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K^TRODUCTORY

SYRIAC METHOD AND MANUAL

BY

EGBERT DICK WILSON,

Ph.D.

PROFKSSOK OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND HISTORY IN THE WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ALLEGHENY, PA.

NEW YORK CHARLES SCRTBNER'S SONS

1891

Copyright,

1891,

bt

ROBERT DICK WILSON.

V
Press of J. J. Little & Co. Astor Place, New York

TO

MY BELOVED PARENTS THIS WORK

IS

RESPECTFULLY AND GRATEFULLY

DEDICATED

M.

M /-^ J"*' /^

PREFACE.
The
plan of this

Method and Manual

*'

is

in general the

same

as that of the corresponding Introductory Manual " of Professor W. K. Harper, Ph. D. may be in place by way of explanation.

Hebrew Method and The following notes

The
tions

first

four chapters of Genesis (which are copied with yaria-

from Nestle's ^'Syriac Grammar") are chosen because they afford the best means of comparison with the Hebrew of Pro32d page, inclusive, lead

fessor Harper's '^Manual." The selections from the 10th to the

up gradually from more easy to more difficult portions of the Peshito version. The last selection is the introductory portion of the history of Rabban Soma, possessed in manuscript by the author and never before published. Being printed in the Nestorian alphabet,
it

will

be useful as an introduction to the East

For assistance in reading this selection Syriac system of writing. the reader is referred especially to the note under Section I.,
Article 6, and to Article

The

*'

Elements." Notes and Observations" need no remark, except that

6. 6.

of the

'"

the latter contain

all of the main principles of Syriac grammar, while the former give all explanations necessary for a full understanding of the orthography, etymology, and syntax of the text.

The " Grammar Lessons "

*'

carry the student over

all

the articles

Elements of Syriac Grammar," with reviews of the same. The ^'Word Lessons" contain only such words as are not in the " '' Exercises are largely based. verses of Genesis, upon which the
of the

When the grammar lesson has been upon a certain subject, the word lesson gives such words as throw light upon it e. g., in Lesson XL the grammar lesson is on Lomadh Olaph verbs; the word lesson consists largely of Lomadh Olaph verbs. The vocabu" Word Lists " on lary thus learned can be enlarged from the pp.
;

VI

PREFACE.

are based upon the text of Genesis and upon the grammar and word lessons. They will be found, it is hoped, an excellent means of fixing in the memory the princiThe *' Exples of grammar and the words of most common use.

134-147.

The "

Exercises

'^

ercises''

and by the

can be supplemented by the transliteration of Genesis I., literal translation of Genesis I. -IV., found at the end

of the volume.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE

Chrestomathy
Genesis I.-IV

1- 36

110
,

Psalm
Jonah

II

11- 15

Malachi

16-21

Matthew XXVI.-XXVIII
Selection

22-33
33- 36

from Rabban Soma

Glossary

37- 55

Manual

Part
I

56-123
Genesis Genesis Genesis
I.
I.

Lesson

56- 58

Lesson II

58-62
4

Lesson III

I. 3,

62-66

Lesson IV
Lesson

Genesis
Genesis Genesis Genesis Genesis

I.
I.

6-8

66-70
70-75
75-79

9-13

Lesson VI Lesson VII

Lesson VIII

I.
I.

14-16
17-23 24-31
1-8

79-83

I.

Lesson IX
Lesson

Genesis
Genesis

II.

83-87 87-91
91-95
95- 99 99-102

II.

9-15

Lesson XI
Lesson XII

Genesis 11 16-20

Genesis

II.

21-25
1-5

Lesson XIII
Lesson

Genesis

III.

102-106
107-110

XIV

Genesis III. 6-14

Lesson
Lesson Lesson

XV
XVI
XVII
II

Genesis

III.

15-24

110-114
115-118 118-120
121-123
124-133

Genesis IV. 1-13

Genesis IV. 14-28

Lesson XVIII

Psalm

II

Manual

Part

Notes on Jonah

124-128
128-1 30

Notes on Malachi
Notes on Matthew

131-133

VUl

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE

Word

Lists

Syriac

134-140
134-137 137-140
141-147

List of Verbs
List of

Nouns
English

Word

Lists

List of Verbs
List of

141-144
..

Nouns
1

..

144-147 148-150
151-160

Transliteration of Genesis

Translation of Genesis L-IV

>

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THE FIRST FOUR CHAPTERS OF GENESIS.

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P ^^

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7
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P

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19

Ovl^

0X201^0

<

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P

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7

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7
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p

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30
o
t>-

CHRESTOMATHY.
7
7
y

P77
P

P7P7
7

%?

7 P

^^77

C>

b.

^vr.V

'

""^

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7
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4^1
P

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pfiit*|3

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i|

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^jL^ju^o
>.

P P

01^
7

Sn qiJo

^'=^>

^^
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P

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P P

Zo^
i^

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P

oci

<

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w'
r

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r 7
oiJ^icI^k

w*^^
oax?]]? ^a^oi
P

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I
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7

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S.

MATTHEW CHAPTER
7

XXVII.
P

81
7

"

P 7

^^7

*.

".. ^.. ^

PCj>.
^*

v.^nnSo
7

oiic]

>ojSpo ]L-kii^,^ >a-r^

9

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oi

1-^
7

Ir

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^
7

7 ^^7

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PP
)

ii.

i"

7
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^^

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,.Vib>ZZ]

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y^]9 u^xcs^ qi.SnA>9 ]^u_Lo9

V>

7
:

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v,.2iffa..4

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l^-'^^^^

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7

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7

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W

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7

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Ij-aa^
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P
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P

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7 7

32

CHRESTOMATHY.

Cliapter XXVIII.

.>

01

Sn

]cai

cs^o

^9Z

^Jbo

1^1^ "^"^

wC^o

aVi4>

Lo

A.a*J

< |A.a1o

<^]

CC01O

CC01

_.i4^9

tS

i|

Si'jZZ]

^^

__loo

\1^] j-^ ou^ >a^

^^^

.^^
-^

]coi

|3

^Ui

,^iS^

^-ai?]]? '^c-A-i^p

s ^

^^^1

'

\i^

"^-^ l=<" >aAio?

I^o? ^^"h*

^r*^l^

r^h

^^1
Pi

^^i-0

^9

,-aJoi

>i\ >c^A

^oiJ!:;;^

i^jo

^^-^01

'^

-^

v^Nm9Z P

"^s.*^

^oil^

^1

'

^i-'Oi

<

en_l:;;k

^r^

"^gin

^9

l^

V_s pou
|]

^*^i^ CfLcjo 1^1

]."i\Sr)

jV^ ^01
|i4* a

1'fJa.^.^Lfi

,-Jbo

\.m2]

oZ|

^9

je^ns

o^oi^o

nmlo

>a!^

o^ls^jo
>
]|-

'^
:

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>C|^
90^1

cZ]

>i40io,

aV\Z9 c^I
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]90i

^oi.J^
4']

jV]o
>

'^

In

n?

p&Lo^oi
nntnl 1^

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"^
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^o

^1

nV9 t^

Wrs
,^1

s^oinnl

^9 ^01

^^^

i,

nS j^^t

P? ^osl^o

aiJ:::^

*r(7i<=iSp

,_I^

,-i.c? pi-l

190-2^:^^

l^-^^^^-^ "^-^li
.

H^r-u

^9

]|a\i\Z

jlVniS
"^a^i-i

CC01

a^^i^Z]
>

^9

^coiJio
.

ou^
i

r^
!^|o

>^ffic]"|^

^o

^''

^aj|
>^

*^^:b

^ou_^Z]

.coi.J:;u

^ooLlalk

^\n^

"^o^^ ^Cj^o

SELECTION PROM THE HISTORY OF RABBAN SOMA.

|J]

33

9,-*^

|J]

wS|

^bt^9 Ua^jo

.l:^9|^0

I^St^r ^^GLA.
i9

1^1 >c.A^ .Qj]

i^iO^lo

IVSnS ^31.^ Oj^o^Z V^^ai c^]

^-'V

.>,-4^] |Vi\S?

qiV^Sn4\

|::C|^

|Uica^

.oou^

|j]

.nn\iS )j)

SELECTION FEOM THE HISTORY OF KABBAN SOMA.

KlL^.'U*

T<lli^.i

^cono

rttsoL^.i

^coia

r^x^Hx^

.-^*\=>

-^^

Klli-iiivsa.i

rt'ivL.USiaa

^"^-^ K'oco TJ^a^

3kif\Cii}JLrf .KlU.t:^.! K'l^rtla.l

r^^CLk\^ &iL.t:^ ^a^OK*

CU2K'4>K'

r^Aioi-*

*_oorA

'^^co

r^a

rcciai

.i^f^

Aiais

>cnoJ2a.jjH.ao

cn^ciru^^

^^^ ^^

.rt^i

n^iw.io

34

CHEESTOMATHY.

,.
KlsjOl

^^^

.<.

.n T.rcf

.A\.\Vnn

ora-aQ^

n Cl^s ^^^rO^^^

K'ojL.i

rf^iM^giX

tcna^.1::^

rtli41cu

Asoxa.i

K'^az:^'
o>cnasQlz.re'

f<^Vi^.i^ r<L^OLx=}

^t^^i<\tj >cnco9.T)0
.COS

Klioo^

^Vi'*'^

JLdcuAo

cuMCi ^cnoi^sntVo .^cnajLii

"fCV^Lx.re'

^.1

K'ocrj

..Aj-SQ^rc'

rdxJaTi-a r^-^^v^^^
K'OU^.TJSfl.'l

cnldba

ia.i^ri'a

r<'A\.Tca^

K'^.f^^

K^l^JLia

^.icon^o
K'nello^

.f^'iLftOoAns' r^iOJl

en nip

^]cLini^r<b
r<lJJdfvAa9

^jJJC

.m K'^OQt

OQT<\'l\

^vi^.io

K^T-^^

SELECTION PROM THE HISTORY OF RABBAN SOMA.

35

rtsCSM povso
IOluJ .lOwr^J

Aa

i*Avi

"u^

>A>i

,r^^oii^ A^a
,coysn:i
.cnidiNfionl

r^.TA.i f<l=3i

.'lii.i

r<s^ r^o

oaiC^-k^^^i-=ja

.r^.-uxr) rt'ix. KlraSi^.i

y^^uV^\

....

....
:

....

.^.^f^ vy'l.ir^r^la'l Kliji

p^'.icoa

cnocararc'

oxii^ri' ^.1

a^ikJ^r<b

rdxiJjjLZ.

r<^=4p
.orA

^-^^ oocn couo

.,^caA5>9
.orA

^^_^

paX*

:r<ll:9al

CLsio

kIImLL

r<l.ioaz.o

^rCk
r^.-ixiSfl

^sJ^k oil
cuj:99.i

(i^*^'

vyi^ ^"^^
:

t**!

'^^^^^^^

^Jfio^
:

Aikd^rt"

.^A^ov*

oLrc':! jaLiiyir^r^

Aim

......
..

r.

rr
*

....

y-.
^r;

..

,.

..

-^^

/^
.^rdllrs^
^.1

..

TJM.

^^V^JL.

^'^

.T^a

r<l

.JK^^'^<^

.>'*

36

CHRESTOMATHT.

isTO^^cA
irs^xJ^

.^cnijvL^ r^nxTu
:

^'iU>x*:o Kl=3CU>.i

Kts^uji^

or^

en

n coJ^ ^.i oco

.^coOLnnk, crj3ji.^i

r<^i'\QOr<'

Anna

.rt^Qo^nl 'V^t^ ^oriiurciisa coz-cxnl

K^iAl^oiio

.r<'5\.viv^

K'^oaIsq.i

r^^nso

\L

coi-tJo.!

.KlisniaL^a K'iL.l T^'i^ri' .Siia^.iO

,T^\\rsnr,

i^lraCl^ ^.ioa.l

Jkl^KaO

.(JjlZ.

.snT,

cax^

oara T-^ijjQ K'inuLa

cn\ JLTSk

K'la^n

on T K\

.\*gis\o

r<^T

>

^-JM

i^iJ.i

o^i^r^

V*

...v..
.^j|^
ij^Tii^Jsol

...
:^._ocnl.i
r<'^|u^.'t.:^

ML^rdci

col

rtlk^o

^QTi^ Anno

.^r<:ijLU

T2'a:^9

CiCO

r^ioA^

rdJL^Q.i

TU^

cnX t^^ V
,

rc'oco jLiai^:^ K'ixi^K'a

.cndFJisa

38

GLOSSARY.
there
65, 128.

M
Vsj

is,

J| thou w.

li-MAJ

together, as one.
like,

^h.^ thou/l

^L]

89 B.

1.

]Zjf woman,
]ZaAio| healing.

87, 8.

to eat.

Uixial stranger.

U^ir-^"!.

soldier.

|k^

God.

jVi^m]

figure, form.

]iw.3iA. divine.
}])

^aaic[ sponge.
but.
^.^^jsj

if not, unless,
if,

band.

a^
|I^ ll^

138. 5.

i-ffl|

to bind.

Elijah,
rib.

ws) also.

Us) also not, nor.

^aX

to learn.

^]
/
87. 7.
86. 3; 87.3.
)(

although.
87, 9.

^.aX to teach*
).aX ship.
]J^]

,-iif face, vail,

\^i]

four.
forty.

mother,

^^^sh]
]j::>io9)

Iziflf nations,

widow.

^^^1

verily,

amen.

l^^l earth.
,

&t|f >v| always, ceaselessly,

i^l^

Pk^.D9| see

p^aX9.

to say.

,-^f to pour.
>

JS^I maid.
>*iJsc|

M^h'] see

m'\A',

when.
persevere.

]Lm>] foundation.

^1 n to
if,
^"^

|z| to come,

138.
35.
.,

jif sign,

86. 3.

|J[ I,

joZJ Assyria.

^aJ[

them

36. 2.

Ijzj place.

^^Qj) Enosh.

^[ them
Rem.

/".,

36. 2.

w^J) man, one, some one,

2; 107.
1, 5.

90. 4J^

uS

in,

among.
II to be displeased.

s^l

GLOSSABY.
5,-s to scatter.

89

|.Ls to ask.

Z(jLS to be

ashamed.

|Zal
,

request.
^
.

y(

oia^ waste.

|m.L

inquirer,

li^oA

firstborn, firstling.

Ij-iJio cattle.

jS^Vas blessings.

|ZaA,.^k^
I'j-Q-o

enmity.

y^

to despise.

oxen.
87. 10.

s^y.^) to mock.
l|..Ma at

1^

son,

once.

2^lJ^

filially.

^!^^
Jj-^LS

to conceive.

|-4Ji^ son of man.

conception.

Ij^o

to create.

)J^ to console.
>aA
>

jJoj-o beryl.

judgment

seat.

)^^o'i^ bedellium.
^f.^f)

i i i

^ between
X

(before suffixes).

to bend.

^j.^)

to bless.

**

fZa-A-ijs evil,
f

wickedness.

^'fS but.
J-cjjD

2uki)

between.
house.

lightning.

li^wkiS

)^jD alter.

Vlli*.^ Bethany,

^9lwo

afterwards.

Iao
-op

to weep.

|2was weeping.
?i

jiNn alone.
l^a^
|-sl

to choose.
side.

|j-o to build.
Ij-ais flesh.

y(

ViL

to form.

>cKLs to be pleased, to delight.

Ij-a^man.

(Sown incense.
Piaxas ointment.

I^lko,^ G-olgotha,
to twist.

iLsio behindhand.
^-iotfj^

Gethsemene.

Vlt)

to swallow,
lord.

^j.^to blaspheme.
^^,.^to
touch.

40

^^^

GLOSSARY.
fS9 II to
Ij-a?

41

remember.

V-OC1 existence.
^01 01
X

male.

(^oi) she,

35

^.ik^? to disturb.

^01 that,

37.

U^?
|io?

is it

not?

132.

.01

them.

blood.

ILuoi temple.
,^l<Loi

jZaLo? likeness.
VaLo? price.

to believe. these,

^^01

37.

|..^^9 like.

Zofoi so, likewise.

\-axci there, therefore.
P.S01 thus, so.

v^^^? sleeping.

>^?

to sleep.
tear.

(iJulsc?

>^oi to go, walk,

poi

jio?

II to wonder.

to profit.

^uiJ? to rise.
i&.i;i.c5

jJo! this,

37.
35. 37.
f.,

Tigris.

^Qjoi they, .aJoi those,

wi?
1

grade, ordination.

9595 briers.

^01
to.
s^sai

those

37.

>fh to

come

to return, overturn.

wA.55 to exercise, teach.

1^501 here.
\jk>(n

1Z5 5 palace.

now.

01

behold.

o and, that, when, or.

V^oi

Abel.

^o woe,

alas.

paifi^CT governor.

Po

it is

right, necessary.

^
V

jjo? this,

37.
37.
it is.

f:uo to

appoint a time.

cm

that,

a-ccn he
coi he,

35.

s^t^] Zebedee.

fom to be,

127.

_c]

to buy.

42

GLOSSARY.

GLOSSAai.

^
to suffer.
suffering.

pAV"^
]^^-**

mighty.

^^
{.m
^

linen.

>aa.i.

to

know.

n^ii to impute, reckon.

(Lft

sweet.

|Ii^a* thought, meditation.

\Lt vinegar.

i^owi^ darkness.

^ i\
|\iS

mixed.

|uM

sister.

dream.

>c.^ to

seal.

walkM to change.

oa^^

for,

instead

of.

t.4Snii> five.

)fiLla.i

wrath.
anguish.

)^ ^^

report, fame.

very.

|l.J-*

]L^

good.

^qXm Enoch.
^1.**

]^Ll happiness.
|^!7ia4 nation, race.
sA^^a.^ error.

we.

iJJ-* supplication,

wnl* to strangle.
\^1j
\jiLM

ia4 mountain.
v..Oa,^

cord.
to be innocent.

to prepare.

\zL^u4 goodness, grace.

|>mii holy, sacred.

fSU* to reproach, revile.
I

)^^

price.

V*^>^ envy.

]Zn>\^ youth.
U1^4 shade.

w^pki* to urge, incite.

a^^-JuA-a^ studiously, carefully.

>a^

to injure, rob.

ikl

field.

]Ail\^ shadow, demon.

s^sLl to pollute, profane.

wi-i to dry up, be desolate.

\^f^

1.

waste.

2.

sword, share

Isl4 profane.

>c^

to curse.

jZoal^ impurity.
\:Ll to err,

l^'^M enchanter.
]Z'f^ end.

seduce.

yiiLl to taste, eat.

44

GLOSSABY.
to strike.

ws^

GLOSSABY.
to subdue.
|Zo]oj.a preaching.
li^a

45

l^^jQa sulphur.
f^ when, while.
o,.s it is sufficient.
)jsi.s priest.

to preach. sad.

l^'fS

|(3u^ sick, infirm.

]^Q.^fS sadness.
s^jj to
V^acj^

las window.

surround, lead around.

|ias thorns.
jeLaos star.
^:s9a.o throne.
I^^AJLtZas tunics.

vineyard.

]^-^ belly.
V.4.a to stumble.

wa^a

to beseech. to write,

w^os Cush.

wsA^

)x^

nature.

l^Ls book.

L^
\i
iL

indeed.
all,

pio

linen.

108.

w^o

to strive.

to withhold, restrain.

IL^s

crown.

..Ti7,>,Sn\a

Chlamys.

^to123sq.
|3

I^CLS

how.
be sad.

not.

^iuis to

113

to labor,
heart.

be weary.

|I^Qj-s congregation.
Ijis cithara.
^.Mis to assemble.
].M.ls

|.^

w.A.'a^ to clothe.

w^a^ilik clothing.

assembly, collection.

|L^ dish.
-

jjoa to cover. (JOa cup.

|.aiaa silver.

"i^^

"^

legions.

^a.lil

Levi.

wjulh to curse.

i^a to deny.
]'ps

VLloq^
Zilk

before.

to

be sad.

to, with.

i^oi-a Cherub.

I^L^^a^ curses.

46

GLOSSARY.
bread.
jZoitf death.

Vit\

fc^^i,^*^ quickly,

immediately
65, 128.

Xjt:^ to smite.
\^,t^i)

A-.^ there

is

not,

straitway.

[\S
>Q^
^^^aa!:;:^

uight.

\-*]a^*ifi
'^j,:^

Mehujael,

indeed, forsooth.

morrow.
i*V>

Lamech.

Pn h
l-^Jao

wave, billow.

ili^a!:^ thief.

to come.

^,s^

above.

"V^lIjo

on account

of.

wiftS^ to eat.

jV^uIjo because that.

]^i:k4uio
I"*

Ills

tongue.

booth, shade.

-v^^^ deceiver.

fj4Cjo rain.

JiS

what?
food.

l-iio

water.

jLl^lio

liV^r^A propagator, successor.

jjilio vessel,

vestment.

|4-^a^i4-^
'-'^^ to

Metropolitan.

tpLnnV fountain,
li&wi^,.^ Magdalene.

deride.

^.jj^ to die.

^-^

in vain.

]^*i^ dead.

i^4g^yVo altar.

|Zii.^ie meliora, virtues.

|-ai>o

l^flao wilderness.
la^i.:ao city.

yet, hence.

I'^-^'^

humble.

>o^
I

anything

109.

2^^.a^.aic

humbly.
humility,

-'^*^ east.
orient, east.

jZnntnV

|ll|V

now.
jiV) to betroth.
iL: to

|-fclfc3,^

eastern.
birth.

I^ai^

be

full.

1^^^
\
.iic

oaths.

iLo word.
).sU:^

what?

messenger, angel.

Vjka^ Moses.

^s|b* Malachi.

GLOSSARY.
|..<i\v sailor.

47
merciful.
y

p.:ic.i.j.iso

Ob.

^V^^ to counsel.

r^i 1

Viti pio

mercy.

jnSv
|.a!:^Sn

king.
counsel.

|.llqi,Vi
|^a.^i.:ao

clement.

garment.

iZnnSsn kingdom.
JL^lao word.

Pj^

Lord.

>a-^:ao

Mary.

Viio

to speak.

w^|j.*^ bitterly.
]Z9i.:sD

U^Sn^

word.

gall.
r^jSn

|l=i\V) teacher.
>coi*lQi^ ever, at all.

jZiT

admonition.

]^.M-..A:an

stature, age.

more than. ^Lo from,

t>4Sn oil.

K^ who?
oU^ what

aiao

who

is?

Messiah.
Messianic.
wt>n4Vi able, possible.

t lis what?

39, 132.
is?

IXao to take part,

be numbered.

|n4Vi skin.
|in4^i tent, house.

^iSac to

come, bring.

^nfffSn
|j.aalae

to

become poor.

|.l\i\4V
)

traitor.

poor.
quick, bold.

Sn!:^

A.V perfect, whole.

drink.

J^gi^ioisc

I^^u^lao

p9,ii:iO helper.
\\ *NSn

Vl^oi^

Methusael.

spring, fountain.

l^MSV) tithes.
\si-^i^ settmg.
)Zi:&:ao

now.
prophecy.

cave.

liiJ to
).AXiJ

|lTr?*v supplicator.

prophet.

]wik^

midst.

y.Ain1 to kindle.
,-,-J

jnnV) burial,
jjjio

to smite, beat.

way.
intoxicating.

ou^

to shine.

)Lq|^

Tj-i-^'

long.

43

GLOSSABT.
to be long.
\2n iWl temptation.
<^xUl

i^
]jf2

Jf2 to

VOW.

to

pour

out..

VOW.

jSnM Naamah.
w^^aJ to breath.

93ij to shine.
jiavJ river.

VL to

fall.

Ij^oU light.
?aJ
,.j

^aaJ to go out.

Nod.

to break.
soul.

to move, wander.

w^aj

l^oiaJ

light

,jc^ to plant.

%^

to rest.

|lw^

plant.

lirf^aJ stranger.

PvJ

JSazarene.

liia fish.

jnnl female.
1,-oJ

]aJ

fire.

pure.

I^JmJ brass.

>m

hewn.

w^

to go

down.

.aaJ to cleave to.

wA^aJ to knock.

\Lj^ garment.
1^93-^ injunction.

wlaJ

to breathe.

^a^

to distil, instil.

liula^J breath,

i4J to watch, observe.

to kiss.

^Ui^

quietly.

)aljj Nineveh.

]^ yoke.
pL^
sign, purpose.

)^).9 silver.

^a to
]f.:J0

think.

UaJ guile.
]Za.aaJ chastity.
U^SpLoJ law.
^|jsaJiaJ lawfully.
\ji2

hope.

]Zi-aa gospel.

^*^ much,

great.

]U-^ much, many,

l-^
to multiply,

to try, tempt.

axaJ to take, receive.

j.^

to worship.

6L0SSABY.
^auo to witness.
|).^a0

49

multitude.

j))^ feast.
y

\9Qja colloquy,

word.

f^ to make.
)|.A^
1,-a:^

]-^ojg bar.
>QJ0 to put.
I-Joo

workman,
work.

slave.
^

to incline, sin.

^ jl;L to pass over, transgress* *l^^*^*i^

]i.iiii

j.rx*jff

to endure.

the uttermost part.

^Luo sword. \ia to expect.

|-*f;:iu

Hebrew.

V^
,^

to roll.

Vaa

to be wise.

V^^k^D quickly.

Ual^^^iio trespass.

iL^calf.
until.

\4Q^fLS0 Iscariot.
v^-i^ to reject.

i;::Ada.
%-*^ji as yet.
]3pj.

wn^io to go up.
v^-fciaa

lying.

before that.
until.

iii^

left, left

hand.

^^

\lso to hate.
'f:La

Eden.
feast.

to do, happen.

|?^f^
|z,.ik

isso threshold.
)2.aio lip.

church.

jJjZ,.:! ecclesiastical.

Ijjaaio
i-aiff

sword.

]i-n:^ memorable.
to be customary. j.ik t^ [poo Vtl>'"n\ grievous.
.

to receive the tonsure.

]f^

book.

Ij^io scribe.

I^JIola.

thorn.

