Ayapana, Lovely Ann D.

PH2-3

Takehome Quiz: Zoolec

1. Define Nutrition and Digestion. Nutrition - refers to the activities by which living things obtain raw materials from the environment and transport them into their cells. The cells metabolize these raw materials and synthesize structural components, enzymes, energyrich compounds, and other biologically important substances. All the elements and compounds taken into a living thing are nutrients. Digestion - Animals, including humans, are heterotrophic organisms, and their nutrients consist of preformed organic molecules. The organic molecules rarely come in forms that are readily useful, so animals must process the foods into forms that can be absorbed. Differentiate Mechanical digestion from Chemical Digestion. Mechanical digestion is where the food is physically broken down into smaller pieces, such as in the mouth while Chemical digestion is where the food is chemically broken down into subatomic particles, starting with the saliva in the mouth and continuing through the small intestine. 2. Give the functions of the following accessory digestive glands: Salivary Glands - The main function of the salivary glands is to manufacture saliva and help the bolus go down the esophagus easily. Salivary glands also secrete amylase, which is an enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose. Pancreas - A healthy pancreas is able to produce the right chemicals at the right times in the right quantities in order to properly digest the food we eat. After food enters the duodenum, the exocrine tissues secrete a clear, watery, alkaline juice that contains several enzymes that break down food into small molecules that can be absorbed by the intestines. Liver - The liver regulates most chemical levels in the blood and excretes a product called bile, which helps carry away waste products from the liver. All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver. The liver processes this blood and breaks down the nutrients and drugs into forms that are easier to use for the rest of the body. More than 500 vital functions have been identified with the liver. Gallbladder - The gall bladder functions to store, concentrate and secret bile (which is produced in the liver) into the duodenum ( the first part of the small intestines). Bile functions to emulsify (or help to make soluble) fats. The emulsification process breaks the fat down into smaller droplets and this increases the surface area. An increased surface area means that more lipases (fat digesting enzyme [not found in the bile]) can break down the fat so that it can be easily absorbed and metabolized. 3. Give the following functions of the stomach cells: Parietal cells - Parietal cells (also called oxyntic cells) are the stomach epithelium cells which secrete gastric acid. Their main function is to produce hydrochloric acid, which assists in the chemical breakdown of food. Columnar cells - The main function of simple columnar epithelial cells are protection. For example, the epithelium in the stomach and digestive tract

provides an impermeable barrier against any bacteria that could be ingested but is permeable to any necessary ions. This function is especially important in the colon. Simple columnar epithelial cells can specialize to secret mucus that coats and protects the surrounding surface from damage. Chief cell - A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell) is a cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and rennin. Usually when the term "chief cell" or "zymogenic cell" is used without qualification, this is the type meant. This type of cell also secretes gastric lipase enzymes, which help digest triglycerides into free fatty acids and di- and mono-glycerides.