moanings,
as if

some human being was suffering in extreme

rifle

agony; and by instinct he will cock his

and

peer through the subdued light, and quickly

288
flitting

A HUNTER'S LULLABY.
shadows, fully expecting to meet more
;

than an earthly antagonist

reflection,

but after a moment's

he will lay down his trusty weapon

with a smile at his

that the

own

excitability,

knowing
either

strange sounds he has heard

proceeded from some prowling hyena, or were

caused by the wind sweeping through the giant
trees

and rocky gorges.

Again, sometimes, when

on

trail,

he will fancy that he hears "floating

sounds," like passing wings, and a

hum

like

murand

muring of voices in the

listen

air,

and

will stop

intently, fearing
spell,

to

move

lest
it

he should

break the

when

in reality

was only the

creaking of boughs, bamboos rubbing against

each other, or the foliage overhead being stirred

by a

gentle breeze.
r*

A Hunt

Many
lays

a time in the

still

night, as

he

down

to rest after the fatigues of

the day, under

forest,

some mighty patriarch

of the

he will hear the wind sighing his lullaby

the distant I
hills,

among
choly.

slow, sad,

and melancrossing

remember

in 1855,

when

DEVIL'S MUSIC.
lofty range of

289

mountains in Circassia, that I was

very

much

surprised,

and

my people

frightened,

at hearing

low musical breathings,

like the tones

of an JEolian harp, evidently issuing from the

side

of

the mountain.

My
it

followers called
it

it

" devil's
evil
;

music," and said that

prognosticated

but I believe that

was caused by strong

currents of air passing swiftly over the

numerous
attri-

caverns and crevasses, although

Humboldt

butes this natural phenomenon, which he also

experienced, to parts of the ground being unequally heated.

Such

is

the forest-ranger's home, and he

who

has passed any length of time amid similar scenes

will ever in his heart long to return to them, for

no music

is

so sweet in his ears as

" the voices of

the wild woods."

Rousseau, the eloquent French author, in his

"

Confessions," says

" Never did a

level country,

however beautiful

it

might be, seem beautiful in

my

eyes.

I must have cataracts, rocks, pines,

290
dark
forests,

MOUNTAIN SCENERY.
and rugged pathways, with steep

precipices that

make one shudder

to behold."

cannot say that I entirely agree with him, for

notwithstanding that I have wandered through
the wildest scenes of the
clings to the
all

Himalaya,

my

heart

remembrance of the varied beauties

of our English landscapes, where fields of waving

golden corn, green meadows, woods, and gentle

meandering

rivers, alternate.

There

is

a certain

charm

in such scenes that has an indescribable

attraction to every traveller of the

race.

Anglo-Saxon

He

feels

that

it

pertains of

home

of the

land of his fathers, with which no other spot on

earth can compare.

Yet there cannot be

a doubt

of the influence of mountain scenery

upon the

mind, and there

that never palls.

is

a spell in

its

contemplation
feet are

Here the wanderer's

rarely weary, his knapsack never heavy.

Mountain

There

is

something invigorating in

the pure bracing air of the higher altitudes that appears to revive the spirits after a

MOUNTAIN

LIFE.

291
cities,

lengthened sojourn amongst the dwellers of

and the change has a

beneficial effect

upon the
apthe

body

as well as

upon

the mind.

Here one
;

pears to inhale health at every respiration

appetite improves, digestion
cal force

becomes easy, physilimb increases, and

to firm muscle, whilst

and

elasticity of

fallen degeneration

changes

a sense of exultation thrills

through the whole

to

frame

melancholy gives place

feels relieved

cheerfulness,

and the mind

from

all

depressing

influence of care
life

and anxiety
society

for the future.