\1jo sackcloth.
]Zaja-*i.io

]'f^\^ blind.

vanity.

)3a^ iniquity.

|iLa.i.ia vain.

IJoL evil-doer.
l^oLoa^ depth.
).SQ^ branch.

^Uujjs

m vam.

iioD to destroy.

50
v-alk

GLOSSARY.
to

be sad, anxious.

{.o:^ grief,

anxiety.

i^ to watch.
I-JlL

jnnS
out.

heel,

to

wipe

li-a^ root.

jI^^ Edar (Irad).

M-i:^ eye.

l^'fL sheep.

]wsoi^ evening.
>o-i.:i

^tSS

before.

cunning, subtle.

V:^ upon,
for,

over, against, at, unto.

of.

^^^ naked.
wo^
^s^jLlk

on account

to flee.

j'^Ok because.
Vifc to

to be strong.

go

in.

],..*^ future.

>a^

ever, age, world.

Vr^L^ rich.

^^Vi\s above.
)

ilSn\s worldly, secular.

cause, accusation.
jiVa fruit,

)w^
).:;>a^

^oi with.
people.
to baptize.

'^i.^

to meet.

(.lia:^

L*^l2f^ corporally.
j-iJi..^
|j,.a

]9q^a:^ farmer.

corporal.

jliVS laborious.
VLoIu to
toil.

plough.

V^oa mouth.
uas
to persuade.

|Lq^

toil.

j.:^ to dwell.
li^ to answer.

liL^oa tribute, remuneration.

)j|.xas

commandment.

iS

flock.

jlA^aa separation, judgment,

\ir^ cloud.

w^s to

cease, remain.

|^M\
ofiLL

herb.

|\iq
Yf^tt^

comparison.

Esau.
twenty.

potter.

v^ry

ia :^

Ij^^^LS

unleavened bread.
'^ Pilate.

li-a^ dust.

^^

^^

GLOSSARY.

52

GLOSSABY.

54
,^^z,A> to espouse, maiTy.

GLOSSAET.

years.

)wdZ:^ companion.
|n>ii^ vexed.
'fj^jL

IHm. point.

\L^
).:x^

to narrate.

to compel.

hour.
to

^^.^^ cursed.
I^La-i^LA.

make

level.

alabaster box.

beautiful, good.

Sheol.
Seth.
to find, be able, possible.
'f&A,

to pour.

to be good.

"^

\Iam> morning,

l-a^ to irrigate.
ILa.

to rest, be calm.
rest, sleep.

''^-OA.

to take away.

i\^
iiS
fc.

Ij-^ to cast
off.

away, begin.

,1

to send, to take

]^'^

history.

wJL^L*. to rule.

]^i^

family.

i\4

lawful, ruler.

Uoj-^ branch, vine.

\'t^'r^ true.

|j.i^,>^A/ ruler.

yo^^ y\\^

peace.
to finish,

L^\f^-^

truly.

Ap.

to betray.

\js'pjy rest.

>a^ name.
^4cLiA. to
^.kLaA^

Lm, six.

draw.

\L^

to drink.
silent.

heaven,
fatling.

wo^^^
)^^^A'

ii^^^
|.I,*Vn4.

sixth.

heavenly.

^V

A,

to hear.

.nSSn^ Simon.
^A.'r.A,
^Sff A>

]j]z fig tree.

to minister.

f^fZ broken.

sun.

vsZ

to break.

^l.*^ to

depart,

.,Z crown.

years.

^-i

order.

GLOSSAEY.

55
disciple.

II

?Z grass.

Sn^ Z

^icooiZ abyss.

^^Z

three.
thirty.

\oZ to repent,

ws^

to turn.

^^Z ^Z
]L^2Z

there.

woZ again.
^itnS'^oZ Jubal Cain.

]bQ.2A furnace.

sigh.

|^5oZ

thanksgiving.

ll^Z

second.

aioZ formless.

|.rJZ dragon.

Vl^soZ

trust, confidence.

^z to prepare.
^bZ
]^hZ
two.
]^-i-S9Z growth, increase.

\r^oZ generation.
i:l!^oZ

worm.

jVoZ cattle.
^itfa^Z boundary.

right.

]Zo^hZ

uprightness.

Za-iZ under.
L^amA under.
LttZ under.
\LkJiji.

U^J^Z cock.
\:^hZ door.
i-xoik^Z

twelve.

trusting.

y^jL^A,hZ Tarshish.

1^\LasZ trustingly.

^Z9Z
^^ik.AiZ

two.

JAqji^Z prayer.

IjjoiiZiZ twelve. nine.

see

|.:^Z snow.

l^a^Z

to teach.

^ZZ

wou.

MANUAL
PART
ly^
I.

LESSON ONE.
1.

Gen.

I.

1.

Notes.

1.

^
f>

^
'^

'^

h'rt-shith

(two syllables).
{y),

In beginning.

(1)

Six

letters: '
;

s
(sA)
;

(6);

^ir); ^

occuring twice, both times silent

after
(2)

h. (th,

as in thin).
(*)

Three vowel sounds:

a half-vowel, like e in below or the obscure

vowel of Webster's Dictionary.

There

is

no sign

for this half-

vowel which corresponds to vocal Sh*wa in Hebrew, see

^'
(t)

like i in machine

(t),

the same as the last, since

it

may be
6.4.

written either above or below the letter to which

Note.
y-i-A.9

belongs.

is

the Nestorian form.

H.
'(1)

]'fjz

ra/(one syllable), (he created).

letters:

Three

(6);

j.

(r);

(*),

called Olaph, not

pronounced but

quiescing in the preceding vowel.

(2)
.(3)

2 (1)
(o)

b.

Two

vowel sounds:

(), see

(2);

like o in note.
syllable,

Note that the half-vowel does not make a

vowel does
3.
j

but every

full

16. 1.

gL^I

^a-lOfhoi (three syllab les), Ood.

(');

(1)

Fotir letters:]

1.

{I)]

ol

(h)',

(');

see 2 (1).
(o)

(2)

Three vowel sounds:

4.
5.

(a) like

a in at;

occuring twice, see 2

(2).

L^

^q^h,

^not translated, but sign of direct object

89

c.

i^Sfl A,

sh^ma-i/cl,

(two syllables)

the heavens.

MANUAL. PAET I.
(1)
(2)
6.

57

Four

lettersi^Jk. (s^); in (w);

^{y)]\.
1

(').

Three vowel sounds:

() see

(2); ^(a) see 3 (2); ''(o) see

(2).

^o

w^yojfi (one syllable), a7id followed

by the sign of the

direct

object, see 4.

One new
7.

letter o iw), like

in water.

V^M

^ar-dL (two

s yllables), the earth.

Four
is

letters:

two Olaphs, see 2

(1)

(r),

see

j.

(1).

(The form

used at the beginning of a word, or after a letter which does not

;

connect with following letters

the same difference of form as to the

3.

Olaph:

4. 4);

('),

not pronounceable, called E,

2.

Obseevations.
|,

1.

The

letters in this verse are (1)

(lO)-i.,

(2) :s, (3)

ai,

(4) o, (5) ^, (6)

^,

(7)la,
2.

(8)\(9)Si., The vowel signs

(11)Z.
",

are (1)

(2)

",

(3)

',

all

of which

may be

written

either above or
3.

below the

line.
,

6. 4.

Jhe vowel sounds

Targum
n^,
is

are (1)

(2) a, (3) o, (4)

i.

4. h^,

found in a dozen passages of the Old Testament

in the Peshitto version.

5.
)

89

c.

and o are never written separately, being always prefixed to

34.

the following word.

6.

The

definite state is
article.

denoted by the ending

76.

f,

which corresponds

to the
7.

Hebrew

Every

syllable begins with a consonant.

all of

15. 2.

8.

Notice that

the consonants have their direct equivalents in

for

Hebrew, except L which here stands

3.

Hebrew Tsodhe.
r

Grammar Lesson.
l^>'^
76.

(1)

14, 911,

4Tr^.tt4^-^^

Y4^

*-^^^

(2)

Gender, number and state of nouns.

4.

Word

Lesson.

Vii^ he
t^l h^

formed,

t*^

he made,

said.

o and.

58
>-s

MANUAL. PART I.

m.
beginning,

wio

Ae wrote,

^^^9

u sign of the definite object.

^^

ci.

And

beginning.

2.

Ajid he fm-med the neavens.

41

3.

He made

the

'

eartWand the heavens.

Godrsaia.
7. 6.

God

is

in the heavens.

5,

In the beginning

He

wrote the beginning.

"Write out the Syriac of Lesson

One

in

Hebrew

characters and

note the differences of the languages.

8.

Translate the

first

lesson from

Hebrew

into Syriac.

9.

Retranslate literally into Hebrew.

(Note.

In these

last

two

exercises, English may be substituted for Hebrew. They may better

be written on the board.)

LESSON TWO.
1.

Gen.

I.

2.

Notes.
is

8. U^Jl

w^ar-di (two syllables), anA the earth. The vowel

thrown
1. (2),

back on the unvowelled o and Olaph quiesces in the vowel,

34. 2.
C
9. Zooi

25.

h^w$ih (one syllable), {she) was,^

is jooi.

The Z

is

the sign of the

feminine; the masculine

(1)
(2)

Z with

the dot above

is

is t;

with the dot below as in I^

like oo in fool,

is th,

10.

The vowel o
vowel
letter,

w pronounced
2

6. 3. (3).

is

5.

&

6. 5. 6.

(3)

For the point above

o, see

No

further attention need be paid to the points above

and below the

o.

y
(1)
(2)

11. oiggQ

w^bhu h (one

syll able),
vote,

and a
10.

waste,
1. (2).

^
01

is

not b (s) but bh=v in

is

always a consonant in Syriac and never a vowel

letter,

25. 4.

12.
(1)
is

]lL^oivVie8h'Shu-khci (three
(IP)', .M,

syllables ) and (the) darkness.

(sh) is

(^=n) like ch in loch]

here doubled because

72. 2. (6);

it

of a nominal form which doubles the

2d

radical,

o=u;

s=ZcA(=); ](')=X.

MANUAL PART L
(2)

59
(see observation 6), it is

Although
indefinite,

this

noun has the ending

93. 2.
al-ap-p'iy,

13. Ji^ ]
(1)

'^'^>^

upon
I

the faces of.

4. 1.

Notice

final=V while
consonant=^
/",
;

initial or medial=lfc,

(2)

after a

but after a vowel=2?p; s after a vowel or

half-vowel=j?A or
(3)

10.
8. 2. (1).

ay forms a diphthong and denotes the construct plural,

76. 3.

(4)

The two

dots over

are the sign of the plural,

13. 1.

14. I^jooctZ
(1)

i^hu-mo^ (two syllables), the abyss (oinn).

The
is

first syllable

begins with two consonants, but between them

16. 2.

a half vowel,

(2) (3)

Both

syllables are open,

,

17. 1.

o quiesces in
15. oi^oio

6. 5,

25. 2.

w^ru-heh (two syllables), and his spirit (and the spirit

of hira).
(1) (2)

Five consonants, one vowel letter

5. 2,

two vowel signs

6.

The form

consists of the conjunction o, the

n
,

noun wo9, and the

pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc.

(3)

34, 36.

The vowel

is

always written above the consonant, the others

6. 4.
first
?,

may

be written below,
(4)

The

suffix

a\

is

used for emphasizing the

of two definite nouns, 97. B.

the second being generally preceded by

^^

(5)

?oiX?
oL^oh,

(la^-lo^hoif

who

(is)

God,

is

in apposition with the suffix in

97. B.
38.
its

(6)

is

the relative pronoun,

after
?

(7)

The Olaph
25.
1. (2).

throws back

vowel and quiesces,

32. 2,

(8)

The

final
1.

is

the sign of the emphatic state of the masc. singular,

76.
(9)

For the form of the noun,

16. ua^i.:ae

see

69. 2.

m^rahh*phd^{ivfO syllables), hroodivg.

or pp.

(1)

s=ph,

s=p

60
(2)
:o prefixed

MANUAL. PAET I
denotes the participle,
74. 76. 2.

the absolute state, (3) l^is the sign of the feminine singular in
(4)

w
17.

is

doubled, this being in the intensive stem, called Pa' el,

41.2.

l^

ma-yo^

the waters.

(1)
(2)

The two dots are

called

Rebbuy and denote

definite state,

the plural,

13. 1.

r denotes the emphatic or

the article in Hebrew,
18. jicjo
M?e'-mar,

which takes the place of

86. 16, 87. 22.

and he said^
conversive in Syriac.
its

(1)

There

is

no

Waw

(2)

f^]o is composed of Waw and j^f, the Olaph throwing back vowel and quiescing, see 8 above.
jiJf is the
Initial

(3) (4)

3rd masc. sing, of the Perfect of the simple, or P^'al, stem.

55.
1,

Olaph always takes a helping vowel,

neJi-ice, let there 6e.

Bern.

1.

19. ]:jiJ
(1)

The

(Nun) indicates the Imperfect 3rd person,

is ]ooi

45.

1,

Bern. 2

4.

(2)
(3)

The root

60. 3.

Comp. Zcoi
is

(9) she was.

In the 3rd person, the Imperfect

20. l^oiaJ
7i uh-roJ,

employed as a Jussive

114.

1.

light.

(1) (2)

is

a vowel letter, as in 10 above.

to

As

form, this noun

;

is

in the emphatic state

is

and should be

definite

but as to fact, the emphatic state

93. 2.
67.
1 c.

often used

when the

noun
(3)

is indefinite, is

The noun
21. lo oio

class segholate,
there was.

wa-h^wo^ and

(1)
(2) (3)

There
This

is

no

Waw

conversive.

is

the 3rd masc. sing. Perfect P'al.

a,

Comp. (19
it

(2))

and

(9).

Waw

receives the helping-vowel

16. 4, 32. 2, 33. 3,
2.

and forms with

a half-open

syllable,

Observations.

9.

The new

letters in this verse are: (1)

^,

(2)

.^ (a),

(3) s, (4)

?,

(5) J.

10. 11.

The new forms

of letters occurring are: (1)

(L.),

(2)

^ (^).
| .

12.

The new vowels and diphthongs are: (1) o, (2) , (3) ^ (4) The conjunction "Waw may be written (1) without a vowel

sign,

MA^UAL PABT I.
having merely the half-vowel
(2) with a helping a as in

g^
it

between

and the next

it is

letter,

or

jooio, or (3)

when

followed by a word
itself

beginning
quiescing,

with Olaph,
34.

it

draws

the

vowel

to

the

Olaph

13. Syllables ending in a

vowel sound are called open; ending in a

consonant, they are called closed; ending in a vowel followed

by a
and
(r)
;

consonant with a half-vowel, they are called half-open,

14.

16.
(6/i);

Observe the difference between

o (w) and o (m)
(kh)
;

>

(b)
(t)

and

s
(th)

(h)
j.

(h);

(ph)

and s
{hh).
;

(p)

and Z

(d)

and

Zi (')

and ^{l)',>

and

4. 3.

15. Observe that

quiesces in

o in

in

and*.

6. 5.

Mem.

and
16. 17.

24.

The Syriac verbal inflection distinguishes number and tense. The Syriac, like the Hebrew, says faces-of abyss, not faces ofi.

abyss,

e.

the

first

of

two words

in the genitive relation suffers

change

and not the second.

18. 19.

76, 96 A.

The sign of the feminine gender is the letter Z. 43. A, 76. 2. The preformative J marks the 3rd person of the Imperfect, 45.

20. Hoots have three letters (comp.

^]),

all

other letters being

preformatives or sufformatives,
21
is
.

40.

When

Kushoy

is

over a letter preceded by a vowel, that letter

to be doubled,

10. 2. (2).

22.

The doubling The

The

of letters other than aspirates is not denoted

by

any

sign,

10. 2. (4).
definite or

23.

emphatic state

is

denoted by the

affix)

76,

Rem.\
13.

24. 25.

plural is distinguished from the singular by Rebbuy, Nouns have two numbers and two genders and three states
3.

76.

Grammar Lesson.

5, 16,

24, 33, 38, 39, 40.

^J5-'.34

Itf,

,^^

^3. IS. 17.

Review

14.
when,

34,

76^*
4.

Word

Lesson.
a.M9 he brooded,

fiA

^.o^ he went out

\\m he saw.

et

MANUAL PARTI.

^
1.

tvho?

that.

^j-. he knew.

Exercises.

In beginning who made the earth?

2.
3.

Darkness brooded upon

Desolation was upon the

the earth,

when God

created the heavens.

4.

faces of the heaven.

Darkness went out upon the waters and upon

the faces of the earth.

5.

The

spirit of

him who

is

God

(was) brooding

upon the waters.

and the waters.
7.

6.

He saw

and knew that God created the heaven

Write in Parallel columns and compare the Hebrew Perfect form

ana and the Syriac form s^l^s as to aspiration, vowels, the half vowel

and the formatic elements.

8.

Translate literally into English (or Hebrew) the Syriac of the

lesson and retranslate.

LESSON THREE.
1.

Gen.

I.

3. 4.

KOTES.

\f

2 2. ]\^o

wa-h'zoij

and

(he)

saw,

(1) Compare 18 and 21. (2)

X^
is
"I

Zain, a

new

letter.
light.

23. ]h(nll^l^nuh-r(i, ike

(1)

is

an inseparable preposition,

34.

It is often

employed to
used in
124.
its

denote the indirect object of the verb,

123. It

is also

true prepositional sense to denote the indirect object,

(2) iJoiij.
.

See 20.
(^h^^h ap-pir, that (it

j(

2 4 t-^g^?
(1)
(2)
? is

was) good.

here a relative conjunction.

after a

9=dh
i

word ending

in a vowel,

10. 1. (3).

(3)
(4)

i'=i4> is

a masc. adjective in the absolute state.

of the noun, see
72. 2. (4).

For the form

(5)

The

clause

is

an objective clause,
117.
1.

125. 2, and a nominal sentence

without a copula,
7
i

25.

y^-t^zw a^h^rash

(two syllables), and

(he) separated.

MANUAL PART L
(1)

63

The The
3
is

first" is

a helping vowel,
open,

33. 2.

(2) (3)

first syllable is

17. 1.

pronounced with a half vowel (vocal shwa),

between.

31.

1. 3.

26.
(1)
(2) (3)
i

h^lMth.
hh after a

word ending

in a vowel sound

10. 1. (3).

-T
h.

written fully,
til

6. 5. (4).

after a vowel,

10. 1. (1).
to.

27.

hl

between

Compare the Hebrew construction in vs. 6.

28.

jisi^

(see 12.).

29. li^oo
(1)
jj-o

?^q-A:^rq(tw o syllables) and he called.

is

(compare 21)

in the simple verb stem 3rd person sing,

masc,

41.
(2)

1,43.
jj-oJ

The Imperfect would be

shall be Id.

he shall call.

Compare ]ooJ

he

30. ]90iall:^
(1) Notice that

l^nuh-ra^ji wo syllables), to
li*.

he light

may
124.

denote the indirect object as well as the direct

(comp. 23),
(2)
(3)

^ is regularly prefixed without

01

a vowel,

34.

ends the syllable and in

Hebrew would have

the silent Sh^'wa

or syllable divider.
31.
(1)
V^^fi^.*)

H-mo^o^ihree

syllables), da^.

Olaph

is

frequently placed before wor^s for the sake of euphony.

in

Before ^ this Olaph takes

(2)

which the
j-ico-.

.a.

quiesces,

20, Rem. 2.
is

IVVi.l

is

day as opposed to night;

at the

end of the verse

the day of 24 hours.

32. VaaA^!:a.o
iva-l^hesh'Shu-1cho^(iouY syllables,

one for each vowel),

and

to the

darkness.

Since three consonants can not come together at the beginning of a

syllable^ o takes a

helping Pethoho,

33. 2.

33.

]^

(see 29) "/le called''.

^

34. yll^^
(1)

;-^Q^(from lai-l^ya), night.

lost its force,

The emphatic ending has here

is

93. 1.

(2)

a contraction from

ai,

29. 3 (1).

64
35.
(1)

MANUAL. PAET I.

M^9

ram-shci^ evening.
state, the absolute

Emphatic

and construct of which

indefinite.

is

^^*i

(2)

Though emphatic
36.
37.
||-s.

in form

it is

(See 34).

tsai)h-r% morning.
1,

p.>|:^a^(Zayone,99.
indefinite in
i<

Rem.

2, 93. 1. 2, 93. 11. 3.

(1)

ilaco^ is

meaning being a translation

23.
1. (1).

of Di^.

(2)

r-^=i"J^ the
|~M
is

being rejected,

(3)

in the absolute

state agreeing with

j^cu which though

emphatic in

form

is

absolute in meaning.
2.

Observations.
1:1
5.

26.

Occurrence of aspirates in Gen.

l.hK^'-,

]f^

c a
Z

(b)
(b)

follows nothing:
after
fiw

I, (th)

after

i.

of the preceding word.

L^ L
Zooi
010

(fh) after the

vowel
vowel

(th)
(t)

after the
h^

Z Z
,

after

of the preceding word.

oioso
l^c-ik-Jo

(bh) after a half (kh) after

vowel sound.

the vowel o.

wis] 3 (pp) for np.

l^coiZ
|ovX?
|.a-i-j!isc

2
9

(t)

after a diphthong.
oi.

(d) after a consonant,

(2?^) after

a half vowel.
|

3-*,? ? (rfA)

after

of the preceding word.

s (pp) the nominal form having the second radical doubled.

JO

s
>

(ph) after the

(bh) after
|

vowel

L^
li^.

of the preceding

word

h, (th)

after

s (ph)

after the

vowel

27. Six letters are called aspirates namely,

^r:,

w^,

?,

^s,

^ and

Z.
;

"With a point below these signs represent bh (=v), gh, dh, kh, ph and th

with a point above and when preceded by a consonant

(i e,

neither

vowel nor half vowel), they represent

b, g, dj

Jc,

p, t;

with a point above

represeiit 66,

and when preceded by a vowel in the same word, they

gg, ddf kk, pp^ U,

MANUAL PART L
28. There
29.
is
is

65

no sign of doubling except for the aspirates. no sign for Sh^wa in Syriac.
state

There

30.

The emphatic ending and

93. 2.

have often

lost their force.

See

Notes 34 and 35 and

^
(1)
(2)

31. This lesson has three

32.

new

letters

(z),

(A;),

(ts).

Notice the three states in:

iu^-4,9,

Absolute:
J^mphatic:

cioZ, oios, ^.^.a^.

{* Vi a>,

fovX,

(^9|,

Jjo-a-.*,

|.^oaiZ,

jjoioJ,

j^iaia-l,

(3)

Construct: wis).
33.

Forms

for special study: j^jc, joaiJ, i^^io, w^i^.

3.

Grammar Lesson.

(1) (2)

6, 23, 20,

41, 42, 43, 37.

to

Learn the Imperfect of *.oLa

write

45).

(3)

Review

5, 9, 10, 11, 34, 40.

4.

Word

Lesson.
>aifl

^|..*oi then,

to put.
to he finished.

^*|
"VIj

to

buy.

yr\h>

to

fall

"^SnS

to he troubled.

>-2^

to sit.

v^i-o to be nigh,
^-^^
to ivorship.

\^h,A> to be at peace.

5.

Exercises.
let there

1.

God

said: let there

be evening and
3.

be mornin g.

2.

God

shall call the

morning light. and the waters and the good

beginning (was) darkness, then

God saw

the heavens and the earth

4.

light (the light, the good).

In the

God made

the light and he divided be-

tween the light and

.

(to)

the darkness.
1

^y
(3)

5 Translate literally from Gen. 1.

6. "Write (1)

4 into Syriac andt]^n retranslate,

ji

^
>,

the following forms in Syriac, giving

Rukhokh and Kushoy.'

shall write.
(4)

JB

Thou

shalt write. (2)

We

shall write.

He

Ye

ee
Bhall write.
(8)

MANOAL
(5)

PARTI.
shall buy.

I shall wTite.
(9)

(6)

We

(7)

They

shall buy.

Let him

fall.

She

sat.

(10)

(12)

Thou

shalt be troubled.
15.

(13)

He put. Ye shall

(11) It shall be finished.

be nigh. (14)

We

shall
a

worship.

Let

it

be

at peace.

LESSON FOUR
1.

Gen.

I.

68.

Notes.

38.
(1)
(2)

^]o
:

and

(he) said,

Syllables:

(a)

open,

(b)

closed,

17. 1, 2.
6.
is

Vowels
I

(a)

Ebhoo,

(b)

P^thoho,

(3)

has here no consonantal force, but

quiescent,

25.
1,
is

(4)

Pe Olaph verbs have a helping vowel with the Olaph, 33. 55. 1. This vowel when preceded by an inseparable particle
thrown back, the Olaph quiescing,
39.
25.
1. (2),

34. 2.

]ai^ God
(1)

(N. 3).

(1)

Three

syllables, all open.

6.

(2) (3)

Vowels:

Pthoho,

(2, 3)

Zkopho,

The vowel
28. 2. 40.
(2).

has been retained by the guttural, as a helping vowel,

]!jiJ neh-ice, let there be.

(1) (2)

J is the bign of the

3rd masc. of the Imperfect.

Verbs whose

last radical

was originally o or ^ end in the Imperf.

inr
41.
(1) (2)

GO. 3.
(y'^p'i)

I^a-oi

expanse.

Syllables: both open.

Vowels:
42.

(1)

Hbhoso

(2)

Zkopho.

in the midst of. Ivik^ias

(1)

has

Rukhokh because

the preceding
10.
in,

word ends

in a vowel;

2w

because preceded by a vowel,

(2)

1. (I). (3).

is

the inseparable preposition

is

34.

1.

(3)

^5^
43.

in the construct state singular

number,

fern,

gender,

76. 2.

]^

md-yosf the waters.

"

(1)

The marks

are Rebbuy,
T,

13, the sign of the plural.

(2)

Some

plurals end in

86. 16.

MANUAL. PAET L
44.
(1)

67

w^J^

jooiJ

let it

be dividinff.

]s3iJ is

the same as in N. 38.

Used with a
5.

participle, it denotes

continuous future action,

(2)

127.

^^po-resh
See
50.

is

a participle of the simple species.

Compare

^an's.

(3)

The

original form of the participle

was parish; the

i

from a

is

naturally long and hence unchangeable, the

is

naturally short

and changeable,
45. L*^^
(1) (2)
e is

7. 3.

beth, betirren.
di/,

naturally long by contraction from

is

7. 3,

29. 3.

The root
form was
46.
,.riikO

^aL lLL,
u'd-'^

n has been dropped

23. 2.
(3).

(as in

n? in Hebrew).

The

^bJiddh,

and he made.
1^,
1,

(1)

is

to

be distinguished form

4. 3. (6).

(2) o takes a helping vowel

34.

and forms with

it

a half open

syllable,
(3)
i*

17.4.
is

has a half-vowel as

shown by the aspirated s,

9. 3, 10. 1

2).

(4)

g-alk is

the 3rd pers. sing. masc. of the P*'al or simple form of

the verb.

This

is

the

first

form of the verb and the simplest,

43.1.
47. ^.-09]
arkio, the firmament.
it

By

comparison with 39,

^^

will
is

be seen that an Olaph has been

called

placed before |^-

This Olaph

Olaph

prosthetic,

20, 1.

48. uArgjao and he separated.

This

is

in the simple or

P'al stem,

in the first form, see 46.

(lit. to

49. LJk!:^^dal^thah\ which (were) beneath

(1)

under).

^^. under,

is

a preposition.
34.

(2)
(3)

^ fo
?

is

an inseparable preposition,

is

the relative pronoun.

It here introduces the relative or ad-

jective clause defining jjLo,

38, 136.

50.

from, see

6. 3.(2).
el,

51. '^ii^j

daP

which were above.

Qg
(1)

MANUAL,-PART L
Three elements: the relative
49. 2, and
?

cf.

49. 3, the preposition

!iifc,

see

(2)

For the

VL = VL upon, see 13. change from VL to "^ see

it

29. 2.

52. jooio and

(1)
|coi is

was.

the

first

form of the verb.

original awa,

(2)

The "comes from

53. U-soi 54.
TT-*^^?

60.

1,

but see also

29. 5.

(2), (3).

Jiokhanno, so.
dath^ren, which is two
i.

e.

second.
is

(1)

9,

pointed according to

34 with a helping vowel,

the relative

(2)

38. pronoun introducing an adjective clause, remain in Syriac, the few remnants of a dual which of is one rr*^^
76. 5.

(3) Notice that Hebrew

often

becomes Z

in Syriac

and

is

some-

times changed to

b.

2.

Observations.

34.

A helping vowel
The vowel

is

given to every second consonant preceding

|.^=>, ]o3io^ '^'^?) '^=*-^^?.

one which has a vowel,

35.
is

e. g.

of prosthetic

Olaph or of an Olaph beginning a word

o,
?

thrown back upon a previous

or inseparable preposition,

e. g.

36.

A word has

as

many

syllables as it has full vowels,

e. g.

i^jo

we-mar, joiA.

^a-Io-ho,
is

\Lt^h r^ki-o.

37. Pretonic a

not found in Syriac. The original a of the verbal

or nominal form, which in

tilized, e. g.

Hebrew becomes

pretonic Kamets,

is

vola-

,li^ = nnr.
in Syriac is

38.

The feminine

everywhere denoted by
e.

2^,

except in

the absolute state of nouns and participles,

g. 2^.4,9, Zooi,

^^5^

but
in

i^*>^Sn.

Such nouns

as ]Ls]

and ^^oh

are, in the singular, masculine

form but feminine in gender. Compare the agreement of the nouns

86. 10.

with femnine verbs and see

39.
it

The name

of the simple species or

stem

is

P*al.

Examples of

are: ^.a,^; ^s:^

and

jooi.

MANUAL. PABT I.
40.

69
is

The 3rd

pers. sing. masc. of the

P'al

the

first as

well as

simplest form of the verb, from which all other forms of different

gender number person tense or stem are made by vowel changes and

by

significant preformatives

and sufformatives

and, in the case of the

intensive stems,

by the doubling, also, of the second radical.

e.

41

Naturally long vowels are unchangeable

t

g. o

from original

u^i^s,

tSt n?,

in Zooi,

in olmo?, e

m ^.
e.

42. Naturally short vowels are changeable,

g.

wsl*^

).aiijj^

3.

Grammar Lesson.

1.

7.

1417.

25. 30. 31. 35. 45.

inflection of

Learn the following table which gives the regular substantives, adjectives and participles.
2.

Sing.

Plur.
fern.

masc.

masc.
r^^-^'f^

fem.

Abs. ~
Uons.

w^i^
mP
u.4^^
\^'x^

\"^r^

^P
^^r^
l^^^r^

VU

^r^
PP
h,x,-f.3

^a^-^s

Emph.
3.

\^r^

\h^'i^

Show what

the endings for

is

gender and number are.

4.

"What vowel

unchangeable?
affixes?

What vowel

is

everywhere

dropped before forms with

5.

Pronounce
2.

j)or-sAo not por^sho, por-shtn not por^shmj

30. 1,

31.3. Eem.
6. 7.

Inflect, in like

manner,

i>ijSn

brooding^

81.

Review

5. 6. 16.

24. 33.

4.

Word

Lesson.
U>q- sea.
disciple.
-

i 1*^ evil.

(inseparable prefix) which, that.

-^

he

sent

^hA

two.

^^ from,

ooi

if,

he.

(.^l^^Z

5.

Exercises.

1.

Let there be the firmament between the waters and the waters.
3.

2.

Between the heavens and the earth which God made.

The

70

MANUAL. PABT I.
is

waters which are under from the heavens and the earth which

ahove
light

from the

seas.

4.

In the morning which

5. It (is)

is

two God sent the

it

and he called the

light day.

good that
evil.

was
7.

so.

6.
[is]

The
good

disciples the good [are] separating from the

God

and the earth

(fem.)

which

(?)

he made

[is]

good.

8.

In the beginning

the light (was) separating between the day and the night.
9. Translate literally verses 6

and

7 and,

without further aid than

your own
10.

translation, translate

back into Syriac.

5.

Do

the same for verses

LESSON FIVE.
1.

Gen.

I.

913.

Notes.
let

55.
(1)
(2) (3)

.Q.A.1S&.3

nethJcann^shun,

them be

collected.

The preformative J is the sign of the 3rd person The ^ is the sign of the masculin plural.

of the Impf.

The

L.

prefixed after a preformative

is

the sign of the reflexive or

passive stem.
(4)
(5)

The root

is ^.Ais to collect.

This form would be written the same in the Ethp^el and in the
Ethpa'al.
passive
56.
1
;

It is better here to put it in the latter, or the intensive

and to read neth-kan-nHhun, not neth-ka-n^shun.

lath-ro, to

zP

a place.

(1)

The vowel
position,

of the 34. 2.

Olaph

is

thrown back to the inseparable pre-

(2)

Though emphatic
57.

in state, the

noun

is

indefinite in meaning,

93.2.

((1)

]}^^^ teth-ze, let appear. The preformative Z shows that the form is in either the 3rd fem. sq. or in the 2nd. masc. The context decides for the former.

(2)

The
]
.

first

form of

all

the Imperfects of verbs

Lomadh He

ends in
J

The 3rd fem.

-i,

sg. differs

from the masc. merely in changing

to
(3)

45. 5.

The
and

first

form of the verb

is

]v^, see 22,

and compare

Ij-c,

jooi

|o0iJ.

MANUAL PART L
(4)

i^l

The second Z shows

that this

is

a passive stem,

41.4.

Since the

Ethpa'al and Ettaphal have everywhere three syllables, this must

be the passive of the simple stem,

58.
( 1 )

i.

e.

the Ethp^'el.

|^At^ t/ab-bish-to, the dry land. The ^ being preceded by a vowel the dot above
shows that
it is

it,

called

Kushoy,

to be doubled,
it,

10. 2. (2).

(2)

not having a vowel before

after the

the dot shows merely that there

is

ia

no half-vowel
(3)
b, is

and that Z

unasperated.
76.

the sign of the fem.; f of the emphatic state,

59.
(1) (2) (3)

4ln\o

wal^khensho,

and

to the

gathering.

|.^Ls is

a segholate noun masc. sing, emphat.

67.

^ is the
o
is

inseparable preposition regularly prefixed,

It has a helping

34.

the conjunction.

vowel because occurring

vowel a
half-

before an unvowelled consonant.

It forms with this

open syllable and the

60.
(1)
?

i^ takes a half-vowel.,
lit.

17. 4, 31. 3, 33. 2.

jJi.^?
is

d^mat/o, of the waters,

that of the waters.

nt.

really a demonstrative

pronoun corresponding to Hebrew

98.

It has
(2)

come

to denote the genitive relation,

A.

For
61.

|i:J, see 17.

jL^iio-.

ya-mSf seas.
are the sign of the plural Rebhiit/,
first
ijo lio

(1) (2)

The two dots

13.

The

line

under the

is

linea occultans

and shows
19. 3.

that,

although written the

(3)
(1)
]" is

is

not to be pronounced,
76. 3.

the sign of the emphat. masc. plural.,

is

The singular
62.
.i-asZ

|J^,
let

67. 2. (7).

thap-pek,

cause

to

go

out.

(1)

Z
1
.

with E,ukhokh because the word preceding ends in a vowel,

(3)
;

10.
assi-

3 with Kushoy, because doubled to compensate for an

10. 2. (2).
;

milated Nun,
(2)

The z shows the 3rd fem. Impf.

causative or Aph*el stem,

the

above

it is

the sign of the

45. 2, 47. Uem. 4.

(3)

The Yudh

at the

end

is

sometimes, though less seldom than not,

47. Bern. 5,

found with the 3rd fem. Impf.

45. 5.

72'

MANUAL.- PAET I.

(4)

The root
a syllable

is ^.aAi,

the

Nun

being assimilated always at the end of

a vowel,
18, 53.

when not accompanied by

24.

63. ]]'!lLtha'dho, grass.

(1)

The

last

Olaph

is otiant,

the other
?,

is

quiescent, its vowel

tha-dho instead

having been thrown back on the

so that

we have

oUhadh-o,
(2)

25.

1. (2).

Z
Z

has

Rukhokh because

the preceding

word ends

in a vowel,

10.1.(3).
(3)

stands for

Hebrew

t.

It
!!<i2Ja

has been transposed with

?,

the

vowel being equivalent to

64.
(1) (2)
]

nmS
is

es-bo, herb.
t

This
It
is

a segholate of the

class,

67.

1.

in the emphatic

state of the masc. although indefinite

,

93.2.

65.
(1)
?

^^9?)^?
is

dh^mez-d^ra

ivhich

was

seeding for

itself.

the relative pronoun and introduces the adjective

It has

clause,

38. 136.
(2)

Rukhokh

after a preceding vowel,

10. 1. (3).

'^vilo

is

the Ethp^'el or reflexive of the simple stem.

50. 2.

is

the

sign of the participle,

cording to
22. 4.

is

? and y have been transposed, acmetathesis from Z the sign of the reflexive,

In the last syllable the vowel

26.
1. (I),

is

instead of

because of

the guttural,
66.
(1)
i;^

52. 3.
to its kind.

qimV\
is

l^gen-seh,

according

the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed with a half34. 1.

vowel,
(2)
(3)
01* is

the pronominal suffix 3rd masc. sing. (=1!n),

is

36.

>Ja.l^

treated as an a class segholate.

It

comes from the Greek

67.
(1)

|jLiL|o

wi-lo-no,

and

the tree.
]

Waw
Rem.

draws back the vowel of the

1.

and the Olaph quiesces,

25.

(2)

f
68.

is

the ^ign of the emphatic state,

76.

Rem.

1.

fiUj~dh^j)hi-re, of the fruit, lit. that

is

of the fruits.
It

(1)

aspirated

after

the

preceding vowel.

introduces

an

MANUAL.- PART I.

73

appositional relative clause which has become equivalent to our

genitive,
(2)
]9JLs.

97.

A.

2.

The two dots are Eebbuy, one

of

them standing
|

also for the

diacritical point of the Kish,

13. 2.

is

the sign of the masc.

plur. emph.,

76. 3.

69.
(1) (2)

r^?
?

dh^'o-bhedh, which
1.

was

yielding,

lit.

was making.

For
j-^ilu

see 65.

is

the active part, of P^al.

Masc.

sing., see 44.

70.
(1)
5

a\h,^^^

d^nes-hHheh, whose stock,

introduces the relative or adjective clause. It has

his it

Kushoy because

preceded by a consonant. Along with cC

of which or
(2)
ivhosc,

forms the genitive

36, 38, 104. 2.

^^^^

is

in the fem. as

shown by

76. 2.

The emphatic

is

\l^^
71.

(cf.

Heb.
it.

nnp

Is. 6; 13).

oi-o in
is

This

the inseparable preposition

34, 36.
3.

and the masc.

sing.

3rd pers.

pron. suffix.
72.
(1)

2^ jo

wap-p%ath, and

(she)

caused

to

go

forth,

Wau,

as usual, draws

back the vowel of the Olaph the

1,

latter

quiescing,
(2)

25.
b,

Rem.

34. 2.
|

In ^wu^l,

is

the sign of the 3rd fem. sing, of the perfect;

is

the sign of the Aph^el or causative stem; the

since
it is

Kushoy
is

over the s^
;

preceded by a vowel, shows that the s

doubled

the

doubling

is

occasioned by a preceding Nun, which has been assimil-

ated regularly at the end of a syllable

when preceded by a vowel

and followed by none,

73.
(1)
(2)

43.

Rem.

1,

41. 3, 53. 2.
i.

I^iiz? ' '

'

dhathHo-tho, ivhich is three

.
. .

e.

the third,

"^

This

is

an adjective clause limiting )^a- day.

is

In dha, dh

aspirated after the preceding vowel

is

is

a helping

vowel; the syllable

(3)

half-open,

;<

33. 2, 17, 4.
'i:

^Z
to

is

equivalent to the

Hebrew uVr,
to

being regularly equivalent

in Arabic.

^ where they both con-espond

of the

J^

The pretonic

Kamets

Hebrew

is

always volatilized in Syriac.

74

MANUAL.- PART I.
2.

Observations.

43.
(1)

There are in Syriac:

simple verb stem,
e.

g. \\m^
e.

w^^.
ws-^j^.

(2) (3)
(4)

An

intensive verb stem,

g.

A causative verb A simple passive

An
44.

stem,
stem,

e. g.
e.

^^as].

g. \\j*ZZ^ '^9?}^.
e.

(5)

intensive passive stem,

g. .q-aJ^^J.

(6)

And

a causative passive stem, (not yet occurring).

characteristic of the intensive stems
is

The

the doubling of the

second radical.
45. 46.
radical.

The

causative stem

is

characterized

by before

its first radical.

first

All passives have as their sign a

occurring before the

In

all

Perfects and Imperatives this

Infinitives

is

preceded by Olaph

in all

Participles and

by Mim;

in the Imperfect

by

the

appropriate personal preformative.

47.

The names
al,
"

of the stems are P'al,

Pa el,

Aph'el, Ethp'el,

Ethpa
48.

Ettaph'al.

when

naturally long corresponds to the

Hebrew

naturally

long

0.

49.

The name of'

of
o"

is

Zkopho;

of

",

P^thoho;

of^Ebhoo;
as in

of^

fibhoo;
50.

'090.
of the Imperfect are the
is

The preformatives

same

Hebrew,

except that in Che 3rd person masculine there

Nun

instead of

Yudh

and that in the 3rd fem. plur. there

3.

is

Nun

instead of Tau.

Grammar Lesson.

(1)

Review

tli^

sufformatives of the

P'al Perfect,

43.

(2)
(3) (4)

Form

with the aid of these the Perfects of all the other stems,
21, 22, 36, 44. 20, 23, 34, 35,
4.

44.

8, 13, 18, 19,

Review

911,
to take.
t) heal.

3743.

Word

Lesson.
'^^^-ioA.

waja3

to hear,

>c^*.

wax]

to

crucify.

MANUAL. PABT L
*
-.

76
9
9

to clothe,

^]

according as,

*^atf]
f^ks to

to tempt.

what, that.
to say,

command,

iV|\n\
?

s^sr^ to he near,
wAiAft?

VJlIso because,

to

he far,

\h^M>o^ truth,

v*2o

to open.

^1
5.

them,

Exercises.

1.

God

said:

on the earth.

Let the heavens be opened and let the herb appear 2. The earth brought forth grass according as Grod
Let the earth bring forth the tree of
is

commanded.

3.

fruits

which

is

making

fruits

whose sprout
5.

in itself.

4.

He

clothed the earth

to say.
7.

(with) herbs.
6.

Hear ye what I have been commanded

said.

Ye

have been healed because ye have heard what I

crucified.
8.

He

was taken and tempted and

to say the truth.
9.

Ye

have been commanded

to hear
to you,

God
and

clothed them and

to

commanded them
will

the truth.

10.

Draw nigh

God and He
be
far

draw near

remain far from

Him

He

will

from you.

LESSON
74.
(1)

SIX.
1.

Gen.

I.

1416.

Notes.
he.

^otJiJ
first

neh-wun,

let

them

The

Nun

indicates the Imperfect 3rd person,

45.

(2)

(3)

The ending The root is

75.
]'f.(7iJ

^
jooi

denotes the masculine plural,

he was,
cf.

45. 6.
9.

Zooi she was.

See

nah'hire, lights.

(1)

The two

dots over the Eish are Eebbuy, the sign of the plural;
13. 2.

one dot coincides with the diacritical point of the Eish,

(2) (3)
I

is

the sign of the masc. plur. emphatic,

is

76. 3. see 20.

that of the heavens.

The root
76.
I

the same as that of jjoioJ

light,
lit.

iViA^?

dha-sh^ma-yo, of the heavens,

|^.i-D9|
;

(1)

5 is

in apposition with

).iVi4^ is

in the genitive relation to

the pronoun.

See

97.

A.

76

MANUAL. PAET I.

(2)

The

first

syllable is half

open and

its

yowel a helping vowel,

17. 4, 33. 2.

77.
(1)

wA>j'=iSnS
is

l^ineph-rash, to separate,

the inseparable preposition regularly prefixed with a half34.

1. (3). 1.

vowel,
120.
(2)

It is always used before the Infinitive construct

^Isl^
78.
|\i\i

is
.,

the Infinitive of the P'al,

cf.

49.

1.

The root
is

is

^^s.

|%nSn
.]^

see 31.

In one case there

i^L-cjj 47.

Olaph prosthetic;

in the other not.

Cf. \^^^h 41

and

79.
(1)
(2)
i

ilii^

K-;yo, night,
ai/,

comes by contraction from

is

29. 4. (4).

This noun
80.

generally written
for signs.

jjW.

See 41.

jZoZU
is

loth^ivothOj

(1)

the preposition, which draws back the vowel of the Olaph,

25.
1. (2)

the latter quiescing,

(2)

and Rem.

1.

U
The

is

the sign of the fem. plur. emphatic.

The AVau

is

sometimes

inserted in nouns between the root

(3)

and the ending,

86. 3.

singular

is |zj.

81.
(1)

)xs}.!^o

wa-l^zdbh-ne,

and for

times,

When more
The noun
82.
is

than one of the inseparable particles occur together

34. 4.

every second one takes a helping vowel,

(2)

masc. plur. emph.

wa-l^yavrvno-tho,

see 75. 2.

(iwii03-*^o

and for days,

(1)

li^o

as in 81. 1.

(2)

\Z fem. phir. emphatic see 80. 2.

singular
83.
I

The two dots are Rebbuy. The

is l^aco-*.

*l

4S0
is

tvHa-sh^na-yo,

and for years,

(1)

Since Shin

without a vowel
Cf. 81

Lomadh

takes a helping vowel and

Wau
(2)

does not.
is

and 82.
86.
1 6.

|Ii^
84.

a plur. emphatic. See

The singular isjLlX,

87. 30.

^9

9iJl:^

man-h^rtn, giving
is

light,

(1)

:ao

prefixed

a sign of participle except in P'al.

Cf.

|1^^

(16)

and ^\^\^

(65),

but

w-*.Ji (44. 2.)

and ^l.

(69).

MANUAL. PABT I.
(2)

77

P^thoho with the preformative of the Participle denotes the causative or

ApKel

stem,

41. 3.
76. 3.

(3)

^'
85.
iao

is

the sign of the masc. plur. absolute,

to

ojoULla^ l^man-ho-ru,
is

give light,

(1)

prefixed to all Infinitives.

:^,

The

Infinitive construct is always

preceded by
(2)

49, 120.

All

Infinitives,

except the P^'al end in

"

o'

with

before the last

radical,
(3)

49. 2.

P^thoho with the preformative denotes the causative stem. Cf. 84. 2

and see
86.
(1)
(2)

41. 3.
two.

^^^ th^ien,

For the etymology, For the syntax, see

I-O509
is

see

76. 5.

110.

A.

87.
(1)
(2)

rau-r^bhe, great.
^r:^,

This

an irregular plural from

in the emph. state,

87. 27.

Note the position of the adjective

in gender,
jJal^i small,

after its

noun and
is

its

agreement

number and
93. 3.
(1),

state.

The same
1.

true of j-c? great and

99.

88
(1)

)ViVi
is

i|

dhim omo, of

the day,

This
5

the second kind of the genitive constructions,

10. 1. (3).
'

97.

A.

(2)
(3)

is

aspirated according to,

Olaph prosthetic quiesces in the

the preceding
?,

which has been thrown back on

34. 2,

20, Bern. 2.

89.
(1)

l-cisaso
first

w^khau-k^bhe, and the stars,

The

Kaph

has

Eukhokh

after a half- vowel; the second has

Kushoy
(2)
]

after a diphthong,

10.
;

is

the sign of the masc. plur. emph.

the two dots are Rebbuy,

13, 76. 3.

2.

Observations.

51.
52.

All Infinitives have the preformative ^.

"We have had, so

far,

three ways of denoting the genitive re-

lationship.

7g
'^s.

MANUAL. PAET L
p;ie

(1)

^^^^

6.
-

JicoOTZ JLs] vs. 2.

(2)

]Vii? 11:^1^ vs. 11.

|^v^^5 P^aX9( vs. 14.

(3)

]oi.X? ouJo? vs. 2.

53.

The Preformative

of all Participles except the P'al, is

iao.

The

only

mark
is

to

distinguish

the Infinitive from the

first

form of the

Participle
54.
55.

the ending o and the vowel

before the last radical.

inflection of nouns. Participles have the

The preformatives

of Infinitives

and Participles have the same

vowels as the Imperfect of their respective stems.

56.

The preformative

of the P*'al stem

is

e.

g.

^.4.^^ 77, .oooii

e.

74

the Pa* el stem has a half-vowel with the preformative,

e.

g,

\^^'.^

16; the Aph'el has"

all

lis) 72, ^^oUio 84. The preformatives of the reflexive or passive stems are all followed by Z e.g. \\^LA 57,
g.

.Q-iosiJ 55, '^^jpjo 65.

57.

Attributive adjectives follow their nouns and agree with them

in gender,

number and

definiteness.
.3.

Grammar.

1.

Review the

suff'ormatives

and preformatives of the P*'al Imperof all the derived

fect;

and form with the aid of these the Imperfects

45, 47.
12, 77.

stems,
2.
3.

Review

76.

18.

13
4.

-18. 45.

Word

List.

ua^l

io crucify,

wsLs
V-^^wa
|

to write.

^01
V

to go.
to

a book,
sun.

4ln

assemble.
to

^^^"

^^j-d4
-*^^(

draw

near,

V.^ifi because.

to

swarm.

_:* from.

%.ai0oZZ| to add.
?
*

^ns

to

command.

^^

>|

those which.

ps when.

MANUAL. PAET I.

79

5.

Exercises.
(that) of the day.
3.

1.

The sun

will

be seen for the rule

2.

God
stars

made

great stars for signs

and

for times.

The sun and the

shall be shining in the expanse of

heaven to give light upon the earth

and they
4.

shall

be the signs of the seasons of the days and of the years. he

shall
5.

To

divide;

divide;

they shall divide; dividing;

let

they

divided; divided.

Crucify them;
shalt

them be

crucified; thou shalt

be

crucified.

6.

Thou

go in darkness because thou hast drawn

(?)

near and hast taken from the fruits of

the tree.

7.

The waters

(pi)

were assembled into one place and swarmed because God had so com-

manded.

8.

Two books

(two the books) shall be added to those which

have been written and thou shalt write them when they shall be written.

LESSON SEVEN.
1.

Gen.

1.

17-23.

Notes.

90.
(1)

v^su*o
line
is

w^yahh, and
oi

(he)

gave.

The

ander

is

linea occultans,
first

11.

(2)

wsoil

the P^'al Perfect

first

form, see

64. 7.

The usual
91.
.qJ]

form for a Pe

Yudh

verb would be v^su.

suffix for the

58.

'ewwim, them.

There

is

no pronominal

3rd
is

plural with verbs.

In

its stead,

the personal independent pronoun

used,
92.
-

36. 2.

^v^ ^OTV

7eniAc7f-7/T/

to

ruU

over.

This

is

the P^'al Infin. from

w.jL^
93.
(1) (2)

Cf. 77.

1^9 ]?
is

dharb^^o, which is four.

This

a relative clause

136.

The

cardinal after the relative

may

take the place of the ordinal

110B.
94.
(1)

.al^jJ
is

narh^shun,

let

(them) swarm.

Nun

the preformative of the 3rd person Imperf. everywhere

except in the
(2) ^o
is

3rd fem. sing.

the ending of the masc. plural Imperf.

80
(3)

MANUAL. PABT I.
P*tlioho with the preformative
is

the sign of the Aph'el stem,

41.3.

95.
(1)
(2)

]^'i
is

rah-sho,

a swarm.
emphatic singular,
90.
67.
1.

This

an a

class segholate in the

Kebbuy shows
96.
]L.^^

that the

noun

is

a collective, see

hay-yHhOj living.