A
run

amid

civilised

may seem

to

smoothly, but "there's a skeleton in every house,"

and beneath are ever hidden strange things that

occasion heart-aches, although they
rise to the surface.

may

never

The wildness
free

of a comparatively savage

life is
:

from many of these troubles and disquietudes

action,

and perfect freedom of

even

if it loses

somewhat of refinement, gains much in

and the comforts of self-independence.

liberty

292
Mountain
there
is

LIVING WITH NATURE.

life

has delights peculiarly

its

own,

a mysterious charm in these elevated

is

regions that

never

felt

on the

plains,

and the
of

further the wanderer goes from the haunts

man, the stronger become those exhilarating sensations

which

fill

the heart with gladness, and

its

nerve the body with energy to put forth

strength.

He who

lives constantly
all

with Nature,

watching and studying

feels that

her changing moods,

he has a world within himself, that no

adverse fortune can sweep away.

It has ever

seemed

to

me

that, amidst the

mounand

tains, the pulse

of Nature beats stronger

plains
;

more palpably than upon the

thing discovers more
life

here, every-

and energy, and speaks

infinite

more emphatically of the

Ruler of the Universe.

power of the
that

The stream

mean-

ders slowly through the plains, dashes

impetu-

ously

down

its

mountain course

and even man

(unless education

and society changes him) much

from which he springs.

resembles the

soil

THE MOUNTAINEER.
The Moun-

293
the

To

certain

extent,

moun-

taineeer bears

the stamp of Nature

upon him

for, like
;

the

mountain torrent, his

movements are quick

like the

sudden changes
his passions

in the atmosphere in which

he dwells,

are easily roused

like the

oak which shades him,

;

he has a sturdy, bold and characteristic manner

like the rock
faithful,

on which he stands, he
;

is

true

and

and makes a firm friend

and the conto

stant presence of

danger and peril inures him

the

contemplation of death, and renders him

fearless

and

intrepid.

Mountaineers are conspicuous for their inde-

pendent manner, manly bearing, and the absence

of
all

conventional manner.
t

Th IT h

Imagination cannot portray to the

mind
highest .altitudes

the stupendous grandeur of the

here the whole face of nature

seasons never
reigns.

bears the stamp of immortality

change

unbroken winter

ever

Such
still

scenery no mortal

can contemplate, and

294

THE HIGHEST ALTITUDES.

God,
for the voice

disbelieve in the existence of

of Nature
terious

is irresistibly

powerful, and the mysthese

influence

that reigns in

regions

will inculcate a natural religion

even in the mind

of a savage, and impress

upon him the conscious-

ness of the infinite supremacy of an all-ruling

Power.

THE END.

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our own and in other countries Claimants have been by no means rare, and the inthor has spared 10 research to render 'tis work as perfect

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The Cyclopaedia of Costume of and

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and contradictory the statements, of our best me, when, in the my ignorance, I rushed upon almost unand felt bewildered trodden ground, by the mass of unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion which met
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It is some this, to me, most fascinating subject. consolation, however, to feel that where I cannot instruct, I shall certainly not mislead, and that the reader will find, under each head, all that is known to, or suggested by, the most competent writers I am acquamted with, either here or on the Continent. That this work appears in a glossarial form arises from the desire of many artists, who have expressed to me the difficulty they constantly meet with in their endeavours to ascertain the complete form of a garment, or the exact mode of fastening a piece of armour, or buckling of a belt, from their study of a sepulchral effigy or a figure in an illumination, the attitude of the personages represented, or the disposition of other portions of their attire, effectually preventing the requisite examination. The books supplying any such information are very lew, and the best confined to armour or ecclesiastical costume. The only English publication of the kind required, that I am aware of, is the late Mr. Fairholt's "Costume in England" (8vo, London, of which contain a glossary, the most valuable 1846), the last two hundred pages from old plays, mediaeval romances, and satirical portion whereof are the quotations articles of attire in fashion at the time of ballads, containing allusions to various their years have expired since that book appeared, and

of light has been poured upon us, by which we are enabled to re-examine our opinions and discover reasons to doubt, if we cannot find J'acts to authenticate. That the former greatly preponderate is a grievous acknowledgment to make after assiduously devoting the leisure of half my life to the pursuit of information

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THIS BOOK

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JAN 2*1986