(1)

The Rukhokh under the Tau shows that the preceding Yudh is doubled; since if ay were a simple diphthong Tau would have
Kushoy,
10. 2. (3)

Rem.
76. 2.

(2)

|2w is

the sign of the fem. sing, emphatic, po-ra-hHho, bird.

abs. is
\.M'f.3

97.
(1)

|^~ii^

The fem.
is

po-r^ho; in the emphatic the short vowel

retained in order to avoid the coming together of three con16. 2, 33. 2.

sonants at the beginning of a syllable,

(2)

The

participle

is

here used as a noun,

118.

98.
(1) (2)

>^\^Ztheph-rGh, let (her) fly. The preformative Z is the sign of the 3rd fem.

sing. Imperf.

The
Cf.

sufiformative

is

sometimes found with the 3rd sing. Imperf.

^si

62.

(3) (4)
(5)

Yudh
The

is otiose,

24. 3.
in the simple or P^'^al stem. Obs. 56.

shows
is

it is

Pthoho

the usual vowel over the

52.

3rd radical in

Lomadh

Guttural verbs,
99.
(1)
9

c-4-i9|?

dhar-hesh, which (they) caused to swarm,

has

Rukhokh according
34. 2.
1. (2).

to

10. 1. (3).

It

draws back the vowel

of Olaph,

The Olaph quiesces

in the preceding vowel,

25.
(2)

The Olaph designates the Aph'el stem; the

plural,

Wau

shows the 3rd

41. 3, 43. 6.
is otiose,

(3)

The AVau
100.

24. 2.

^auil^
uaJ-^,
is

gen-s^hun, their kind,

(1)

For
.ooi
is

see 66. 3.
It

(2)

the pronominal suffix of the 3rd plur. masc. with nouns. never used with verbs, see 91 and 36, 77.

MANUAL. PAET L
101.
(1)

g|

]^9dghep'po,
in the

of wing.
is

The Kushoy
Nun,

Pe

by way of compensation
67. 2. (6).
C]3D.

for

an assimilated

10. 2. (2), 18.

is

1,

(2) (3)

The root waA

\k^ {)'
102.
T) is

cognate to

in the emph. sing. masc.

ffhen-soh, her kind.

Cf.

|nms,

UaJ-T.

cruttJ-T

(1)
(2)

oi^is

equivalent to the

Hebrew n,

36.
as distinguished from the

The

diacritical point denotes the fern,

6. 6. (2).

masc.'',
(3)

The fem.
103.
^J-o

suffix refers

back to

jiu-j^.

Cf.

01^1^66, .oouai.^ 100.

bar-reJchf (he) blessed.

first

(1)

The'' over the

Cf.

radical designates the intensive or Pa'el stem.

jl-^,
is

41.

2.
it

(2)

This

the Perfect, since

has no preformative and cannot be in

the Imv.

It is in the first

form

i.

e.

3rd masc.

sing., since it

has

no suiformative for gender, number or person,

104.
(1) (2)

43. 4.

.001^

l^hun, to them.

2^ is a preposition.
.OCT is

Cf. vs. 12.

suffix

pronominal

3rd plural masc.

See 100.

105.

Of^

p'^rau, be fruitful.

This the Imv. 2nd. masc. plur. of the

root,

simple stem from a

106.
(1) (2) (3)

Lomadh Olaph

60. 4.

nSvo a.^0 wa-s^ffhau wa-mHau, multiply The vowel with the Wau is a helping vowel, 33. 2.
and
syllable after

and

fill.

The

Wau

is

half-open,

17. 1.

These are both in the 2nd masc. plur. Imv. P*al.

107.
llaLawUD?
line

dha-bh^ya-mt^ which are in the seas.

first i^ is

(1)
(2) (3)

The

under the

linea occultans.

See 61.

The singular

is ).:a^.

The
108.

clause

is relative.

136.

1^^
e

thes-g^, let (it) multiply,

(1)

The preformative Z denotes the 3rd

vowel
f shows the root to be Lomadh-Olaph.

sing. fem. Imperfect;

the

used with the preformative designates the simple stem.

Cf. joaii 40.

(2)

]}^jLZ 57.

82

MANUAL. PART L
109.
|.A\niI?

the fifth, see

93; waasZ

let

bring forth, see 98;

I-1L.5

creeping thing, see 96.

110.
(1)

\^2.l^hay-ivH}io\

least,
is

The line above the

is

Wau

called Marhetono,
12. 2.

and shows that

Wau

to be

pronounced without a vowel,

is

(2)

The noun

fern,

segholate of the a class,

67. 3.

2.

Observations.

58. 59.

The

Infinitive construct is always preceded

by ^.

The

cardinals preceded

by the relative are often used for the

ordinals.

60.

The inseparable prepositions take pronominal

104.

suffixes

e.

g,

ay^

^oSi^
61.

Nouns take pronominal

suffixes

e.

g.

oual^

66, ovsal^ 102,

^oSuaa-^lOO. 62. The 3rd pers. masc. of the personal pronoun

the verb, see vs. 17, 22.
63.

is

not suffixed to

Final

Wau
e. g.

and Yudh do not take the linea occultans, when

^^j.sZ 98, o.A^h\} 99.

unpronounced
64.

Nun

is

the preformative of the 3rd pers. Imperf. everywhere

fern. sing,

except in the 3rd

65.
.0 is the

where we have Tau.

ending of the masc. plur. Imperfect; o of the masc.

plur. Perf.

and Imv.

66.

Collectives sometimes take

Eebbuy, see 96 and

is

90.

66a.

At

the end of a syllable,

is

Nun

assimilated to the succeeding

consonant, which

then doubled.

See 101, 109.

3.

Grammab Lesson.
35, 36. 2.

(1)
(2)

Personal pronouns and pronominal suffixes

32, 48, 49, 50.

(3) (4)

w^ou

to give,

64. 7.

Review,

19--25.

MANUAL. PART I.

83

4.

Word

Lesson.
9012]

w^L^A/

to rule. to forsake,

to shine.
to oley.

wAAA/
7

^^^JLcLm]
7

fja^

to

make.

fS

ivhen.
better then.

^A^
i^A^

to teach.

^bo v.^

to baptize.

5.

Exercises.

1.

God gave

the smaller light for the ruling of the night and the
to separate

stars to shine

upon the earth and

2.

between the light and

(to)

the darkness.

He made

the great lights to rule over the day and

said that
(it

over the night and

3.

when he saw them he

fly

was) good.

God

taught the birds (sing.) to

4.

upon the

face of the firmament

of heaven.
all

Every

living soul

was taught

to obey

God who

created
shall

and blessed them and said to them: Obey God and ye

be

blessed; forsake

God and He

will destroy the great seamonsters

fern, sing.)
5.

and

every living soul which creepeth (Participle absolute

and
be

every bird of wing which shall multiply in the earth.

Ye

shall

baptized with water and with the Spirit, which brooded over the face
of the waters

when God created

6.

the heavens and the earth and all

better than to rule.

which was in them.

To obey

is

LESSON EIGHT.
1.

Gen.

L 2431.

Notes.
wit) the creeping things.

111.
(1)
01

)..A^V

ai^o

and

all

of

it (to

is

a pronominal suffix agreeing in gender and

number with the

collective j.-'^'*
(2)
(3)

).^-9 is in apposition with

oi

For the
112.

construction, see

108.

1. (4)

and

94. 6. (1).

>^oiim1
is

^S

according

to its kinds.

(1)

M^oio

the form of the pronominal suffix 3rd sing. masc. with plural
77.

nouns,

84

MANUAL.-PAETI.

(2)

Eebbuy shows
113.

the plural noun.

The noun

singular with the 3rd

masc. suffix would be ouaJLT.

(See 66).

i^M

let

us make.
47.

(1)

J is the

preformative of the 1st pers. plur. Imperf.,

is

Rem.

4.

(2) This Imperf.

of the

class V.jloi,

46.
is

114.

{.jLiI

nosho,

man. The Olaph has the linea occultans and

19. 1. (1).

not pronounced.
115.
(1)

It

shows the root,

^^Sn\^o in our image.

the inseparable preposition,
the pron. suffix 1st plural,
is

a
.

is

34. 36.

(2)
(3)

is

La^,
116.

an a

class segholate in the sing, masculine,

likeness.

67 79.

^z:^9

our

(1)

^as
117.

in 115. 2.
is

(2) ^aic5

a feminine construct from oic? emphatic IZoicj,

let

75. 8.

^Q4^^i^

them

rule.

(1)

J is the sign of the

.o*^

3rd plur. P'al,

45. 2.

(2)
(3)

designates the masc. plur.

sign under

The
118.

^ is Mehagyono,

see

12. 1.

J"aJ
is

fishes of.

(1) (2)

w.

the sign of the masc. plur. constr.,

76. 3.

Cf. wLs) 13.

The two dots are Eebbuy.

119. 120.
w.4-9? which creepeth.

Cf.

ww^-j-s

44.

j-alk

69.

(1)
(2)

lo-dom, man. >c?P back its vowel and quiesces, throws Olaph
is

25.

1. (2).

Lomadh
121.
01

used in Syriac before the direct object,

his image.

123.

v\.

(1) Absolute of

noun=>a^^;

construct,
|.\^\^.

>c^^

as in the phrase

>a^^

jffii
(2)
<n

which follows: emphatic

is

the pron. suffix "Ais" or "of him'\

^^si^'fS

Cf.

oual^

66.

122.
(1)

rogf created he him,

5^=1^
y^ai^ is

(see 2), he created.

This

is

Lomadh Olaph

verb, the

having been heightened to

(2)

in the open syllable,

29. 5. (1).
61.

the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc. with Lomadh Olaph verbs

MANUALPABTI.
123. oioA^oso and subdue
(1)
01
it.

85

is

the 3rd
2.

fern, suffix after

a form of the verb ending in a vowel

51. E.
(2)

The Imv. 2nd

plur.

P'al

of

,4

nn

is

r\A,nn^,

which before

suffixes
.

throws back the vowel from

124.
a4J:i.A. rule
t/e, is

to s, while the ending o

becomes o
i. e.

an imperative P^'al of the a

class,

whose

vowel

is

not o as in ^A-a^ia.

The

is otiose,

46, 48, 24. 2.

125. L^at^
(1)
(2)

I have

given.
L.

woy
L
126.
is

becomes w)oi- before

and

L.,

64. 7.
L,

the preformative for the 1st sing, com.,

is
5

for the 3rd fem. sg,

^^^1
(n.jD

in the absolute state.

in which are,

127.
(1)

2^

"When the

relative

would take a preposition

it is

placed at the

beginning of the clause

appropriate pronominal
(2)

and the preposition follows with the

136.
6.
is s^'i]^ fruits,

suffix,

L^}

is

often indeclinable.
food.

Here the

subject

65, 128.

128.
(1)

fl^^l:^
is

Olaph Kaph,
\L. is

quiescent in the* as
10. 1. (1).

is

shown by the E-ukhokh under the

(2)
(3)

The form
129.
jiuA.?

the fem. emphat. ending, 76. is maktul, the a having been obscured to
desh-tOj

e,

74.

which

is six.

(1)

]b,M, is

one of the few words which have Kushoy after an unvowelled consonant in the same syllable, 31. 1.
is

(2)

used as a helping vowel before a

20.

sibilant,

33. 2,

and com-

pare

Rem.

1.

2.

Observations.
suffixes

67.

Most nouns take the same form before the pronominal

), e.

as before the emphatic ending

g.

aila^^^ |Va\.; oiJalJ, .coual^,

68.

The Imperf.
i,

P^'al

may have
e)

as the

vowel of

its

2nd radical
'iiM, ^clJuqJ,

either a,
1.

(which becomes

or u,

e.

g. ^^'fS2, ^"^^aj,

A^ r\

-i*\

86
69.

MANUAL. PAST I.

The Imperat.

first

form of the P*al

is

the same as the

first

form

of the Imperf. with the preformative omitted.

70.

When new

elements are added to a word, shifting of vowels

e,

frequently takes place,

g.

>Q^^

hut

n.la^^,

f\.k<r\'^'\

hut oia.AJsas.

71. Before the sufformatives of the Imperfect

syllable the full

which constitute a
e.

vowel of the 2nd radical becomes a half-vowel,

g.

72. Before the sufformatives

h.

and

h,

of the Perfect the vowel of

first

the 2nd radical

c.

is

dropped and the half-vowel under the

becomes

g. 2lS3u.

73.

Olaph may quiesce

c.

at the

end of a syllabe in the middle of a

word,
74.
struct

g.

|:^as|io.
original

Cf. |^?|?, r^|o, vs. 26.

The

fem ending was

2^,

which

is

retained in the con-

of the noun and in the 3rd fem.

sing, of the Perf., but in the

o, e. g.

fem. absolute sing, the

Tau

is

dropped and a becomes

^^^

3.

Oramaiab.

(1)

Peculiarities of o

and

a,

27.

(2)

Pe Yudh and Pe
Review
9

Waw verbs,

58.

(3)

12, 31, 32.

4.
-

Word

Lesson.
^mSL^ to
sit,

^^'
-

to he dry*

^^
fO^

to bear,

uall

to

suck,

to to

bum.
know,

pSii^ to

make,

da,

^^

P not

i-al to be heavy.

\p

son.
child.

cC3u

to give.

\r^
lifij]

to inherit.

woman.

].SL^

king.

g^

until.

MANUAL. PARTI.

87

5.

Exercises,

The
2.

trees will

be burnt when

God
in

shall

dry the earth with His

wind.

G-od said: I will

make man
them
to

my

image according to
I have done.
3.

my
Let

likeness

and I

shall cause

know what
4.

the earth be given to

man

to inherit.

Men were

not born, they

were made.

5.

child has been

bom

to us,
6.

a son has been given

sat

to us and the ruling shall be his

tree

(to him).

The woman

under the

and suckled the son

whom

she had borne and because he howled

sit

when he saw
7.

the sun she caused the child to

upon the

earth.

Tliou shalt inherit the earth and thou shalt learn and

know

that

God is 9. God
that I

very good.

8.

The sun

is

heavier than (heavy from) the earth.

stars

will sit in the heavens

let

and say: Let the earth and the

be burned,

the sea be dried, and let all the lights of heaven

know

am

the king

who made them.

LESSON NINE.
1.

Gen. H.

18.

Notes.

130.
(1)

a%r\Ao and were

finished,
is

The vowel
half-open,

of the first o
33.
1,

a helping vowel.

The

first

syllable is

17. 4.

(2)

The

last o is otiose.

Final o does not take the linea occultans,

11. 3, 24. 3.
(3)

The with the 2nd

131. >clI.A.o and

radical shows the verb to be intransitive,

41,

(he) finished.
first

(1)

The vowel with the

or

radical shows that this

is

the intensive

Pa
"

el

stem,

41. 2.
is

(2)

Tlie

of the

2nd radical

obscured from

'',

29. 2.
i. e.

(3) Being without sufformative, this must be the 1st form

the 3rd

masc. sing.,

43. 4.

132. \lh.^L^ the sixth,

(1)

This

is

an ordinal number.

Of. |2la,? 129.

See

88. IE.

(2) Ordinal numbers, like other adjectives, follow their nouns and agree

in gender,

number and

definiteness,

1 1

0.

B.

88

MANUAL. PAET I.
133. ^aiOf^ilL his works.

(1) (2)

Eebbuy show
-.Aoio^'is

the noun to be plural,

13.

the 3rd sing. masc. pron. suffix, see 112,

da-'^bhadh, which he made.

36.

134. fi^^
(1)
(2)
?

has

Kushoy
fact that
first

after the diphthong,

10. 1. (3).

The

wS has Kukhokh shows that L has a half-vowel and

syllable
is

that the

half-open,

10. 1. (2), 17. 4.

135.
(1)

>

ittl^ZJo and he rested himself,

is

This

the reflexive from

jJ to
it

rest,

41. 4, 59. 3.
first

(2)

Since
sing,

it

has no sufformative,
43. 4.
the

must be the

form,

i. e.

the 3rd

masc,
>S

136.
88.

^ 4<

seventh.

This

is

the ordinal from

Va^

seven,

n.
oufc-j-o

137.
(1)

kad'd^sheh, sanctified
?

it,

The dot over the

is

Kushoy and shows

that the a

is

doubled.
41. 2,

The form
10. 2. (2).
(2)
01*

is

intensive, the second radical being doubled,

is

the pron. suffix 3rd sing. masc.

because and
5. 5.

Cf.

121. 01^11^66, gi.LQ^t

is

138.

'^M^

Va

all

are the only words in which

written defectively,
139.

y^SV^

bi/

making.

See

120.

1.

(4)

for this use of the

Infinitive

and compare the Hebrew.

140. ]Zf.^oZ generations.

(1)

(2)

Eebbuy and ]Z designate the feminine plural emphatic. The first Z is prefixed, the form of the noun being \4-dZ. The
root
is

^^ to

bear,

74. 3.

141. l^H?o a^l of the earth.

(1)

The inseparable

particles retain their helping vowel,

when

the

succeeding consonant has a vowel thrown back from a following

Olaph
(2)

so wa-dhar-o, not w^dhar-o,

is

34. 3. Bern, 2.

"When a noun
tives,

in connection with
is

two or more succeeding geni5,

each of the latter

preceded by

97.

A. Rem.

2.

142. Q-J^Z) theg were created.

MANUAL. PABT I.
(1)

39

Z| is the sign of a reflexive or passive stem.

The absence

of a

vowel

after

or

s show

it

to belong to the simple passive or

Ethp'el,
(2) (3)

41.4.
43.
(called

Waw
see

designates the 3rd plural,

that the root
is

Yudh shows
60).

Lomadh Yudh

Lomadh

Olaph,

(4)

For the diphthong

143. t-^? *^ tvhich

iu, see
(he)

8. 1. (3).
is

made. The preposition

6.

often omitted from

the relative clause,

144. 00 51
Zocji.
(thei/)

136.

Rem.
is

1.

had been

in the 3rd plur. Perfect

from

jooi fern

The two dots under the word

are

meant

to distinguish the verb

enclitic copula.

as denoting existence from the

same verb used as an

Compare:
145.
(1)
(2) (3)

]otn vs.

6 with ]oe% vs. 7 and oooi vs. 25.

out.

|.i^]

had gone

The

first

Olaih

is

prosthetic,

20.

1.

Yudh

quiesces in' according to

is

25, 3, 58. 1.

Rem.

2.

The form

the 3rd masc. sing. P'al, the verb being both

Pe

Yudh and Lomadh

146. lL]
(1)
(he)
is

Olaph,
to

58, 60.

caused

come down.

The form
69. It is
53. 2.

Aph'el from .Ij, the Nun being assimilated. Cf. L-as] the first form of the Apli el i. e. 3rd masc. sing. Perfect,

(2)

is

derived from an original

Iv.J:I

29. 2.
)]

147.

was

not,

is

contracted from
10. 2. (3).
is

&

^|,

65.

Tau has

Kushoy
148.
the
see

after the diphthong,

llo^

mist.

The root

^^^^
i:

to well.

The form
Cf.

is "^o-Juoi^,

Nun

being assimilated and the

doubled.

I^^os).^ 128 and

18. 1, 74. 2. (5).

loci
is
^

149.
(1)

nSm

used

to

go up.
first

.ji^a

the active part. P'al

form; see 46.

93.
3. (2) a.

It is in the ab-

solute state because a predicate,

(2)
]oci
is

enclitic

and hence the

64. 5, 127.
1.

a\

has the linea occultans and

is

unpronounced

Cf. oosi 144, Zooi, ]ooio vs. 19.

90

MANUAL. -PART I.

(3)

The

Perf. of jooi after the part, denotes continuous or repeated

action or state,

127.

3. (3).

150.
(1)
(2)

jooi

jn aV)

was
is

watering.

The construction The

Pai-t. is

the same as that in 149. 2, 3.

the

first

form of the Aph'el, as

is

shown by

pre-

fixed with
(3)

41. 3, 50. 2.
is iLk,.

The

first

fonn

Cf. jSoi,

|^.

151. v^oiosjJd in his

(1) (2)

nostrils.

is

the preposition with the vowel of Olaph drawn back.

to

Olaph quiesces according

^OTo
is

25.

1. (2).

(3)
(4)

the ending of the 3rd masc. sing, suffix with pluralnouns.

;

77.
after

The two dots over o are Rebbuy the one over

a consonant; the one over s
is

.s is

Kushoy

Kushoy

denoting the doubling to

compensate for the assimilated Nun,

152. ill
153.
life, lit. lives.

10, 12.

>a.^

from

(the) front,
is

i. e.

from

the east.

154. >a^

{lie)

put. This

the

first

form of a verb

E "Wau contracted

from

>cai5,

59.
2.

Observations.

7 5.

Most verbs have

,

in the first
1
.

form some intransitive verbs have

;

two verbs have o

76.

41.

The vowel occurs everywhere in the Pa' el stem after the first radical.
numbers are formed from the
radicals of the cardinals
after the first radical, a' after the second,

77. Ordinal

by putting a half-vowel
li' after the third,

and

88.
particles take a helping
it

78.

The inseparable

vowel before an un-

vowelled consonant and form with

79.

a half-open syllable.
lo-

Whether a form

is

P'al or Pa'el depends often upon the usus

i. e.

quendi, e.g. ails>^ maybe either katleh, or katt^leh,

simple or intensive.

The sense and not the writing(which is the same in both)determines the stem.
80.

Nouns may be formed by prefixing

i>e

or

to the root,

e.

g.

81.

The Imperative has only a 2nd person.

MANUAL. PABT I.

91

3.

Grammar.
51.

(1)

The Perfect

of the verb with suffixes,

A. B.

(2)
(3)

Quantity of vowels,

28.

Eeview,

43, 44.
4.

Word

Lists.

wA^^

to forsake,

wS59 to follow,
(TLlsoZ to

\4^

to

Jcill.

wonder,

V^ojk/ to weigh.

^Jus
V

to conceive.

<fS\^ to counsel,

y wAkX^A' to glorify,

fM]

to seize.

,jis to
6.

command.

Exercises.
2.

1.

God

has forsaken you because you forsook him.

God weighed

his

works which he had done and when He saw that he had not followed
killed him.
3.

Him He
fect),

1 counsel thee to seize

4.

Ihem

(?

with the Imperto

because they have not glorified thee.

He made me

wonder

(Aphel)
thee.
5.

when he commanded

us to kill them because they had followed

6.

She conceived me and bare me.

killed

1 followed him and seized

7.

him and
from

him because thou

didst

command me.

God

rested

all his

works when
8.

and

sanctified them.

He had completed them and He blessed them When the heavens and the eaHh were created,
9.

a tree did not exist in the earth.

The Lord caused

rain to

come

down and
water
all

the herb of the field sprang up, and a mist was going up to

the trees of the field and every green herb (greenness of herb)
for food, (which to

which

Adam had

Adam

were).

LESSON TEN.
1.

Gen. IL

915.

Notes.
out.

155. v^ojo and he caused

(1) (2)

to

go

The Olaph designates the Aph'el stem, 41.3. The first radical is o. This becomes Yudh in the simple and intensive stems, 58. The .* comes from iy.

92

MANUAL. PART I.

(3)

The

third radical

was

originally

Olaph but most verbs of this kind

;

have gone over into regular

156.
w^-i.!?!?
is

Lomadh Olaph

verbs,

60.

which was pleasant.

(1) This
(2)

a relative clause,
is

136.
20.
1.

The Olaph The noun

dicate
it is

prosthetic,

(3)

is

of the passive participial form

V^4^. Being
P'al

a pre-

in the absolute state,

to see.

93. 3.

(2).

157. ||mV^V

This

the Infin. const.

of |"P; the

of

Vi^-Qio becoming heightened in the opened syllable.

158. Vsjlolk

to eat.

Pe Olaph verbs form

their Infinitives regularly

is

except that the Olaph quiesces and the following consonant

sequently aspirated.
Cf. 128.

con-

159.
(1)
(2)

iifl-i?i.s?

cyi^l^wi>ar5

{n the midst of the garden.

For the

genitive construction compare jsi-X? at^oh 15. See

97 B.

For

^^
i

and

oiiju^Lo,
to

see 42
it.

and

15.

160. oiZn

^SnS

water

(1) Ik is the preposition; (ji*the pron. suffix (2)

(3)

3rd

sing. masc.

S^ is the sign of the Part,

and

Infin. of the Aph'el,

49, 50.
oa.
.

zkl designates the

Cf.

Infin. construct ;

the absolute would end in

cbki:^ 85.
belongs to the root, which
park.
is

(4)

Yudh
161.

Lomadh Yudh
is

(Olaph),

60.
;

|ji-?i.alih to wit, the

This
^'to

in apposition with

the

^ may in such cases be rendered by 162. ^ |o<n becometh. The verb jooi
lated

wit^\ see

123. 2.
i:^

(7).

followed by

may be

trans-

by

become.

This

is

the

P'al

Part.

See

60. 5.

163. ^--^^ 1^^^'! four heads.

(1) (2)

The

cardinal generally precedes.

in either the emphatic or absolute

The noun following may be state, 110, A. 1.

164.
,-M? oi.ifl^ the

name of it which

is one.

(1)

On
,^5

>a^, see
is

87. 29.

(2)

a relative phrase limiting the pronominal suffix and not the

136. 4.

noun, see

MANUAL.-PABT L
(3)

03

This clause takes the place of the ordinal,

165. ?,-? oai It
is that,

110. B.

which

is

surrounding.

(1) (2) (3) (4)

?=that The phrase

which, see
is

104.

2. (2) Bern.

a predicative substantive clause,

instead of

135. 2.
h,

The
cn

Participle has

because of the

see

52. 3.
It has the

is

the demonstrative pronoun 3rd masc. sing.

it

35.

point over to distinguish

166.
(1) (2)
01

from

ooi,

6. 6. (1).

^n\

all.

^ is
The
167.

the sign of the direct object,

participle governs a noun.

123.

^Ij

where, introduces a relative clause,

104. 4, 136.

168. (M0I5O
the
ally
)

iv^dha-bhohj and the gold of

is
e.

it.

The Rukkokh under

shows that the noun

i.

not a segholate, but one which had origindahabh,

68.

two short vowels,

The segholate would be

oijsai)

dah-boh, like aua.^gen-so.

that,
is

169. (1) wJoi

follows
(2)
its

a demonstrative pronoun limiting land.

It

noun when

attributive

and agrees with it in gender and number.

for o

The point above the He stands

to be read,
6. 6. (2) b.
is

and shows that hog not

hi is

Compare

Gren. III. 12 for ^oi.

170. v-i4 good,

ject in gender

the predicative adjective.

It agrees with its sub-

and number, but not in

is

definiteness,
^^-^ij

93. 3.

(2).

171. |.i1j2 the second,

an ordinal form for

Above
used in

in vs. 11
its

and below
110. B.

in vs. 14, the cardinal preceded

by

is

stead,

172. >c?y the man,

^ with

the direct object,

him. that
Cf.
it is

123.

173.
(1)

01

nn^

shabh-keh, left

The Rukkokh under the s shows

is,

not doubled.
see,

The form

therefore, not Pael, but P^'al.

137 and

41. 2.

(2)

oi" is

the pron. suffix. 3rd sing. masc.

i

174.
(1) (2)
5

<^oin

JtN^il? that he

might

till it.

introduces the clause of purpose,

is

137. 4.

sAoia-

the form of the 3rd sing. pron. suffix with the Imperf.,
2.

51.

D.

94

MANUAL. PAET L
In
"^"'^ (from
-

(3)

^Vq^

46)

Nun

is it

the sign of the 3rd pers.;

;

the absence of sufformatives shows

to be masc. sing.

the

with
4.

the preformative shows the simple stem,

(4)

45. Bern. 2, 47.

Rem.

The

1st plur. Imperfect

would

also be ^.mJ:;^^.
is

The context alone

meant,
37. Beni. 5.

can determine whether the 1st or 3rd person

175. ^oia-j-J^o and keep
it.

This

is

the same in every respect as the

for ^-JOJ the radical

preceding, except that

assimilated.

we have

j-JuJ

Nun

being

Cf. L.as] 72,

and see

53. 2.

2.

Observations.

Lomadh Olaph verbs Lomadh AVau or Yudh.

82. 83.

are mostly those which were originally

The conjunction Wau, the inseparable prepositions

?,

and !^ and

the relative
84.

take

before a consonant with a half- vowel.

of the

The vowel under the 2nd radical

P'al Imperfect is dropped

before suffixes and before sufformatives forming a

85. 86.

new

syllable.

A short vowel may be dropped, volatilized or shifted. A naturally long vowel unchangeable, 73.
is
3.

Grammar.

(1)
(2) (3)

Euphony of vowels, 29. The Imperfect &c. of the regular verb with suffixes,
Review
36 and

5 1 C.
.

D. E. F.

4547.
4.

Word

Lesson.

^f

if.

.^s
f^il^
>

to till

^^^Jio^ to hear.
to obey.

to serve. to steal,

^^>i>^^^A>]

n1

yffji to bless.

^^L^

to deliver.

ws?

to follow.
to sanctify.

l^^^vC^

enemy.

uA'i^

MANUAL. PAET L

95

5.

Exercises.
2.

1.

God

will bless

you

if

ye will follow him and serve him.

1 will
(pi.)

cause
to see

it (fern.)

to bring forth herbs

fruits
it

and

trees

which are pleasant

and whose

(which their
4.
it.

fruits) are

good

for eating.

3.

The

river shall water

(masc).

Let him bring and leave him

5.

in

Eden

that he

may

till it

and keep

I shall cause

it

to surround all the

land of Cush.
7.

6.

Thou

wilt bless us

and wilt cause us to see God.

8.

I shall

kill

you; thou wilt bless him; she will forsake you.

Thou

(fern.)

wilt kill

him

if

he shall not obey me.

9.

Let him hear me, God

10.

said;

and I

shall bless

him and I

will sanctify him.

Thou

(fem.)

wilt hear
1 1
.

me and obey me and

will steal

I will hear thee

when thou

callest.

They

him and

will kill

him and

will deliver

him

to his

enemies.

LESSON ELEVEN.
1.

Gen. IL

1620.

Notes.

176. oL^k j.^]

and said
34. 2.

to

him.

For the

indirect object, see

124.

For the form,

177.
(1)

see

^oajz
is

\.a|io thou

may est

eat.

Vcj^
verb,
is

the absolute Infinitive used to intensify the idea of the

1.

119.

The Rukkokh under the Kaph shows

10. 1.

that

Olaph

quiescent,
is

(2)

The verb
Olaph
is

in the

2nd masc.
55. 2.

sing, like "'^q.^l.dZ except that the

quiescent,
j3

178. "^a-sji
ing.

thou shalt not eat. of the Imperative

1. (2),

This
is

is

the negative of the preced-

The negative
li,

expressed by the Imperfect pre-

ceded by
179.
(1)
?

114.

115. 3.

V^iio because that.

is

*Eoo
is

written defectively,

6. 5.

(2) This

common way

of introducing the causal adverbial clause,

137.

5. (2).
thou,
eatest.

180. "'^aajZ? in which

The preposition with

its

pro-

96

MANUAL. PAET I.
suffix is omitted, as frequently in

nominal

temporal clauses,

136. 6.

Rem.

1.

181.
(1)

Za^Z
is

jZaLo the death shalf thou die.

fZaio

a segholate noun of the a class; here used instead of the

119. 2. Bern.
1.
ivii

Infinitive absolute,
(2)

Zolo^

is

the 2nd person masc. sing. Imperf. P^*al for ZoolsoZ,

going over into o and the helping vowel of the preformative being
volatilized.

The

root

is fi

Wau,
is

29.

7. (1),

59. 2.

182.
I

iocjiJ? that
is

should be

&c^
135.

a substantive subject clause, to which

t'^ki

)]

the predicate,

1, 2.
is

183. >.qio?n >i\n alone.

This

compound

of the prepositions

and

with the noun 90^*^ unique, followed by the pronominal

suffix,

89. B. Bern. 3. 3.

184. jJiil
(1)
(2)

will make.

The Olaph is the preformative for the first person sing. Imperf. The under the second radical signifies an Imperf. of the i class,
46.
1

and

cf.

'jn'^.

and

'!'&}

in

Hebrew.

185. iJ^jio
(1)

help.
5

The point over the

doubled,
41. 2.

shows that the form

is

intensive Dolath being

(2)
(3)

The

:^ points to

a participial form of the Pa* el stem,

is

50. 2.

The ending
agentis,

p
1.

often

appended to participles to make nomina

75.

186. oiZaj]
fixes,

like

him.
3. 1.

This

is

the form which

^]

takes before suf-

89. B. Bern.

187. ^lJ\o and he brought.

(1)

The

first

form

is |z|,

64. 4, a

Pe Olaph and Lomadh Olaph

stem,

verb.

(2)
(3)

The Olaph of ^^f denotes the Aph'el For the ending ^ see 155.
188.
]}-*.J?

41. 3.

that he might see.

(1)

The ending f (like n

Olaph Imperfects,

in

Hebrew)

is

the

common ending for Lomadh

Cf. 174.

60. 3.

(2)

The

clause denotes purpose,

137. 4.

MANUAL. PAET I.
189.
( 1)

|J~D lli^
is

ivhat he

was

calling.

This
jjic,

an indirect question introduced by the interrogative pronoun

132.
6.

Rem. The sentence

is

an object substantive clause,

135. 3.
(2)

(2).

On 1^
190.
01

see

162 and
hau

60. 5.
is.
oi

ooi OCT

hu, that

(1)

with a dot above the

en

is

hau the demonstrative pronoun,

ooi

with a dot below the

35, 37.
(2)

is

the personal pronoun hu,

6. 6. (1),

The demonstrative

tn

resumes and

is

in apposition with the subit.

stantive clause, beginning with

Vs, which precedes

The
1.

clause

with
(3)
01

Va

is

equivalent to a
101.

noun absolute,

95. 3, 135.

is

the copula,

191.

]oi.isaA^

names.

This

is

an irregular plural from

pa^

name,

86. 14, 87. 29.

y
"

192.
(1) (2)
W.A.

wifca^u^l

there

was not found.

21.
1.

and

L.

have been transposed,

It is Ethpe'el as is
after the
L.

shown

(a)

by the absence of a vowel before or

(which her after transposition takes the place of the

first radical), (6)

by the non-doubling of the second

radical.

(3)

By

there being but two syllables; the intensive and causative

passive having three.

(4)

According to form,
the 3rd masc. Perf.
:

this

might be the

1st pers. sing. Imperf., or

the sense requires the latter.

2.

Observations.
i,

87. Imperfects

may have
is

a,

or u, under the 2nd. radical of the Pe*al.

88.

The same form

is

often used in different senses, the sense in a

e.

particular case

to

be determined by the context,

g. w.fcs2ui,?

^ouLLciJ.

89. Clauses are substantive, adjective, or adverbial,

135.

90. Notice the difference in

mood denoted by

the Imperfect in vs.

1618,

114.

9a

MANUAL. PABT I.

3.

Grammar.

(1)
(2)

Lomadh Olaph Lomadh Olaph

Review,
27.

verbs,

60.
61.

verbs with suffixes,

(3)

MANUAL -PAET I.
that I shall be alone he will
9.

99

make

for

me

a helper corresponding to me.

to

God formed them and brought them

calling them.

Adam

that

He

might see

what he was

LESSON TWELVE.
1.

Gen. IL

2125.

Notes.
Cf.

193. s^h]o and he

cant.

Aph'el Perf. 1st form.

^of

155,

^M
(1)

187.
slept*
it

194. >^9o and he

"Wau has a helping vowel and with

17. 4, 33. 2.

forms a half-open syllable,

(2)

<^? instead of s^? because

195.
j-^o]o

intransitive,
1st form.

41.

1. (2).

and he

closed.

Aph'el
it.
>

Cf. 193, 155, 187.

196. gi.rt^i

in place of

S,t^

like

many

other prepositions
77. 4.

takes the plural construct form before the pron. suffixes,

197.
(1) (2)

nmj? which
clause
is

he

had

taken.

The

adjective,
is

136. 112.
1. (3).

The Perfect
198. ]ZJJJ
to

used in the sense of our Pluperfect,

a woman.
quiescing,

(1) (2)

The preposition ^ draws back the vowel the Olaph The

line

34.2.

with the

Nun

is

linea occultans,

11.

(3)

The word is the indirect obj ect, the verb governing two obj ects, 125.3.
p
.

199.
(1) (2)

ou^|o
is

way-t^yoh, and he brought her.

01" is

the pron. suffix 3rd fem. (Cf.

oiil^

102),

61.

^lJ\

the same form as >^hJ\

190, the original consonantal y,

remaining before the suffix the preceding vowel having been

volatilized
i. e.

aytl

becomes

ay-t^yoh,

7. 3. (2) 6.

200. lis]
(1) (2)

jJoi this time.

poi

is

a demonstrative pronoun,

37.
its

1.

The pronoun may precede

201.
hones. .aLo-^ wy

or follow

noun,

102.

1.
is

The form

of the const, plur. masc.

the

same as that of the

const, plur. masc. with the suffix 1st sing.,

77. 1.

1 00

MANU A L PART I.

202. sya
(1)

(2)

wy flesh. Yudh designates my, appended The final Yudh in words like this
besr^,

An

36.
is

pronounced like

e,

31. 3,

Bern.

1.

203. |nifti3 {was

absolute,
50.
1,

she)

taken,

is

the passive Part. P*al fern. sing,

76. 2.

204.
(1)

^^^^"^

(he) shall forsaJce.

The Nun The

prefixed denotes the 3rd person of the Imperfect.

it is

(2)

o shows

an Imperfect in t* of the simple stem,

46. 3. Note.

205. v9ia.{]
(1)
(2) (3)

la-bhu, his father.

suffix

^01 is the

pronominal
j-c)

3rd sing. masc. after a vowel,

87.
1.

36.

oi]

is

the form of

before suffixes,
its

The Olaph throws back

the P^thoho,

vowel to the

Lomadh and

quiesces in

32. 3, 25. 2.

(4)

Lomadh

is

used in Syriac before the direct as well as before the

123. 2.
(3).

indirect object,

206. waoJo and he shall

(1)

cleave.

This

is

the 3rd. pers. sing. masc. Imperf. form ^alj, the

It is to be

Nun

having been assimilated.

nenkaph,
(2)

pronounced nekkaph, from

18, 53.
is

Notice that there 207. .c(a-.9Z

the

no

Waw

conversive in Syriac.
the construct of the

two of them.

^'"iZ is

Dual ^iJ.

52.

On the Dual
'fSio f.^

in Syriac, see
flesh.

76. 5.

208.
(1)

one

For the order

see,

99.

1.

Rem.

1.
is

(2)

The predicate noun

absolute state,

adjective or participle
(2).

commonly put

in the

93. 4.
naked.

209.
(1)
(2)

The ^^is

.^A^'LifL the sign of the masc. plur. absolute,

76. 3, 93. 4. (2).

Notice the coincidence of the diacritical point of the r with one

point of Rebbuy,
13. 2.

210.
(1)

^Z3u
is

boh-ttn,

ashamed.
50. 1,76. 3.

This

the Act. part, of the simple stem intheabs.plur.,

MANUAL.
2)

PART,!.,

>

/,''^

]'

'.,:>'',

'\

''
',

;^t)l

The singular is ZoLd, but the short vowel hardened when an affix is appended. See
31. 3.

e is lost

and the Tau

30. 1, and compare

Rem.

1.

2.

Observations.

91. There

is

no "Waw conversive or consecutive in Syriac.

92. Syllables
93. 94.

may be

open, closed, or half-open,

17.

Aw

does not contract into o in Syriac.

in a

A Dual occurs

few instances.

95. Changeable vowels

may be dropped

in inflection,

7. 3. e. g.

96.

The predicate The

adjective agrees with its antecedent in gender

state,
e.

and number, but not in

97.
in

g. jntTtn, ,^>

TN j-^

rules for the assimilation of

Nun

are the same in Syriac as

Hebrew.
98.

Lomadh may be used

in Syriac before the direct as well as

before the indirect object.

99. Attributives usually follow the nouns, but occasionally they

precede.

100. Attributives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and state.
101. In stative verbs, the vowel in usually 102.
c.

Some

prepositions take the plural form before suffixes.

3.

Grammar.

(1)

Pe Olaph Verbs,

55.

(2) Peculiarities of Gutturals,

(3)

26.

Review,

24, 25, 76, 77.

4.

Word

Lesson.

^m\

to seize.

V.

to close.

^M
waX
%.s|

to bring.

^^1

to

go out.

to learn.
to

III. to teach*

\z] to come,

mourn.

'

'

;02

'

MANUAL PART L
jsi^ to remember,
>o,-o before

fjo]

to bind.

%JL upon,
^i:^.

for (before suffixes

(Plural form before

See

77.

4.).

suffixes).

5.

Exercises.

1.

Adam

slept because a sleep

flesh

had been

cast

his ribs

was taken and the

was closed

in place of

upon him and one of it; and the rib

which had been taken from

God brought
shall

to

Adam.

2.

Adam was formed into a woman whom And when Adam saw her he said: this
is flesh

be called woman and because that she

3.

of

the two of us be one flesh.

Go

ye out and say to

my flesh shall the woman that

4.

I will bind her and teach her not to mourn for her.

Bring her to
5.

me and

I will teach her to go out and to come in before thee.

Re-

member God and he has remembered thy father and thy mother. 7. His flesh was eaten. 8. I 6. They shall be blessed who mourn.
shall learn all that

thou wilt teach

me

because I
all

am
is

not ashamed to
written in this

learn.

9.

I shall teach and ye shall learn

that

good book.

LESSON THIRTEEN.
1.

Gen.

m. 15.

NOIES.

'^'ll.
'{\)

]oCT

^CLt^ was cunning.

after a participial adjective predicate,

|ooi is enclitic

127. 10,

and hence the m has the linea occultans,

(2)

11.

The
212.

participle

is

the simple passive in the absolute singular,

50. 1.

((I)

The point beneath shows

mon,
6. 6. (1).

from.
that it
is

to be read

men not man or

(2)

Men

after the adjective denotes the comparative,

101.

1.

213. 01.^ every.

(1)

The point above shows

the masculine
oi*.

that the suffix

is

the feminine

oi

and not

See 102 and

6. 6. (2) 6.

MANUAL -PART L
(2)

IO3 97. B.

For

tlie

construction, see

108.

1. (4),

Rem.

4.

214.
(1)
)

j-als.?

which

(he)

had made.
136.

introduces the relative or adjective clause which limits ]Zcui-i,

Pluperfect,

(2)

The Perfect here denotes our

215. IcntX
is

112.
1

1. (3).

in apposition with i-*i^,

^''w^y-

94.

216. ^JJHi-^
(1) (2)

l^] is the

common ending
said.

for adverbs,

89.

A.

3.

t4^

f<harrir is of the

formative kattil,

72. 2. (4).
is

217. j^)

hath

(he)

The Perfect

the Present Perfect,

112.1.(2).
218.
(1)
5

^ol^U

li?

that ye shall not eat.

is

introduces the objective substantive sentence, which

135.
3. (3).

here a

quotation,
(2)
13

with the Imperfect

may be

either "ye shall not" or "eat not".

114.1.
219. l^oll^
to

the serpent.

The

indirect object

is

introduced by

Lomadh,
220.

124.

^?
(4).

from.

introduces the

quotation

like

ut in

Latin,

135. 3.

221.
(1)
?

j-ia-.?,^^?

which are in the Paradise.

introduces the relative or adjective clause,

136 and

is

the

subject of the nominal sentence,

(2)

130.
is

The copula is supplied and

222. .oovlis
all

"in the Paradise"

the predicate,
>*V|.s,

30.
1.

of them,
eat.

is

a clause in apposition witji

94.

223.

'^Q-sJ.J tve

may

For the use

of the Imperfect as our Potential

mood,

see

114. 2.
|J?

224. .oZa^soZ
137. 4.

lest

ye

die.

This

is

an adverbial clause of

result,

225. ^SeV

is

an

Inf.

Absolute from

l^

to die.

It is here

used

adverbially to strengthen the cognate verb following,

119.

1. (1) a.

Compare the Hebrew.

226.
reason,
5

'^-^
137.

because that, introduces an adverbial clause of cause or

5. (2).

104

MANUAL.-PAET I.

227.

^^
5

(he)

Mows

is

the Perfect used as a Present like the Greek

2nd

Perfect,

112. 2. (1).

228.
(1)
(2)

i.:^Q-i.) that in the

day

that.

The
?

introduces an objective substantive clause, introduces an adverbial clause of time,

is

135. 3.

jv^i^

137. 2.

The

whole clause
138.
3. (3).

equivalent to

"when" and introduces the

protasis,

229. ^^Iks]? in ichich

(1)

[ye\ shall he eating of.

The
is

Participle here denotes a state or continuous action.

future

The time
1. (2).

made
?

by

the clause "in the day in which",

116. 104.

(2)

The

is

a relative adjective agreeing with \^o^^

mith-pat't^hon, shall be opened.

1. (4).

230. ,--^^:ac
(1)

Participle formed

by
;

ie prefixed,

50. 2; the

first

Z shows

the

Reflexive,
tensive,
(2)

41. 4

the

Kushoy

over the second

Z shows

the In-

41. 4; the shows the fern, plur., ^

is

76. 4.

The

Participle

in the future tense since

is

it

introduces an apodosis,
fulfilled.

which depends on a protasis which

231. .nn^ltSyoMr
eyes.

not yet

The noun

is

in the dual construct,

76. 5. (2).

Since the participle has no dual,

it is

put in the plural,

the Act.

99. 2.

232.
the

.o2?-c<3i

ye shall

be.

This

is

P*al Part,

plural and

2nd

pers. plur. personal pronoun,

which have coalesced.

See

35. 2. Note.

233.

vJLlk,-*

knowers

of.

The

Part. Act. P*'al in the construct plural

of time
is

before an object,

118. 2.

The order
116.

not involved in the

form but only in the connection,

2.

Observations.
is enclitic

103.

001

when

it

follows the predicate

and the

He

is

unpronounced securing the linea occultans,

precedes or the sentence
104.
is

vs. 1

but when the subject

verbal the

He is

pronounced, see Gen. 1.2.

it

The predicate

is

in the absolute state, unless

state or unless it is

be a noun

which has no absolute

determined.

meant

to

be specially

MANUAL.- PART I.
104
first,

105

a.

The comparative

is

usually expressed by putting the adjective

in

agreement as to gender and number with the noun to be

e.

compared, compared.

g.

Va~*^

is

the adjective, and ]^q.m

is

the noun to be
is

by

,-iao,

e.

The idea with which the comparison g. ]Za-i-i Vs.

is

made

preceded

105. Observe that a point above denotes ^ or o as distinguished

from

e, e.

g.

^Jic=men, but

_i^=waw

or mon, aC:i^=kuUoh, aC^skulleh.

106.

may be
^IT

either a demonstrative
Ji*

pronoun

like nt, or a relative

pronoun

(like

or

used relatively) or a conjunction.

107. Observe that there are in this lesson three ways of expressing
the genitive relation.
(1) Ij-c?? |Zn>ii vs.
1.

(2)

^ "^
|

"|

^'ij^ vs. 2.
a:

(3) \sa^y^} oii^wlsas vs. 3.

108.

The form

V.^
1, (4)

in this lesson denotes, (1) a simple past,

,-ai* vs. 1, (3) a

e.

g.

Icci vs. 1, (2)

a pluperfect,

present perfect, e.g. the

''s.^

second '^\ in vs.

a present (Grreek 2nd perfect)

vs. 5.

109. "\Ve have in this lesson specimens of the three kinds of de-

pendent sentences,
with
e.
|3?

(1) substantive
vs. 2,

e.

g. in the object clauses

beginning
adjective

vs. 1,

^^5

the

first

jJ?

vs. 3,

jicols? vs.
i-r^i^?

5, (2)

g. in the relative clauses beginning with

vs. 1, jjau^j^^? vs. 2,

vs. 3, vs. 5, (3) adverbial, e. g. in ^^jN-"]? ci2vL^liar:5

the clause of result

^ZaiscZ

]]?

vs. 3,
is

and

in the causal clause

V^u^ao vs. 5,

110. There

no way in Syriac to distinguish between the negative

of the Imperfect

and that of the Imperative,

|3

i.

e.

\qJ^Z
and
bi<.

is

^thou

Shalt not hilt' or ^hill not".

is

both

o'j

and

6<b
jjltj,

111. All the modes

lesson
vs. 2,

may be
|J

expressed by the Imperfect.

In

this

we have

.a!:i]z

ye

shall

not eat, vs.

1,

^^asp we
4.

maj/ eat,

lest ye ^oZaioZ P

die, vs. 3.

ye

shall

not die vs.

of the body which occur in pairs and a few other words have a separate form for the dual in the absolute state.

112.

Words denoting members

In
all

other cases the dual has disappeared, the plural

taking

its

place.

106

MANU AL.-PART I.
3.

Grammar.

(1) fi

Wau

verbs,

59.

(2) Peculiarities of

Wau,

27.

(3)

Keview,

27, 29, 58, 60.

4.

Word

Lesson.

^cld to stand, arise. >aJ8 to put.

v^^a4
Ij-.?

to defile.

habitation, divelling,

fi.-^ to die.

\L] hand,
>.j^S head.

87. 2.

w^^

to curse.

,J io shake.
'^1

]Lc1js covenant.
13?

to be

moved.

lest.

flL,

to

watch.

jLl^^^
?

city.

ua^

II. to be anxious.
1

>cj-o before.

to

prepare.

5.

Exercises.

1.

The beast

of the field ate the fruits of the trees

2.

which (were)

in

the midst of the paradise.

The woman

said to the serpent that the

beast which (was) in the field prudent was from [was more prudent
than] every serpent of paradise.
3.

The man
4.

shall eat of the fruits

it

which

(are) in the field all of them.

I shall not eat of

it

because I
Inf.)

know
die.
6.

that in the day that I eat

35. 2) of

I shall surely (abs.

5.

Ye

have cursed

God and he

will prepare a habitation for you.

said:

The woman stood and put her hand upon my head and

Ac-

cursed (be) thou and mayest thou die (thou shalt die) because thou
hast been defiled.
8.

The whole
stem).
9.

city

Watch ye (II stem) lest ye shall be defiled. was moved because the dwellings had been shaken
7.

(VI

He was
his

anxious lest they should establish (cause to

10. I died that ye might not die.

stand) a covenant with the city.

1 1
.

Put thy hand on

head and

bless

him before he

die.

MANUAL PART I.

107

LESSON FOURTEEN.
1.

Gen.

m. 614.

Notes.

234. i-i^? that [was] good.

(1)
9

introduces the object clause,

-^'^^^

135. 3.

(2)

is

the predicate, placed regularly and in the absolute state,

99. 2.
(3)

The

clause is nominal,

130.

1.

235. coijiuU
(1)

reg-gHhau.

The

ooi is enclitic,

and hence

its oi is silent

and

its

coalesces

with the preceding original a into au or aw,

(2)

101, 23. 4.

The noun has no absolute

find
it

state.

If

it

had we would expect to

here.

But

see also,

93. 2. (1).

236.
(1) (2)

i*Vi\

to see

or for seeing.

The preposition takes a before the unvowelled consonant, 34. 3. -^ comes from mehwar from mahwar; wa going over regularly I
into
0,

59.

1,

29. 5. (3).

237. [^].sZ| were opened.

(1)

The

final

Yudh

is

found in some manuscripts and omitted in others.

43. 5.

It is the sign of the fem. plural,

(2)

The Reflexive

is

used here as a Passive,

L.

41. 4.

(2)

The Kushoy over the

stem,

denotes doubling and hence the intensive

(2).

41. 2 and 10. 2.

238. They

made

for themselves garments.

For the construction

125.
3. (2).

of a verb with a direct

and an indirect

object, see

239. x^oiio [as he was] walking.

(1) (2)

The form

is

the intensive participle abs. sing.,

to
7.

50. 2.
e.

The construction corresponds

accusative of condition,

the

Hal

in Arabic,

g. the

137.

240. 241.
(1)

Ilco-i?

01

*i^\

lit.

at the turnings of that which is day,

97. B.

[a].i-4-^z] they

hid themselves,
o.

Some manuscripts omit

108

MANUAL.-PAET I.

(2)

The masculine gender

subjects one masculine

is

preferred in the verb,

when

it

has two

and the other feminine,

121. 6. Rem, 2.

(3)

The Eeflexive sense

242. lZ}^ for 243.
hezt/eth
[is]

is

brought out clearly in this form.

haz(d)yith,
is

from

29. 4.

(4),

60. 1.

olL who
4.

he.

The form

a contraction of

man and

hu,

39.

Rem.

244. -^^^ haw-w^yokh.

The verb

is

the Pa*el Perfect of the

Lomadh
61.

Olaph

verb.
I

sxm with

the pronominal suffix of the

thee,

2nd masc.

sing.,

245.
(1)
>

^t"^? which I commanded

must be taken along with

104. 2. Rem,

oO^

and translated "from which",

(2)

introduces a relative clause limiting |TNt|,

is

136.
suff.

(3)

Pakkedhtokh

the intensive Perf. 1st. sing, with the pron.

51. 3.
is

2nd masc.
246. \^hS\
absolute,

sing.
the

woman

resumed by

s^oi.

It stands in the nominative

95. 3.
[is] he.

247. alLo what

The form
is

is

contracted from mono and hu^

39. Rem. 4, 23. 4.

The hu

here used as copula, the demonstrative

101.
is

limited

by the relative making the predicate,

(f.)

248. vZ,-ai!? which thou

hast done.

The ending >Z

1,

derived

from ^Ll\ 2nd

249.
(1)
(2)

fem. sing. pers. pron.,

35.

43.

The

v.ll^[ We-y6. line under 'fi is Mehagyono,

12. 1.

is

the pron. suffix of the 1st sing.

36. 1.

(3)

The Olaph denotes the causative stem, 42. 3. 60. (4) The Yudh shows that the verb is a Lomadh Olaph (Yudh) verb, -^ 250. cursed is the pass. part, of the simple stem from the I
fi

"Waw

verb, awi going over into

lives,

*,

59. 3.

251. <,ilL thy

36. 1.

2.

Observations.

113. Nominal clauses are those which have a noun for predicate,
e.

g, the clauses

beginning with

i^4>? vs. 6;

,^i>S^p.?

vs. 7; \k*]

MANUAL. PART I.
VS. 9

109

Jillr^? vs.

1 0,

and

vs.

11; oli^

vs.

13; w^ui^ vs.

1 4.

Verbal
e.

sentences are those whose predicate and copula are a verbal form,

g*

the sentences beginning with Z\t^o vs. 6,

^nml

vs. 7 etc.

114.

As

in

Hebrew, the personal pronoun

1 1

is

frequently used as a

copula, vss. 6,

and 13.
to emphasize the persons
vs. 12.
i.

115.

The personal pronouns may be used

Infinitive is really a verbal
e.

denoted by the forms of the verb, compare

116. The

>aoi,

noun

e. it is

governed like
\

a noun and governs like a verb,

looking at, vs. 6.

g.

Va)v^\

for eating^

iVi\ for

See

120.
Passives.

117.

The same forms are used to denote the Keflexive and

n
>

For the former compare

118.
dition
is

4 ^Z] vs. 8, for

the latter s*^LsZ| vs. 7.

The

participle

when used

like the

Arabic accusative of con-

indefinite but agrees with its antecedent in

is

number and gender.

re-

119. "When the relative

lative
9

to be governed

by a preposition the

is

placed

first

as usual

and the preposition follows with a pro-

nominal

suffix

agreeing in gender and number and person with the

antecedent of the relative.

120.

Nouns are frequently placed

in

an abnormal position

at the

beginning of a sentence, their place in the sentence being assumed

a pronoun, 121.
context.
e.

by

g. ]ZL2] vs. 12.

The

relative time of the participles is to

vs. 8

be gathered from the

Compare ^5vio

with ^.Ju^^

vs. 14.

3.

Gbammab.

(1)

Guttural verbs,

52.

1 10

MANUAL. PART I.
hffiJ

to he light. to to

wiiQJ

to take,

praise.
be able,

sJOaJ to slay.
\

k.1

nql

to

go

out.

jLz
adoZ
j.^

to break.
to

\1li

to fall.

admire,

^aJ
I^sej

to scatter.

to keep.

mother.

5.

Exercises.
to look at.
2.

1.

Adam

saw that the true was good

The mother

of

the
3.

man saw

that the fruits of all the trees (were)

good

for eating.

Where

(art)

thou

(f.),

the desire of

my

eyes?

4.

The husband

of

the

woman gave some (^)

it)

of the fruit to his father and to his mother

and they saw

(masc.) that the tree from

which

it

was taken (which

it

was taken from

ate

was pleasant

to the eyes of both of

them and they

5.

and praised God, who had made them

(^)

the dust.

Adam
in the

ate and knew that he was naked and he sewed the leaves of a figtree and

made

him an apron. 6. My mother heard the Lord walking garden and she hid herself in the midst of a figtree which was
for

in the

garden.

7.

At

the turnings of the day I heard a voice saying,

Adam,
told

Adam, where

art

thou?

And I saw God

8.

in

my image

and according to

my

likeness walking in the garden.

I said to the Lord:

Who
go out

thee that I and

my

wife are naked.

Behold from the serpent hast thou

(m.),
(f.),

heard
it

this.

9.

Surrounding, he shall take, keep thou

it

will fall,

he caused to break, praise ye (Pa' el),

(m.).
.

will shine, I shall

not want, sow ye

the Tanninin.

10. I admire

him because he was able

mother with me.

to slay

I cannot take

my

LESSON FIFTEEN.
1,

Gen.

III.

1524.

Notes.

252.
(1)

|inn^|\sa
is
b^'

{the)

enmity.
^o*)

This

an abstract noun in
eld^bhobho,

75. 4, derived from the

of

compound
fly,

word
96.

enemy,

compound

\J^

lord

and l.is?

1. a.

MANUAL.-PAET I.
(2)

Most nouns with this ending are found only in the emphatic state, and
are consequently often used

when the

idea

is indefinite,

93,2.(1).

253.
( 1)

>awao)

will
is

I put.
first

The Olaph

the sign of the

yi,

pers. sing, of the Imperfect,

2,

45.5.

(2)

The
.i.^

comes from
is

59.

Rem.

29. 4.
dijBfers

(4).

(3)

This

the only 'E

verbs,

Yudh

verb which
2.

in

any respect from

E Waw
255.
(1)
vioin

59. 6.

Rem.

254. wA^o^J from nedh-ivush, ivu becoming u,

t'iiVZ

29.

7. (1), 59. 2.

tem-Moo.

Notice the peculiar diphthong, pronounced like e^ in they followed

by
(2)

00 as in hoohy,
is

8. 1. (1).
sufi".

^5io

the pron.

3rd. masc. sing.

This

is

the regular form

after the
(3)

vowel

e,

36,

61.
;

The

first

Yudh

belongs to the root of the verb

45.

the

Taw

is

the

preformative for the 2nd pers. Imperf.,

256.
n
t

uTtrNn is

an Inf. abs. of the Aph'el stem,

1 1 9.

49. 2. It strengthens

the idea of the verb,

257.
(1)

^!ik]Z shalt thou hear.

The

at the

end

is

the sufi'ormative of the 2nd fem. sing, of the

Imperf.,
(2)

45.
is

The root

,J:L, the

Yudh

beeing changed to Olaph after the

58. 2.

preformatives of the Imperf. P'al,

(3)

The

text has

by mistake
is

e for i

under the preformative.

jjd son,
is

258. I""*^ sons,

an irregular plural from

thou turn thyself.

86. 16, 87. 10.

259.

-i-szi
sing.

shalt

This

the Ethp^'el Imperf.

2nd fem.

60 from P-s.
neshtallat.

260. w4ill.ju^
before a sibilant,

Note the transposition of the Z when

21.1.
is

261.

Vi* introduces the causal adverbial clause, which

137. 5.

nere

the protasis; the apodosis beginning with )4~il^,

262.

'^
of

is

in the fem. abs. sing, of the pass, participle.

It is the
subject,

predicate

the

nominal

clause

of which
-

^9]

is

the

130.

1,

99, 2.

112

MANUAL.-PART L
[of]
it,

263. qiiSilZ thou shalt eat

(1)

The form
fixes the

of the verb
o*'

when without the

suffix is

^asjz; with
7.

suf-

is

changed

(volatilized) to a half-vowel,

1. (3),

7. 3. (1), 31. 1.
(2)

After a vowel, the 3rd fem. pron.

suffix is
it,

marked with a
(3)

diacritical point over

m simply, which is 6. 6. (2). 36 and

and

often

The union vowel

regularly

of the Imperf. 3rd sing. masc.

like forms is

^ before the pron. 3rd

it

sing. masc. or fem.

See

51.

D.

2.

264. ]LoZ shall

(1) (2)

bring out.

is

the sign of the fem. 3rd sing., prefixed in the Imperfect,

^

45. 2.

The vowel
42.5.

with the preformative denotes the Causative stem,

(3)

The

original

"Wau

of

Pe

Wau

verbs remains in the Aph'el,

58.
1

not passing over into

into as in

Yudh

as in the P^'al,

nor contracting

Hebrew,

58. 3.
it i.
e.

265. oUic? which from

from which.

"When the preposition

governs a relative, the

preposition

stands at the head of the sentence and the

comes

after in the sentence followed

by a pronominal

suffix agreeing in

gender and number with the antecedent of the relative,

104.

2.

Bern.

266.
the
01

><(3i

M,

she is put here for emphasis,

hi is to

101.

The point under

shows that
>A^9
is

be read and not hoy,

6. 6. (2) &,

267.
(1)

which [w]

living.

This

really a complete relative sentence, of

^*^ the predicate, the

which

is

the sub-

ject and
(2)

copula being unexpressed,

its

136.1. (1).

^*M is

an adjective and agrees with

99. 2.

antecedent in gender and

number,

268. lajJU^as, sing. lj-Zaa.

A Yudh

is

inserted before the plural

ending in a number of feminine nouns,

269.
.Qjj them.

86. 13.
suffix for the
is

There being no pron.

3rd plural with

36. 2.

verbs, the independent personal

pronoun

used instead,
'

270.
(1)

(jTj-]

his hand.

Olaph

is

prosthetic,

10.

MANU A L.
(2)

P ART

I.

1 j3

Hebhoo
For the
271. waii

is

a helping vowel,

20, Bt^m. 2, 33. 1.

87. 2.

(3)

irregularities of j-, see

nessabh

for

nensabh,

the

Nun

being

assimilated,

18. 1, 53. 2.

272.
64. 6.

]^

he shall

live.

This

is

the Imperfect P^'al from

).^^.

See

273. ai.as]o
(1)
(2)
01* is

tvapp^keh,

the pron. suffix 3rd masc. sing.,

36, 51.

A.

The

Wau
full

being unvowelled has drawn back the vowel of the Olaph

34. 2, 25.
1. (2).

the latter quiescing,

(3)

The

form of

wjas]

was ^-najf the usual Aph'el.

The Nun has

suffix,

been assimilated, the

the

has become a half vowel before the

has been thrown back to the

is

Wau,

53. 2.

274. vJLikJ,^
preposition,

a construct plur. before a clause beginning with a

96. 4.

Rem.

1.

275.
(1)

jlisffiiw^? ivhich ivas turning itself,

is

This

an adjective clause, the predicate being in the

its

fern. abs.

sing, agreeing with

(2)

antecedent,
ws

99. 2.
this is the Ethpe'el,

The Kukhokh under the

44,

shows that

Rem.

1.
2.

Observations.
is

122.

The composition
The

of

two nouns to express one idea

occasion-

ally found in Syriac.

123.

differentiations for gender,

number and person

in the verb

are denoted by pre- and sufformatives.

124. Notice the importance of learning the contractions of

Waw

and Yudh with the vowels,

125. There
is

e.

^. in >a.jo1

and ^^0|J.

a diphthong eu found in Syriac which is pronounced

somewhat
126.

like Italian eu in etifcnia.

intensify the idea of a cognate

The Infinitive is used absolutely to

it

verb which

precedes.
its

127. Instead of an adjective agreeing in definiteness with

cedent,

ante-

we

frequently find a relative clause,

e.

g. w^^?.

1 1

MANUAL PART I.

128. There are a great

many

irregular plurals in Syriac which

j^^JLs,

must be learned one by one.

3.
'

Compare

|^.J-Zaa,

86, 87.

Grammar Lesson.
56, 57.

(1)
(2)

Olaph verbs and Lomadh Olaph Guttural verbs,

55, 52, 24, 25, 26, 31, 32, 33.

Review

4.

Word

List.

MANUAL.-PART 1

.115

LESSON SIXTEEN.
1.

Gen. IV.

113.

Notes.
in

276. The point under the

^,.li-

Nun

Ll^h and

under the

Lomadh
fern,

in

and the

in Zj^i^l

shows that these are the 3rd

sing.;

the point above the

6. 6. (3).

Koph

in 2liJLo denotes the first peron singular,

277.

j^l.:^,

58. 2.

278. soia^|] his brother. A

(1)

The Lomadh
brother,

is

the sign of the direct object,

|js|

123.

(2) \^]

and

father insert o

before suffixes except the 1st

sing.,

87. 1.
is

279. \Lb The point over the *E shows that this

a participle a point
;

under would denote a Perfect (Comp.

construction with or governing,
).llk

jic] vs. 10).

It is either in

in the accusative,

118. 2, 123,

The

dots over

{.l^^k

denote the collective, see

some.

90.

280. bb^
281.
282.

,-io after

^Lf

he brought. 21.

Aph'el Perf. 1st form from

|z|,

64. 4.

^jl^,

1,22.4.
1. (2).

283.
284.

wi.U4,

56. 2, 25.
52. 3, 43.
it is

wf^sZl

A.

The Eebbuy

13

is

put with

this

form to show that

285. jl^l,

not a 3rd fem. sing.

43. B. 5.

41. 3, 42. 5, 45. B. 2, 52. 3.

286. J

/*

introduces the conditional protasis,

is

138.
67.

287. |^9Z
of the a

of the one short vowel class of nouns,

''s.-^.s)

Jol^

is

a class;
let

of the

t class,

69.

288. Ijji
(1)

us go. that the preformative

Remember

Nun

denotes the 1st pers. plur.

as well as the 3rd person,

(2)

45. 10.
1

The Imperfect
289.

is

used for the 1st person of the Imperative,

14. 1.

^
is

when introduces an adverbial clause of time,

nominal,
130.
brother*
1.

137. 2.

The

sentence

290. ,A^|? of

mg

lie
(1>

MANUAL.-PART I.

When
it

a noun in the genitive

is

separated from the noun on which

depends, the latter takes a pron. suffix agreeing in gender and

genitive
is

number with the governed noun and the 97. B. Rem. 2.

(2)

preceded by

?,

The vowel
291.
292.

"

is

heightened from^,

7. 2. (4).

See 277 above.

68. 5, 97.

^the voice of the blood of him who is thy brother,

^ZZ?
is

A. B.

that

it

should give=to give.

is

(1)

Tettel

third fern, from tuttel which

64. 7.
is

the singular Imperf. of

wsoul,
(2)

The

clause

an adverbial clause of
120.

result,

137. 4 which

is

often

expressed by the Infin.,

1. (3)

and see 276 above.

293.
(1)
(2)

"^1]

zo-ydy a fugitive.
is

The a

instead of e
is

because of the guttural,

first

26.

1. (1).

The Olaph
in Arabic.

inserted in the

form of the Participle of 'EWaw

59. 4.

verbs, taking the place of the

Yudh,

Compare the Hemsa

(3)

This Olaph

is

pronounced like Yudh,

lit.

2. (1).

294
i.

V=5

great

is

my folly from that which

is

can be remitted

e.

my

sin is too great to

be remitted.
generally expressed

(1)

The comparative degree

adjective first in agreement with the

noun

to

by putting the be compared and

after the

by placing the idea with which

preposition
(2)
V.01

it

is

to be

compared

^JS^,

100.
101.
It is to

is

here used as a copula,

be noted that the

copula also agrees with the subject of the nominal sentence.

(3)

^ZnSnra
the uth
is

my

folly or sin.

The

is

the 1st pers. pron. suffix,

75. 4.

36;

the abstract fern, ending,

lit.

(4)

nn4Sn\>
which,

that which is to remit.

(1).

The

is

often used for that

104. 2.

The

Infin.

preceded by
120.

Lomadh sometimes

has the sense of "may" or "can",

1. (5).

MANUAL, PAET L

J 17

2.

Observations.

129.

The

distinction of forms as well as vowels

by means of

dia-

critical points is to

be noted.

130. Every point and sign denotes something.

far

The student

is

now

enough advanced not to proceed without knowing every verse

thoroughly.
131. "When a noun or verb
is

irregular,

i. e.

not according to the

forms already learned, look in

62

64, 86, 87.

if

132. Idioms should be carefully observed and

to

possible committed

memory,

e.

g.

ht^

^Jsc, vs. 3,

,\|Vi\

i^aao], vs. 2.

133. Try to remember the euphonic changes such as permutation

and transposition and

134. Classify,
if

assimilation.

possible, every

noun accoramg

to its original form.

It gives accuracy, especially in reading unpointed texts.

135. Memorize

all particles.

It saves time to

do

so.

3.

Grammar Lesson.

(1) 'fi'fi verbs,

(2)

54.

Bead over
Eeview,

the declension of nouns,

76, 77.

78

85.

(3)

118
>1:ujC

MANUAL.-PAET t.

suddenly.

jio to be bitter^
bitter.
i*i

lY.

to

be

made

\Lso9b persecution,
IJU voice,
?

aVi Messiah,

5.

Exercises.

I suffered persecution because I had divulged the judgment of Grod.

2. Gro in

and

live in the

land whose gold (which her gold) you have

3. They (fem.) trembled and bent their faces to the earth. The good youth cherished his old father (his father the old) and his old mother. 5. Let God be magnified and let me humble myself before

coveted.
4.

him.

6.

Embittered

(shall be) his spirit

when

the voice of

God

shall

sound the judgment because he has rejected the Spirit of

God which

brooded over the face of the

waters when God had

created the heavens

and the earth and overshadowed the mother of the son of God, before
that she conceived and brought forth the Messiah.
7.

Eve added

to

bear Abel the brother of Cain; and after some days Cain
the soil (was working in the earth) brought as a gift to the
of the fruits of his soil and the

who

tilled

Lord some
gift,

Lord looked not with

favor on his

because he had not done well.

LESSON SEVENTEEN.
1.

Gen. IV.

1428.

Notes.

^95. >^&.Ad|

appekton,

51. B. 3. Notice that the union vowel of

is o.

the 2nd pers. masc. sing, with suffixes

296. .f^f^.
77. 4.

Some

prepositions take the plural form before suffixes,

297.
293.

]o(n\
?

has the point above to denote the

first

person,

6. 6. (3).

Vs

every one who,

107.
is

7.

299. .liZsIS.

The second vowel

i.

added,

33. 3.

300. |.^nAr fM one for seven 301.

e.

seven fold.

^hl

two.

MANUAL. PAKT I.
(1)
(2-)

119

The numbers one and two agree with For the position and date, sed 110.
302.
^j^ioiiik.

their nouns in gender.

1.

The preposition Lomadh sometimes denotes the

This

genitive,

98. 1.

303.

,-*.*]?

who
in

hold.

is

one of the few passive participles

117. 4.
jJ.

which are used

an active sense,

304. ^01 takes up and makes emphatic the

95. 3, 101.

which precedes,

305. oiH. his

sister.

An

Olaph has been rejected from before the

Heth,

23.

1. (1). is

306. ^ASSnA>
*Zo,
is

the

2nd fem.

plur. of the Imperative in a,

48. 2.

in the

same

place,

59. 2.

307.
(1)

|.jj-l another,
is occult,

The Olaph
occultans,

19. 1. (1)

and hence

is

denoted by the linea

11.

(2) Attributives follow their

nouns and agree with them in gender,

1.

number and
308.
(1)

state,

93. 3, 99.
they).

^-^

began he (or

The dot above the Shin shows

Either the subject
is

that the verb

is

is

Pa*

el,

6. 6.

(2)

Seth, or the verb

impersonal,

122.

2.

Observations.

136.

Pay

attention to the union vowels of the different forms of

the verb before the various suffixes.

137.

Some

prepositions take the plural, some the singular, form

e.

before suffixes,

g.

V:^ and

>c,-d

take the plural form,

and

>a:^

the singular. 138. There

in Syriac.
is

number

of

ways of expressing the

is

indefinite

pronoun

The most common

to

have the interrogative pronoun pre-

ceded by
139.

Va

and followed by
rules for cardinal

?.

The

numbers are the same

as in

Hebrew.

140. Notice the fourth

way

of expressing the genitive relation, vs. 20.

120

MANUAL.-PAET I

141.
e. g.

Some

participles

which are passive in form are active in sense,

vs. 21.
^.-.-mI,

142. In looking for the derivation of a

ill

word or

for its equivalent

the cognate languages, always see

e.

first, if

possible,

whether a

letter

has been rejected or not,

g.

h^,

vs. 22.

3.

Grammar Lesson.
62.

(1)
(2)

Doubly

Weak
61.

Verbs,

Read over
Review

the classifications of nouns,

66

75.

(3)

4.

Word

Lesson.

IjoJ to tempt.
]jo]
%di^3

s.u\^Z]

to desire.

to heal.

\^y\ alms.
1-4.50.0

to rest.

(m.) holiness,

J.J

to reject.

\o^^joy.
V^9Qo
city.

^aM

to

show.

\\^ to rebuke.

\ioh^ virgin,
Qli^ request.

to sigh. to desire.

wc|z|
]o1z)
to

\*^ girl.
|

agree

m aV

Messiah,

5.

Exercises.

1.

The Lord

said to the girl I will heal thee

and

will
2.

put a sign

on thee and cause thee to dwell in the land of Nod.

tempted the
holiness.
3.

The

girls

Lord and he caused them

to be rejected from the city of

He

caused Cain to rest in the city which his son had built
4.

because he desired that he should not be killed.

sigh

The

virgin will

when she

sees

thee because thou hast rebuked her and hast

5.

rejected her request.

shalt call his

A
7.

son has been born to the virgin and thou

6.

name Messiah.

Be thou

agreeing with him and do

not reject his request.

Give alms to every one who asketh of thee

and there

shall

be joy to thee.

MANUAL. PABT L

121

LESSON EIGHTEEN.
1.

Psalm H.

Notes.

309. IILd why?

(1) This
(2)
is is

lit.

for what?

the adverbial accusative of cause. the

39. 86. 3.

This
noun,

common form

of the neuter of the interrogative pro-

310. Izaicf the peoples,

Singular jLtfoj.

311. Ji^h
60.
1.

is

a fem. plur. of the Perf. from a

Lomadh Olaph Verb,

312.

],.*.s|

together, lit.

as one.

Note the insertion of the helping

vowel

e,

33. 4.

313.
(1)

wT^?

he who
?

sitteth.

The

relative

sometimes stands for "he who", "that which"

etc.,

104. 2. Rem.
(2)

The

participle denotes customary actions or a continuous state,

116. 2.
(3)

For the form,

314.
I^ifl^lj

see

99. 2.
59.. 3.

from al-yimeth, from akwimeth,

41. 3.

(1)

denotes the causative,

(2)

denotes the 1st person sing, of the Perfect,

43. 5.

315. ..j^'^malk^,

my

king,
declare.

36, 31. Bern. 1.

316.
(1)
?

):ifi.*J9 that

he

may

is

a conjunction introducing the adverbial clause of purpose,

137. 4.
(2)

The verb
formative,

is Ethp'^'el,

41. 4, Imperfect, as

shown by the pre-

45. It

is

determined as 3rd person sing, in distinction

60.

(3)

from the first plur. by the sense. Lomadh Olaph, The Shin and Tau have been transposed, 21. 1.
317. ^'^'idh^hher^.

(1)

introduces the quotation,

135.

3. (3).

(2)

For the pronunciation

318.

of the final
1. (2),

Yudh,

see

31.

Rem.

1.

^.U

56.

2,

25.

32. 3.

12,2

MANUAL. PART L
21.1,
fear.

319. ai^flj|
320.
]wI:^.m9

30. 2.(1).

24. 2,
e is

12. Bern.,

11. Bern., 48. 3.

The second

a helping vowel inserted to

28. 2.
(2).

facilitate the

pronunciation of the guttural,

321.
(1)

^9i..iJO|.Msfo.

.*ai-. is

the regular pron. suffix 3rd. sing. masc. after a verbal form
51.

of the plural ending in a consonant,

(2)

A.
51. E.

The vowel u
and
32.
1.

of the Imperat.

is

shifted before suffixes,

322. ^Vjcio introduces the adverbial clause of cause,

323. f2^ burneth.
as continuing,

137. 5.

The
1.

participle denotes a state, or action viewed

116.

324.

^S^oZi those who

trust,

117. 4, 99.

2,

104. 2. Bern,

2.

Observations.

143. Nouns and pronouns may, without any change of accidence, be treated as the Arabic adverbial accusative or the Latin oblique
cases to denote cause, time etc.

144.

Some

irregular plurals are formed

e.

by

inserting

"Wau before

the regular ending,

g.

I^a^l,

vs. 1.
e.

145.
146.

Compound words are occasionally met with,

g.

\t^t

vs. 2.

Remember

the use of the relative

in the sense of **he

who"

when followed by
with
the article.

a participle vs. 3 and compare the Greek and

Hebrew

147. Notice

how

often the Syriac translators have changed the

e.

Hebrew

Imperfects, Perfects etc. into different tenses,

1

g.

the

Hebrew
Let the

Imperfects in vss.

and 2 have been changed

into Perfects.

student hereafter note these changes and seek their cause.

148. Notice the light which a study of this psalm throws on the

Syrian translators' views of the text, grammar and exegesis of the

psalm,
1
e.

g. islo^-ol vs. 6,

\-^ vs. 12

etc.

49. Notice the differences as well as the similarities between the

Syriac and the

Hebrew

in rootj

form and construction,

i. e.

as to roots.

MANUAL. PART I.

123

consider (1) sometimes the same root has a dififerent meaning in the

two languages, e. g. "K^^i^ ^-^^ r^j w^^^. (2) Sometimes the same idea has a different
make,
to form.
3.

root,

e.

g* to forsake, to

Grammar Lesson.
64.

1.

Anomalous and Defective Verbs,

Numerals,
88.

2. 3.
4.

Bead,

63, 65, 86, 87.

Review

43, 45, 53, 54.

1 24

MANUAL PART IL

PART
Notes.

n.

Jonah
325.
120.

I.

^^1^^
1. (3)

saying.

For the idiom compare the Hebrew and

(2).

see

and note 139.

326. "^f ''Go'\

Imperative from^]],
city,

64. 1.

327.
328.

\'LiJ^m^dhito,

18. 2.
suffixes,

oui^i^ against her.

Vlk takes a plural form before

77. 4, as also >o^.

329. An\m,
330.
>

64. 8. 64. 3.
fern,

n J\,

331. i\^ Part. act.

the same.
3t)2.
its
\h^''>.

from Vl,

54. 3.

VLS

is

the Infin. of

Notice the position of the adjective after

it

its

noun and

agreement with
333.

in gender,

number and

state,

91.

1.

w^)

each.

(1)

(2) (3)

The Olaph is occult, 19. 1. For the use of w^j] for the indefinite pronoun,

see

107. 2.
121. 2.

w^j] when denoting each or every one takes a plural verb,

See further,
334.
^g'snl

90. 4. Bern. 2.
stem.
is

V
1.

'E'E verb,

54.

335. 01^ line 8

336.
plural,

an ethical dative,

124.

5,

101. B.

1. (1)

Bern. 3.

^^
oZ
1.

10.

III. stem Imperf. 3rd sing, with pron. suff. 1st

61.2.

a*

is

contracted from ay,

29. 3.

(1).

337.

11, come.

Imperat. from ]2[,

64. 4.

338. '^^
^l^, 339.
pron.

nedda,
1.

let

us Tcnow, 1st pers. plur. Imperfect I stem from

58. 2. Bern.
.a-i
1.

12, show thou us.

Ill stem Imperat. sing. masc. with

suff.

1st plur.,
1.

61. 3.

340.

olL

13, what is?

103.

1. (1),

39. Bern. 4,

23. 4. (1).

MANUAL. PABT n.
341. ]L] tvhat?
39. JRem, 3,

125
is

103. 2. (2) Rem. This

its

an inter-

rogative adjective separated from

1. o^l^i p. 12, 343. |.ij| the men.

noun by the personal pronoun.

1.

342.

1,

34. 2, 33.

Rebbuy denotes

the collective,

90.

1.

See

also

333 above.
46. 1.

344. jiilJ, 345. o

346.
that,

137. 4.

(1).

^ n'snn ^ Imperat.
1,

2nd masc.

plur. with pron. suff. 1st sing.,

51, 36.

32.

1.
1.

347. ^ojiJvf

3.

61.

1. (3).

348.
the

>.iw^.Ji.i>o

1.

4,

on account of me.
suffixes,

fern. plur.

form before

The preposition ^4^:^ takes is written 89. B. (6). The

with the Yudh, but belongs to the oai following, the

occult because the pronoun
is

He

having become
Since a vowel

enclitic,

19. 2. (4).

cannot begin a syllable, the last consonant of the preceding word draws
to
it

the vowel of the He,

it

16. 2.

If the preceding

word end

in a

vowel,

forms a diphthong with the u.

Compare

ooi jj) 22. 15.

The

same

is

true of ^ct.

Compare

^oi ]^-^ 22. 12.

1,

349.

^QJ^,
1.

37. 2, 102.
6,

90.
1,

1.

350.' Q-yi^l

20. Rem.

64. 3.

351. looi^jf,
352. ^:ca--*Z
''thou shalt not"
jJ,

19. 2. (1) a, 64. 1, 116. 1. (3) a.

115.

3.

The Syriac does not

distinguish between

and

''do not".

353.
suffix to

^a^
|w^?.

^(no^a..^,.

They took Jonah.

123. 2.

For the use

of the pron.

emphasize the object, see

(5). (6). (7). (8).

354.

cognate accusative.

See

126. 4.

(1).

Jonah
355.

II.
5.

^J.
?

"

Ill stem,
51.

56. 4.
1. 6,

Rem. 59.
(6).

356. 1. ai:<ui,

123. 2.

357.

^ffiai^,

13, 33. 2, 34. 3, 77, 97.

358. \1:<.Z\. 13,

359.

110,

1. (1).

^g^-X,

87. 19.

126
r

MANUAL. PABT H.
^fiaii.,

360.

77, 82. 61.

1,

Rem.
1.

7.

361. -li^,
362. v^Nf^o.

36.

Some

verbs in Syriac, as in other languages, take a

123.
5. (all

preposition before their object,

363. ^-V^*^ ^^^

94. 6.
(1).

.onlifca

all

thy waves

of them,

thy waves),

364.

>^.iIX^,

12. 1.

365. L-a^9Z|5.

The

relative introduces the quotation,

135. 3.

(3).

The stem

is

here reflexive,

41. 4.
58. 3.
its

366. waiaio. 367. ^j.)

stem Part, from ^^J,

th".

(n.I-j.aaa
1. (3).

earth laid hold with

bands on

my

face,

i. e,

on me,

105.

368. aJocf,
369. 370. 371.
V

64. 8.

t ii

hay -yay,
.

my

life.

-^Jis^Zl

For the

reflexive verb with

an

object, see

126. 2.

(1).

Im^^
?

^f!^:i,uai

thy holy temple. Notice that the pronoun follows

the noun and not the adjective,

99.

1.

Rem.

3.

372.

\i

whoever,

107.

7, 8,

and

108. 2.

373.

>o^

whatsoever,

109.

1. (3).

Jonah
374.

III.

^^T^f ^^9^?,
sayiiiy,

110. A.
120.

1. (1),

B.

375. j:;^Ua^

1. (3).
^

376.

Izi]^. For

the form, see

to, i. e.

71. 1, 75.

377.

^]w9 great

the greatest city,

100. 2.
is

(5).

378. |.AS!nwLo shall be overturned. The participle

defined as future

by the J^l-L:^,
379. ot^'l,
380.
lit.

111. 3, 116.
her men,

1. (2) b.

19. 1. (1), 77.

ivith,

n4n\

they clothed themselves

their magnates.

126. 2.

(1).

Bern.
see

381. ^c3i-iJjC509

The Singular
Rem.

is |-C9,

87. 27.

For the helping Rebhoo,

382. (nlw^as his throne,

see

33. 3, 9.

86. 2. (2).

383. \lvi\^ the sons of men,

87. 10, 23. 4.

(1).

MANUAL. PART II.

384.
385.

127

]^^,
>c^
wi.Jj.

90.

anything,

109.
let

1. (1).

386. jfl^jJ
387.

ovioi^S

them

call

God,

123.

2. (7).

Each,

107. 2.

388. |lsa4-,

81. Bern.
is,

389.
390.

w-1?

which

65, 128. 3.

(2).

^oic^Wj,

87. 2, 20. JSem. 2, 34. 2.

1.

391. 392. 393.

394.

^,

39.

Bern. 1, 103. 1.

116. 1. a, 52. 3, 26. 1. (1). v-5 J introduces the indirect question,

|3?

132.

6. (1).

introduces the negative adverbial clause of result,

that they turned.

137. 4.

395. Q-oZ?
clause,

This

is

an appositional substantive

135. 5.

Jonah IV.
396. 397.
adverb,

^Joa^
..a.^

h^f^.

It

was painful for Jonah.

See

122. 2.

very, is a

masculine noun in the absolute state used as an

89.
Zoofi

A.
P was not?

398.

The answer
132.
2.

''yes" is expected,
is

though P

itself

does not denote this

question

often denoted in Syriac

without any interrogative particle or pronoun,

ivhen I (was), 130. 1. (1). 399. |J[ ji 127. 1, 400. ^001 Ui^fl I anticipated,

132.

1. sq.

3. (1) a.

401. Llf, I fled.

With

the preceding verb this verb

may be

trans-

lated "I fled before-hand",

133. 3 and Bern.

124. 5.

402.

.^lik is

the Ethical dative or object,

127. 1, 116. 1. (3). 403. I^ogi '\^, 404. ^f^zh ]t"*-4^ long is thy spirit, i. e. patient.

405. 406.

]]l^saggiyo*

from saggto',

24.

1,

32. 3.

^,
^i>ai^
1. (1).

53. 1, 23. 1. (3).

407. s-mAs,
408.
130.

122. 4. (2) Bern.

to die, is

the subject of the nominal sentence,

120.1. (1),

409. llv.\? ^:o than

to live.

128

MANUAL. PAST n.

(1)
(2)

For the form

For the
410.

ili>o,

see

64. 6.

construction, see

120.

1. (6),

100.

1.

Bern, 2.

^.

See 398. See 402.

under
it,

411. 01^.

412.

aJlol^

89. B.
see,

(3).

413. ]>.J? that he might 414. \iL, 415.

132.
^^^ould
6.

114. 4.
3. (2),

(2),

137. 4.

Rem., 135.
116.
1,

113.

-^r^

happen,
24.
1. (1),

1. (3) h, 5.

416. Ilii cxicumher,

417. ^Ih], 41S.
26.

25, 28. 2. (3).

59. 6.

I?;^
l-jLLe
it

01^, 101. 3. (2) a,

419. giA^l"^ for himself,

105.

1. (3).

420.

has come into ihy hands, oh Lord,

to take

away my

soul

from me.
421.
?

V^
li

because that,

6. 5,

137. 5.

(2).

422. i^ooi

127.

1. (2).

423. 424.

lJ|

^, 99. 2. Bern. 87. 100. wi-oL:f ^,

1.
1,

1,

86. 14.

425. ajf.
426. 31^

Emphatic,
13?

101.

1. (2).

on ivhichnot,

104. 2. Bern,

427.

\2[.

See 425.
J-.LI,

428.

100.

1.

429. ]ia:^l'il fourteen,

88.

1,

100. A.

1. (4).

430.

^%

85.

Malachi

I.

431.

^qI\vI^

43. 5. Bern. 2, 51.

omrittun,
jJ

A, B.
132.

432. .oLj]

^i^]

35. 2.
5.

433. l^ai^? followed by

expects the answer *'yes",

434.
123. 2.

^nnS^"^.

The direct object may be preceded by Lomadh,

435.

^lo

and

if,

138.

2. (3).

436. wsiU from

wS^.
honor,

437. ^ilic

is uH)nt to

116. 2.

MANUAL-PART II
438. llf
^f,

'129

138. 4.

(4).

439. ^i-alic?,

135. 5. 136. 11.

440. .o^l rr->-? y^ '^^^ despise, 441.

?

V^,

137.

5.

442. ,:-.r^rr^, 443. 444.

w.Ju4^?,
oai,

137. 5.

135.

3. (3).

101. 2.
29. 2.
(3).

445.
446. 447.

^n^^,
liai:.?,

132. 4.
that he

>a^^o

may have

mercy,

137. 4.

(1),

114. 4. (2) Bern.

1.

448. .aL,-j.^5 because this

449. ^liillo,
130.
1.
is

was in your hands,

104. 7.

Rem.
of no account.
nothing

450. rr*^? that which 451.

.a-aTD |j| l-o,
]J

I ivish

among you.
101. 2.

452. ^aJ), vs. 12, 453.

is

used as a copula,

^Liio?
Rem.
4.

because ye are bringing,

137.

5. (1).

454. 01^
103.
1.

M? r^ w^^

accursed be whosoever has,

107.

7. (4),

MalacM
455.
^f,

II.

vs. 2.

138. 2.

(2).

456. \i^Lo
457.

is infinitive

from

wqu,

64. 7.

?M^,
I??]

137.
]

5. (2).

458. 459.
460.
461.
123.

read

9?)

will scatter.
(6.)

vs. 5,

^ajf,

123. 2.

,-^V^
]).I.Iifll^

^Aey are asking,

121.

7.
is

many. The direct object

often preceded

by Lomadh

1. (3).

462. 463.

r^h^,
?

116.
137.
46.
1,

3. (2) c.

because,

5. (I).

464.

yliiJ?,

136.
offers,

1. (2) 3.

465.
466.

w:=J:Ilo5 he

who

104. 2. (2) Bern.

01.:^.^, vs. 15,

106.

130

MANUAL. PART
.

II

467.

4i*^? "that which is eviV%

5?

is

an objective clause,
a.

135. 3.

468. J

who

is

judging,

116. 3. (1)

Malachi III.
469.
470.
1

01

behold is followed here

|Jl

{r^

|J|,

95.

1,

by the Participle in the 101. A. 2.

137. 4.

future.

471. l-aljo that he

way

prepare,

472. 01^...? whom, 473.

^

104. 2. Rem.
a. 2. (1).

.tn^v,
^^L^l

129. 2.
tcftew,

474.

137.

475. _Lc? which were from.

476. U-l
4:11.

V^

against (him) who

because that

is

turned

to

me,

103.
(1),

2. (3)
1,

Rtm.
137.
5.

U]

l2]^\4^
vs. 7,

I am,

101. 2.

130.

478. aisZ],

60. 4.

479. ^ojjal,
4S0.

vs. 10,

prove me,
is

61.
plur.

^^

vs.

13,

masc.

the

Wau

being omitted, see

23. 1, 43. 5.

481. ,-AliJiCo and are built up the doers of sin and

{they) tempt

God

and are
482.

delivered.

j-a.^
v*!::^

man

with his neighbor,

i. e.

one with another.

483.

mine,

106. Rem. 4.
(1).

484. ocfl,

116. 2.

485. a,ii\q? those who

serve,

104. 2.

(2).

Rem.

Malachi lY.
486.

y-opo

when
to

shall burn,

137.

2. (1).

487.

.>S,\

you,

i.

e.

to the

fearers of

my

name,

94.

1.

488. c-^zyZ] remember,

489.
^1:^13

11. 5. Rem., 48. 3, 126. 2. (1).

^a^

to

you Elias,

124. 3.

MANUAL. PART II.

13]

Matthew XXVI.
490. 0001 ,-4^1,
491.
492.
116.
its

3.

^^ before
jJbsc?

noun,

99.

1.

Rem.

1,

96. 2.

b.

an irregular plural used in a singular sense,

122.
^jJ
5.
to trouble,

86. 16.

493.
494.
29.

^]^^^h

^U^

from

to

weary.

For the form

see

32, 3,

1. (3).

495. ]Z.3P (jd,

123.

2. (7).

Rem.
135.
5.

496. iwi^n? introduces the appositional substantive clause, 497.

5

>fJ\

as that which

is

for

my

burial.
her,

498. oiJjjso,^ for a memorial of

499.

96. I. 4.

h.

^^,

129. 2.

(3).

500. 01^,

124.

5.

501. t^ f^ one by one. 502.

001,

emphatic,

101.

A.

1. (2).

503.

oX,

Impossible condition,
101.
this is

138. 5.

504. od Ul, 505.

-^lic?

A.

2. (2).

cJd

my

blood that of the kneio testament,

96.11. Rem.

1.

506. ]ll^, 507. jiij^,

87. 15. 90. 4.

Rem.

1.

508.
509.
510.

^1
^1,

although,
vs. 35,

137. 6.
,

138. 2.
127. 9.

(2).

|o^,

511. ^^.1^9 512.

513.

^
?

^ sleeping,
.

lit.

while they ivere sleeping.

^'1,

vs. 42,

133.
tvord,

1.

Rem.

r^V^V
o^,

(?L^ the

same

102. 3. (2)

a.

514.

vs. 46,

102.

7.

515. fl, vs. 47. while,

137. 2.

(2).

516. 517.

jooi

.Sflv had given,

127.

1. (2).

ooilik, vs. 48,

him whom I
is it

shall kiss, the

same

is he,

him

seize.

518. ^(jiV:^, vs. 50,

friend?
^

on account of

this thas

thou hast come

my

132. 2, 135.

1.

132

MANUAL.-PART II.
cfl,

519.

VS. 50,

93.11.

1. (3).
sitteth,

520. v-s^I?, vs. 64, him who

104. 2. (2) Rem,

521.

|L>^

ouo in

the

same hour,

102.

3. (2) a.

Matthew XXVII.
522.

^
^,
t-s,

1^

^what
109.

is that to

us?

103.

1.

Bern.

1.

523. U], 524.

525.
>cjic,

101.

2. (1).
1. (3).

]t-i-=^?> limits

the preceding pronominal

107. 4.

suffix,

136. 4.

526. 527.

vs. 9, some,

vs. 12,

ivhile they

were eating the pieces of him,

i.

e.

calumn-

iating him.

528.
j.i,

110.

1. (2).

529. 530.

cyiJ^?,
|3,

106.
let

1.

vs. 19,

there be nothing belonging to thee

to

and

to that just

man,

i.

e.

have thou nothing

do with him.

531.

'^a-i-.^i., vs. 22.

95. 2. (3).
1.

532. ]lm, vs. 24,

116.

533.
534.

wilalie, Pa* el pass, part.,

ai:^,

60. 5.
is collective,

the plural verb, because the singular noun

90.

535. ^01^4 536. C05I

n Vo,

125.

1. (2).

^ Jv,

vs. 30, kept smiting,

116.

2. (3).

537. fS, 538.

vs. 31, as they loere

going out they found,

crucified

116.

1. (3) 6.

,.*, vs. 35,

^'and

when they had

him

they parted his

garments'\

Notice the distinction between the Perfect here and the

112.
1. (3).

Participle in the preceding note,

539.

^1

he

made
110.

alive,

64. 6.

540. l2,

1. (1).

Compare
first is

for

\lz,

110.

1. (2).

541.

<^r^^l)

vs. 51.
is

The

in the masc. plur. agreeing with

"faces"; the second

in the fern. plur. agreeing with "rocks".

For

the

fern.,

see

43. 5.

542.

(n.:>o^9o

and

those

who were with him,

104, 2. (2) Bern.

MANUAL. PABTn.
543.

133

woV.

60.

1,

127. 2,
1. (2),

(2).

544. wo'oiiw-K

127.

128. 2. Bern,

545. ^anli*!?, vs. 56. 546.

oSi, vs.

96. II.

Rem.

1.

57,

101.

A.

1. (1).

Matthew XXVIII.
547.

]Als fL

the first

day of

the week,

88.

Rem,

5.

548. jo? ^oioi^l, Compare 544. 549. CT^^^?, fear before him.
550. Vs.
5.

Objective genitive,

96. I. 4,

jJLS toomen,

87. 8.

551. '-a^?]]? wJio was

crucified,

136.

1. (2), 2.

552. Vs.

6.

,:^]i,

^V-,

vs. 7.

,^1,

60, 64.

1, 4.

553.
554.

>c,-o, vs. 7, is

Pa' el Perfect.

^lU
^f,
|3?,

vs. 8, fern. plur. part.;

1. (3),

.g^p, Imperf.

3rd. fem. plur.

555.
556. 557. 558.

138.
vs.
1

112.

3. (2) h.

4, those

who are without

care,

93. 2.

(2),

104. 2. (2) Rem,

iifi

^J,

vs. 20, whatsoever^

109. 8.

^cotii^,

108.

1. (4).

WORD

LISTS-SYRIAC.
LIST
I.

Verbs occurring ten times or more

in

Schaaf s Concordance of the

136

138

WOBD
118.
)^9a.M

LISTS.
P
JK

89
90.

147. 148.

176.
177.

ILun

119. 120.
p

149.

178.
,

92.

121. 122.
V
.

150.
151.
c f

179.
p

93.
94.

180.

123.

152.
P
*.

181.
182.
,

95.
P

124.
XV

153.
p

96.

125. 126.
p
,

154.
O P 7

183.

97.
*

155.
156. 157. 158. 159.
V^^ AA

184. 185. 186.

>Aa.

98.
99.

127.
128.

.01 9

as

100. 101.
102. 103. 104.
,

IM
p

129. 130.

187.

188.
189.
.

0^

k p

131.
132.

160.
p

161. 162.
163.
,

]Zaal4
.

190.

T'

133.
134.
p

191.

105.
106.
p

m:
PO

192. 193.

,p

135.
- "

164.

ill a
p"

107.
108.

136.

]:^
pp

>

165.
.

194.
O
C>

k.

iLL.
p

137. 138.
139.

166.

195. 196.
-

109.
110.
P
^r

167.
P P
S'

wauLs

168.
P

197.
p
&>

X ^

111.

140.1
141.
V^fy>
I

169.
>A

198.
199.

112.
113.
114.

170.

142. 143.
144.

171.
172.

200.

p p

201.
202. 203.

115.

173.
,

116.
p p

145.
]9aui

174. 175.

90^^

117.

146.

Uozj-

204.

WORD
205.
206. 207.
208.
I

LISTS.
,

139
p

\<:

234.

|iJL^

263. 264.
265.
,

292.

]1^
jL^oiiisS

235.|i'|-svnw\^
236.|iQJpifii^^
p

293. 294.
P

jiLzU^

237.

266. 267.
268.

295.

,p p

209.
210. ]1,\

^^
]l^

238.

^^
|?oijo

296.

239.

297. 298.

211.

240.
241. ]:u?n,visv^ 242.
p

269.
,
1

,P
P

*.

212.

270.

299.

POP
213.
214.
t"

271.
*

300.
P

243.
p

272.
a*

301.

215.
216.
]z^<Tia:so

244.
p

273.

302.

245.

274.
275.

303.
pp m

217, 218. 219.

220.
,

>caio
P

246.
247.

Un^

304.

276. 277.
p p

305.
.

p*
P

248.
p p
v'

306.
307.
,P
,

2.49.
,

278.
P

221. 222. 223. 224.

225.
226.

250. 251.
,

279.
280.

308.
,

309.
7 P

252.
p

281.
V

310.
311. 312.

253.

282.

254.
,

283.
pp

jZnn^nSn
|^^^'^^^

255.

284. 285.
p

313.
314.
^

.pp.

227. 228. 229.

230. 231.
232.

256.

>caa
np
.

lijLJ

257.
,

286.
7

315. 316.
,

p p,

*.

258.

287.

px9aa

259.

288.
289.
,

260.
p
*.

|^,i

318. 319. 320.

,p

"P

261.
p p

290.
p
.

233.

262.

291.

140

WORD

LISTS-ENGLISH.
LIST
I.

Verbs occurring ten times or more in Schaaf s Concordance of the

New
1.

Testament.

perish

143
69. sing
70.

WORD
108. hide

LISTS.

147.

there

is

not

be a harlot
crucify

109. sound
110. lead 111. to be dry 112. thank 113.

148. eat 149.

71.
72.
73.

be grieved

sow
love

150. die

151. smite 152.

74.

corrupt 75. bind

rejoice
77.

know

76.

114. give 115. bow

153. be
154.

come humble

be full

surround

116. learn

155. counsel
156. speak

78. 79.

owe show
strengthen
spare

117. swear
118.

add

157. be able

80.
81. 82.

119. care

158. dare
159. anoint

look

burn 121. honor

120.

83. see
84.

bind
sin

122. be great 123. inherit

124. extend 125. sit

160. prophesy 161. strike

162. abide
163. shine
164. rest 165. go down 166. guard
167.
kill

85.

86. snatch 87. live 88. sleep 89. change

90.
91.

126.

abound

127. rebuke
128. correct
129.

be gracious
strangle

prohibit

168. be sober

130. collect 131. conceal 132. accuse 133.

169. receive
170.

92. 93.

want

tempt

be diligent 94. reap

free

171. ascend
172. fall

hunger

95.

96. 97.

think
be useful

134. deny 135. to be sad

136. preach 137. wrap

173.

go out

174. plant 175. cleave to

176.

98. be
99.

dark

beat
kiss

suffer

138. offend

177.

100. seal
101. be

139. write
140. continue 141. fight 142. be weary

proud

178. give 179. defile

180. satisfy 181.

102. defraud

103. envy 104. err 105. taste

hope

143. encourage 144. clothe 145.

182. be great 183. worship

184.

106. bear
107. obey

accompany

witness

146. curse

WORD
185.

LISTS.

443
263.

put

224.

depart

ride

186. subvert

187. expect
188.

225. separate 226. extend

227.

264. cast
265.
266.

meditate
feed

perceive

expound

189. reject 190. ascend

191. lie

228. open 229. wish

230. dip 231. thirst

267. lament 268. ask

down

192. hate
193. be poor 194. work

232.

hunt

269. take captive 270. be glorious 271. praise 272. lean

273.

233. fast

195. suffice 196. be vacant

234. revile
235. pray 236. be vile

be tumultuous

274. hurl
275.

197. destroy 198. make

199.

237. lacerate
238. receive

276.
277. 278.

send be worthy

pass over

wash
despise

200. aid

201.

remember

239. bury 240. sanctify

279.
280.

compel

202. grieve 203. watch

204. cover

241. remain

242. arise
243. kill
244. possess 245. cry

sleep 281. be able

282. be at rest 283. send 284. rule

285. finish

205. enter 206. baptize 207. labor

246.

break

208. inhabit 209. answer

210. flee
211. to be rich 212. persuade

247. call

286.
287.

name
hear
minister

248. be nigh 249. be hard

250. be great 251. desire 252. be angry 253. stone
254. go 255. pursue
256. disturb 257.

288.

289. change 290. torment

213. divide 214. serve

215. return
216. permit 217. decree 218. do 219. liberate

291. narrate 292. please 293. drink

294. bear

295. loose
296. confirm

run

258. be inebriated

297. drink

220.

command

259. exult 260. be high 261. love

262.

298.

communicate

221. be tolerable

299. be silent

222. fly 223. remunerate

300. arrange

murmur

144

WORD
304.
305.

LISTS.

301. repent 303. return

hang
admire

307. prepare

308. direct

303. hope

306. offend

LIST

11.

Nouns and other words occurring ten times or more.

1. 2.

father
loss

31. Gentile
32. 33.

60. for
61.

widow
earth

revelation
side

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

hire

62.
63.
64.

hireling
letter

34. sign 35. place 36.

37.

thief

leper
sacrifice
liar

ear
affliction

shame
consolation

65.
^6.

8.
9.

water

38.
39.

bad
evil

way
brother

67. gold 68. place

69.

10.

40.

house

fearful

11. other

12.

hand
day
calumniator

41. building 42. sweet

43.
flesh

70.

fear

71.
72.

13. tree

demon own
but

14.
15.

44.

behind

73.
74.
75.

16. stranger 17. god 18.

19.

45. petition 46. end

judgment

thousand
ship

evening 48. son 49. knee

50. creature 51. creator
52.

47.

judge denar 77. covenant

76.
78.

pure

20. 21.
22.

mother

79.

punty
male
likeness

Amen
when

80.

but

81. blood
82.

23.

24.

man woman
scheme

53. origin 54. after

83. tear 84. generation

25. chain 26.

55.
56.

man
gehenna
midst
circumcision

85. behold
86.

27. also
28. face

57.

governor

58.

87. 88.

member
overthrow

29. purple 30. lion

69. robber

146

WORD
244. lord

LISTS.

205. night 206. tongue 207. food

283. servant

Lord 246. ointment

245. 247. tabernacle
248. traitor

284. service

285. servitude
286. further
287.

208. advent
209. for

nought

quickly

210. patience 211. last

212. desert

249. banquet 250. parable

251. prophet 252. prophecy
253. light 254. river
255.

288. time 289. feast

290. church 291.
292.

213. city 214. anything

215.

iniquity

wicked
wishes

knowledge

293. foreskin 294.

216. gift 217. spot

strange

256. fish

295.

custom

218. death

257. fire
258.

219. stroke
220.

vestment

296. eye 297. cause

saviour

259. rest
260. guile 261. law

298.

youth

221. thought 222. rain 223. water 224. excellent 225.

299. ever

262. temptation 263. soul

264. splendid 265. hope
266. gospel 267. much

300. people 301. labor

302. flock 303. cloud

humble

226. humility 227. publican

228. angel 229. king
230. counsel

304. root
305. sheep 306. naked 307. bed 308. future
309. old

268. witness

269. branch
270.

231.
232.

233.

kingdom word number

work

271. Satan 272. food 273. treasure

310. rich
311. fruit 312.

234. part 235. hypocrisy

274. sword

313.
314.

body work

236. endurance 237. poor 238. shoe

239. helper 240. fountain
241. baptism

275. food
276. foolishness

mouth

315.

command

277. blind
278. reclining 279. hair 280. ship 281. scribe

316. redemption
317. phial 318. division

319. saviour

242. defense 243. midst

320. face

282. vain

WORD
321.

LISTS.

147

word

322. idol

354. great 355. magnitude

387. rest
388.

323. table

324. thing 325. will

326. with

356. myriad 357. desire 358. wrath 359. desirable 360. foot

apostle 389. ruler

390. peace

391.

name

392. heaven

327. prayer 328. image

329. snare

393. sun
394. 395.

361. spirit 362. afar

363. far 364.

year

hour

330.

morning

331. sepulture 332. sepulchre

333. holy 334. holiness

mercy
beginning

396. good 397. family

365. head
366.

398. true
399. remainder

335. first 336. gift 337. field 338. truth

339. force
340. resurrection

367. high 368. evening

400. truth
401. chain

369.

mind
blame

402. foundation 403. conscience

404. again 405. thanks

370. thunder
371.

372. impious 373. sceptre

406. confidence 407. disciple 408. then

409.

341. stable
342.

374. sabbath
375.

word

tumult

343. voice

376. glory 377. praise 378. promise

379. rule 380.

smoke

344. little

410. cock

345. self
346. reed

411. throne
412. gate 413.

possession 348. city 349. war

350. call
351.

347.

end

mind

381. rock

382. market-place

414. glory 415. service

416. fig-tree

hour
secret

383. partaker 384. communion 385. sheol 386. peace

417. vessel
418. promise 419. oath

352. elder
353.

TRANSLITERATION OF GENESIS L
Bri-shith \fro' ^aloho' yoth sh^mayo' w^yoth
Wa'r'o'

1. 2.

'ar'o'.
'al

hwoth tuh

w^bhuh

w*heshshukho'

'appay

w^ruheh da'loho' mrahhpho' 'al 'appay mayo' we'mar 'aloho' nehwe' nuhro' wahwo' nuhro'.
t^humo'
3.

Wahzo'

'aloho' l^nuhro' dh^shappir.

4.
6.

Waph^rash 'aloho' bh^th nuhro' lheslishukho\ Wak^ro' 'aloho' Pnuhro' 'imomo' waPheshshukho'
lelyo' wali\vo' ramsho' vvah^wo' saphro' yaiimo' hadh.

kro'

6.

We'mar' aloho' nehwe' r^ki'o' bh^mets'ath mayo' wnehwe' phoresh b^th mayo' Pmayo'.

7.

Wa'^bhadh

'aloho' 'arki'o'

men
8.

'arki'o'

w^bh^th

waph^rash b^th mayo' daPthaht mayo' dal^'el men 'arki'o' wahwo'

sh^mayo' wahVo' ramsho'

hokhanno'.

Wak^ro' 'aloho'

la'rki'o'

wahwo'

saphro' yaumo' dhath^r^n.

9.

We'mar
shmayo'

'aloho'
la^thro'

nethkann^shun mayo' dhaPthaht men hadh wthethhze' yabbishto' wahwo'

hokhanno'.
10.

Wak^ro' 'aloho' l^yabbishto' 'aro' waPkhensho' dhmayo' kro' ya{m)me' wah^zo' 'aloho' dhshappir.

11.

thappek 'ar'o' thadho" 'esbo' dh^mezdW Pghenseh wi'ylono' dhphi're' dh^'obhedh pi're' Pghensoh dnesbtheh beh 'al 'ar'o' wah^wo' hokhanno'.

We'mar

'aloho'

zar'o'

12.

Wapp^kath

'ar'o'

thadho"

'esbo'

dh*mezdra'

zar'o'

wi'ylono dh^'obhedh pi're' wah^zo' 'aloho' dh^shappir.

13.

dhnesbtheh

beh

Pghenseh Pghenseh

Wah*wo' ramsho' wah^wo' saphro' yaumo'

dhath^lotho'.

GENESIS

I.

149

14.

"We'mar

'aloho'

nehwun
imomo'

nahhire'
Plelyo'

ba'rki'o'

dhash^mayo'
lo'th^wotlio'

Pmephrash
15.

beth

wnehwun

waPzablme' waPyaumotho' wlashnayo'.

W^nehwun manh^rin ba'rkfo' dhash^mayo' Pmanhoru 'ar'o' wahwo' hokhanno'.

Wa'^bhadh
Pshultono dhi'ymomo' wnahhiro' w^khauk^bh^'.
z^'uro"

'al

16.

'aloho' th^r^n nalihir^' raur^bhe' nahhiro' rabbo'

Pshultono' dh^lelyo'

17.

W^yahbh 'ennun
'al 'ar'o'.

'aloho' bha'rki'o'

dbasb^mayo' Pmanhoru
b^th

18.

Walmeshlat bi'ymomo' wabhlelyo' waPmephrash nuhro' Pheshsbukho' wahzo' 'aloho' dh^shappir.

Wah^wo' ramsho' wah^wo' saphro' yaumo'
dha'rb^'o'.

19.

20.

We'mar

'aloho'

narhshun mayo' rahsho' napsho' hayy^tho'

thephrahy
thannine'
'al 'ar'o'
'al

wphorahtho'
dhash^mayo'.
21.

^appay

'arki'o'

Wabh^ro'

'aloho'

raur^bhe'

w^khul

naphsho'

hayy^tho' dh^rahsho' dha'rheshw mayo' Pghens^hun

porah^tho' dh^gheppo' Pghensoh
22.

wkhul

wahzo'

'aloho' dh^shappir.

W^bharrekh 'ennun 'aloho' we'mar Phun, prau wasghau wam^lau mayo' dhabhya(m)me'. w^phorah^tho' thesge'
bha'r'o'.

23. 24.

Wahwo'
We'mar
b'iro'

ramsho' wahwo' saphro' yaumo' dhhamsho'.

'aloho'

thappeky

'ar"o'

w^rahsho'

whaywtho'.

naphsho' hayy^tho' Pghensoh dha'r'o' Pghensoh wah^wo'

hokhanno'.
25.

Wa'^bhadh 'aloho' haywHho' dha'r'o' Pghensoh wabh'iro' Pghensoh wkhulleh rahsho' dha'ro' Pghensauhy wah^zo'
'aloho' dh^shappir.

26.

We'mar 'aloho' ne'bedh 'nosho' bh^salman 'aykh d^muthan wneshPtun bnunay yammo' wabhphorahtho' dhash^mayo'
wbhabh'iro' wabh^khulloh hayw^tho' dha'r
rahsho' dh^rohesh
'al 'a/o'.

o'

wabh'khulloh

27.

Wabh^ro' 'aloho' lo'dhom b^salmeh baflem 'aloho' b^royhy d^khar w^nekbo' bhro' 'ennun.

150

GENESIS

I.

28.

W^bharrekh 'ennun 'aloho' we'mar lhun 'aloho' ph^rau was^ghau wam^lau Wo' w^khubhsliuh wash^latw bnunay

yammo\
29.

wabh^horahUho' dhash^mayo' wabhkhulloh hayw^tho' dhrohsho' al 'ar o'.

w^bhabh^'iro'

We'mar 'aloho' ho' yebbeth l^khun kulleh 'esbo' dhzar o' dhmezdra' 'al 'appay kulloh 'ar'o' w^khul 'ilon di'yth beh
pi'ray 'iloneh dzar'eh

mezdra'

Pkliuii nehwe'

me'khulto'

waPkhuUoh haywfcho' dhMhabhro'.

30.

WaPkhulloh porahnho'dh'ash^mayo' waPkhul d^ohesh

'aro' dhi'yth beh
dh^'^esbo'

'al

naphsho' hayy^tho' w^khulleh yurroko' Pme'khulto' wahwo' hokhanno'.

31.

Wah^zo' 'aloho' khul da *badh who' tobh shappir wah*wo' ramsho' wah^wo' saphro' yaumo' dheshto'.

GENESIS

I.-IV.

A LITERAL TRANSLATION.*
CHAPTER
1.
I.

In beginning created the

God + the heavens and + the

earth.

2.

And

the earth was tuh and buh and the darkness (was) upon the faces of the abyss, and the spirit of him who (is) the God (was) brooding upon the faces of the waters, and said

the God, let be the light, and was the light.

3.
4.
5.

And saw And

And

the

God + the

light that

(it

was) good.

separated the
called the

God between
it

the light to the darkness.

God

to the light the

called he the night and morning the day one.

6.

day and to the darkness was the evening and it was the

And

said

the

God
it

waters and let

waters.
7.

let be the expanse in the midst of the be separating between the waters to the

And made the God the expanse and separated between the waters which to under from the expanse and between the
waters which to above from the expanse, and
it

was

so.

8.

And

called the

God
it

the evening and

9.

to the expanse the heavens, and it was was the morning the day which (is) two.
let

And
to

said the

God

under from the heavens to the place one and the dry land, and it was so.

bo assembled the waters which (are) let be seen

10.

And
that

called the God to the dry land the earth and to the gathering of the waters called he the seas, and saw the God
(it

was) good.
denotes some particle in Syriac which cannot be translated in parenthesis occur in English but not in Syriac.
151

* The

t^ign

into English.

Words

153

GENESIS

I.

11.

And

said the

God
is

Let cause

to

go out the earth the grass

seeding for itself the seed (according) to the kind his and the tree that of the fruits which (is) making
the fruits (according) to kind his which sprout his him upon the earth, and it w^as so.
12.
(is)

the herb which

in

And
tree

seeding for

caused to go out the earth the grass, the herb which (is) itself the seed (according) to kind his and the
(is)
it

which (is) making the fruits which sprout his him (according) to kind his, and saw the God that
good.

in

was

13.

And And

it

was the evening and

it

was the morning the day

which
14.

(is) three.

said the God let be the light in the expanse that of the heavens to separate between the day to the night, and let them be for the signs and for the times and for the days and

for the years.

15.

And let them he giving light in the expanse that of the heavens to give light upon the earth, and it was so.
the God two the lights the great, the light the for the ruling that of the day and the light the less for great the ruling that of the night, and the stars,

16.

And made

17.

And
And

to give light
18.

gave them the God in the expanse that of the heavens upon the earth.
to rule in the

between the light

was) good.
19.

to the darkness,

day and in the night and to separate and saw the God that (it
was the morning the day

And

it

was the evening and

four.

it

which
30.

(is)

And

said the

God

Let swarm the waters the swarm the

soul the living and the bird let her fly upon the earth (the) faces of the expanse that of the heavens.
21.

upon

And

God the sea-monsters the great and every soul the the living that of the swarm which swarmed (one) the waters (according) to kind their and every one the bird the living (according) to kind her and saw the God that (it
created the

was) good.

GENESIS

I.

158

22.

And blessed them the God and said to them Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters which are in the seas and
:

the bird let

23.

it

multiply in the earth.

it

And

it

was the evening and

was the morning the day

which
24.

(is) five.
:

And said the God Let cause to go out the earth the soul the living (according) to kind her, the cattle and swarm and the animal that of the earth (according) to kind her and all of him the swarm that of the earth according to kind her,
and
it

was

so.

25.

And made
him
the

the

God

to kind her

and the

the animal that of the earth (according) cattle according to kind her and all of

swarm

that of the earth according to kind his and

(it
:

saw the God that

26.

was)*good.

And

said the

God

Let us make the

man

in

image our

according to likeness our and let them rule over the fish of the sea and over the bird that of the heavens and over the
cattle

and over

all of

her the animal that of the earth and

over

all of

them

the

swarm which

is

swarming upon the

earth.
27.

And
the

created the God + man in image his in (the) image of God created he him, male and female created he them.
:

28.

And blessed them the God and said to them Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue her, and rule over the fish of the sea and over the bird that of the heavens and over the cattle and over all of the animal which is
swarming upon the
earth.
:

29.

And

said the

God

Behold

I
is

have given to you

seeding for
itself

all of

him

the herb that of seed which

faces of all of her the earth

and every

tree

upon (the) which exists in

him

(the) fruits of tree his which seed his (is) seeding for himself. To you shall it be the food and to all of her the

animal that of the

30.

field.

And to all of her the bird that of the heavens and to all which swarmeth upon the earth which exists in it the soul the living and all of him the green that of the herb (shall be) for the food, and it was so.

154

GENESIS

II.

31.

saw the God all which he had made and behold (it was) very good and it was the evening and it was the morning the day which is six.

And

CHAPTER
1.

II.

2.

were finished the heavens and the earth and all [of him] their host. And finished the God in the day the sixth works his which he had made and he rested himself in the day the seventh from all of them, works his, which he made.

And

3.

And

blessed the

4.

rested himself from all of which created the God by making. These (are) the generations those of the heavens and those of the earth when they were created in the day (in) which made the Lord the God the heavens and the earth.

him because

that in
his,

God + the day him he had

the seventh and sanctified

them, works

5.

And

all of them, the trees those of the field, as yet not had been in the earth and all of him the herb that of the field as yet not had gone out, because that not had caused to

come down the Lord the God the rain upon (the) faces the earth and Adam existed not to till (in) the earth.
6.

of

7.

the mist going up had been from the earth and waterhad been + all (the) faces of the earth. ing And formed the Lord the God + Adam (of) the dust from the ground and breathed into nostrils his the breath that of the lives and was Adam to (a) soul (a) living.

And

8.

9.

planted the Lord the God the Paradise in Eden from and put there + Adam whom he had formed. And caused to go out the Lord the God from the earth every tree which (is) pleasant to see and good to eat and the tree of the lives in the midst of him that is the park and the tree that of the knowledge that of the good and that of the evil.
east

And

10.

11.

And the river going was from Eden to water him + the park and from there (it was) separating and becoming four heads. The name of him that (is) one (is) Pishun he (is) that surrounding + all of her the land that of H^wilo which there
;

(is)

gold.

GENESIS

II.

155

12.

And

the gold of her that (is) the land, that (is) good (are) bdellium and the stones which (are) the beryl.

there

13.

And

the

name

of

him that

of the river the second

(is)

Gishun, that (is) that which land that of Kush.

14.

(is)

surrounding + all of her the

is

And

the

name
(is)
is

of

him

that of the river which

(is)

three

(is)

Tigris, that river which

15.

that which
(is)

four he

going before Assyria and the Euphrates.

till

park that of Eden that he might

16.

left him in the him and keep him. And commanded the Lord the God + Adam and said to him From all of them the trees those which (are) in the park
:

And

took the Lord the God + Adam and

thou
17.

may est

eat.

And from the tree that of the knowledge that of the good and that of the evil not shalt thou eat from him, because that in the day (in) which thou shalt eat from him the death thou shalt die.

18.

And said the Lord the God Not (is it) good that should be Adam in solitariness his [i.e., alone]. I will make for him
:

the helper like him.

19.

And formed

the Lord the

field

God from
all

the earth

all

of her the

animal that of the

and

of her the bird that of the

heavens and brought them unto what (he was) calling + them, and

Adam
all

Adam
20.

the soul the living, that is his

that he might see which called to them name.

And

called

Adam

the names to

all

of her the cattle

all of

and

to

all of

her the bird that of the heavens and to

her the

animal that of the earth ; and for him the helper like him.
21.

Adam

not was found for

And cast the Lord the God the rest upon Adam and he slept and he took one from ribs his and closed the flesh instead
of her.

22.

And

constructed the Lord the

taken from

Adam
:

into the

God the rib which he had woman and he brought her to

Adam.
23.

And said Adam The this the time the bone (is) from bones of me and the flesh from flesh of me, the this shall be called the woman because that from the man (is she) taken.

156
24.

GENESIS

III.

Because of the this shall leave the

man + (the)

father of

25.

him and + (the) mother of him and shall cleaye to (the) of him and shall be the two of them one flesh. And they were (the) two of them naked, Adam and woman of him and not (were they) ashamed.

wife

the

CHAPTER
1.

III.

And

the serpent was cunning from

field
:

(i. e.,

more than) every

which had made the Lord God and said the serpent to the woman Truly hath said Grod that not should ye eat from all the trees of the park ?
animal of the
2.

And said the woman to the serpent (It is true) that from the fruits of the trees which (are) in the park, all of them,
:

we may
3.

eat.

And from the fruits of the tree which (is) in the midst of him that (is) the park hath said God [that] ye shall not eat from him and ye shall not draw nigh to him lest {i. e., that
not) ye die.

4.
5.

And

said the serpent to the

woman

Ye

shall not surely die.

Because that knows God that in the day that eating (are) ye from him, (shall be) opened your eyes and ye (shall be) existing like God {i. e., as) knowers of the good and the evil.

6.

And saw the woman that good (was) the tree for eating and the pleasure he (was) to the eyes and (that) pleasant (was) the tree to look at, and she took from the fruits of him and ate and gave also to her husband with her and
he
ate.

7.

knew
8.

were opened the eyes those of both of them and they that naked (were) they and they sewed the leaves those of the fig-trees and made for them the aprons.
they heard the voice of him who (is) the Lord God (as he was) walking in the park at the turning of him that (is) the day, and they concealed themselves Adam and his wife from before the Lord God in the midst of the trees which
(were) in the park.

And

And

9.

And
(art)

called the

Lord God to
?

Adam

and said

to

him

Where

thou

Adam

GENESIS

III

157

10.

And

he said

Thy

voice have I heard in the park

and

saw

that naked (am) I and I hid myself.

11.

And

said to

him the Lord

Who

thee that naked thou (art)

ing) which I

(is) he (that) hath showed Behold from the tree (concern-

commanded
eaten.
:

thee that thou shouldest not eat

from him thou hast

12.

And
with

13.

And What And

Adam The woman whom thou gavest (to be) she has given to me from the tree and I have eaten. said the Lord Grod to the woman.
said

me

is

this that

thou hast done?

I ate.

And
:

said the

woman

The serpent deceived me and

14.

Because thou hast said the Lord God to the serpent done this, cursed (be) thou above all cattle and above every animal of the field, and upon thy belly shalt thou go and the dust shalt thou eat all of the days of thy lives.

15.

And

the enmity shall I put between thee to the woman and between thy seed to her seed ; he shall trample thy head and

thou shalt smite him in his heel.

16.
I will surely multiply to the woman he said thy pains and thy conceptions and in pains shalt thou bear sons [children] and unto thy husband shalt thou turn thyself and he shall have dominion over thee.

And

17.

And

Because thou hast hearkened to {lit,, to Adam he said heard in) the voice of her who is thy wife and hast eaten
:

18.

which I commanded thee and thou shouldest not eat from him, cursed (be) thy land because of thee in the pains shalt thou eat (of) her all of the days of thy lives. Thorns and thistles shall she bring out for thee and thou shalt eat the herb that of the field.

from the

tree (concerning)

said to thee, that

19.

And

in the sweat that of thy nostrils {or faces) shalfc thou eat the bread until that thou shalt return to the earth which

from her thou hast been taken ; because that the dust thou (art) and to the dust thou shalt return.
20.

And

called

Adam

the

name

of her

who

(was) his wife Eve,

all

because that she was the mother that of

21.

which

(is) living.

And made

the Lord

God

for

Adam and

for his wife the

coats those of the skin

and clothed them.

158

GENESIS

IV.

22.

And

said the

Lord God

Behold

Adam

has become like one

of us (as) to the knowing of the good and the evil. lest he stretch out his hand and take also from the tree that of the lives
23.

Now

and

eat

and

live for ever.

And
till

sent

him

the Lord

God from

the park that of

Eden

to

the earth which he was taken from there.

24.

caused him to go out the Lord God and he caused to around from the east to the park that of Eden the cherub go and the flame of the sword which (was) turning itself to keep
the way that of the tree that of the
lives.

And

CHAPTER
1.

IV.

And Adam knew + Eve

his wife

and she conceived and bare

+ Cain,
2.

and she

said

have gotten the

man

for the Lord.

And

she added to bear + his brother Abel.

And Abel was

feeding the flock and Cain was laboring in (tilling) the earth.
3.

And

it came to pass after some days that (lit., and) Cain brought from the fruits those of his earth (or ground) the

gift to the Lord.

4.

Abel brought, also he, from the firstlings, those of his flock, and from their fatlings ; and took pleasure the Lord in Abel and in his offering.
in Cain and in his offering he did not take pleasure and displeased Cain [N"ote the idiom] exceedingly and was sad his face {lit., were darkened his nostrils or faces).
it

And

5.

And

6.

And
why

said the

Lord

to Cain

Why
?

art

thou displeased, and

has become sad thy face

7.

Behold if thou doest well, I have accepted ; and if not thou doest well, at the door the sin (is) laid, thou wnlt turn thyself unto him and he shall have dominion over thee.

8.

And And
Cain

said
it

Let us go to the plain. to pass that when they (were) in the field arose against Abel his brother and killed him.
:

Cain to Abel his brother

came

9.

And And

said the
:

Lord
I

to

Cain
not.

Where

my

he said brother ?

know

is Abel thy brother ? His keeper (am) I+that of

GENESIS

IV.

159

10.

And

he said

the blood of

What hast thou done ? him who (is) thy brother

The
(is)

voice that of

crying unto

me

from the earth.

11.

Therefore cursed (be) thou from the earth which has opened her mouth and has received the blood of him who (is) thy brother from thy hands.

12.

When

thou shalt labor in the earth she shall not add that

she should give to thee her strength, fleeing and wandering shalt thou be in the earth.
13.

And
(is)

said

Cain to the Lord

Great

is

my sin from

that which

to remit.

14.

Behold thou hast caused me to go out to-day from the faces and from before thee I shall be hidden and I shall be fleeing and wandering in the earth and anyone who shall find me will slay me.
of the earth

15.

And

Not so, whosoever (is) the killer he be avenged. And put the Lord the sign on Caiil that should not kill him every (one) whosoever (should be) finding -f him.
said to

him the Lord

of Cain, sevenfold shall

16.

And went
the

out Cain from before the Lord and he dwelt in

that of

Land

Nod from
city

east of her

which

(is)

Eden.

17.

And knew

Cain + his wife and she conceived and bare + Enoch

and he built the

the city after the

18.

name

and called the name of her which of his son Enoch.

(is)

And was

born to Enoch Irad, and Trad begat + Mehuel, and Mehuel begat + Methushel and Methushel begat + Lamech.

19.

And Lamech took (is) one Adah and

{lit.,

to

the

him two wives, the name name of her which (is)

of her that

the second

next, or following) Zillah.

20.

And

21.

he was the father to the inhabiters and the possessors of the possession. And the name that of his brother (was) Jubal he was the father to every (one) who (is) laying hold of the cithara and

bare

Adah + Jobal

of the tents

the kinura.
22.

And
of

Zillah also she bare + Tubal-Cain,

of the brass
(is)

work that

him who

an artificer in every and that of the iron and the sister Tubal-Cain (was) Naamah.
;

160

GENESIS

IV.

23.

And
the

voice, wives of

Lamech to his wives Adah and Zillah hear ye my Lamech hearken to my saying because that man have I killed by my wounds and the youth by my
said
: ;

blow.
24.

Because that one in seven {i. e., seven-fold) shall be avenged Cain and Lamech to seventy and seven.

25.

And knew Adam again + Eve his wife and she conceiyed and bare the son and she called his name Seth, because that has
given to

me God

because) slew
26.

him

the seed the other instead of Abel that (or Cain.

And

to Seth also to him (there) was born to him the son and he called his name Enosh. Then began (people) to call on the name of him who (is) the Lord.

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