Climatic zones/Characteristic location landscape and vegetation

Hot-dry zone/Desert type of climate western and central part of India Region is usually flat with sandy or
15° To 30° North-South of Equator eg. Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Solapur rocky ground conditions and very little
Bhuj, vegetation
Desert Climate more close to the Soil - dusty and dry
equator has a short warm-humid subsoil water is low
season of not more than one month.
Away from the equator, there may be
a cool winter with a slight increase in
rainfall
altitude not more than 500m above
main sea level

Warm himid zone
0° to 15° North-South of Equator
(season change is negligible)
altitude not more than 100m above
main sea level
Costal parts of India Region is usually flat with abundant
eg. Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta vegetaion due to high humidity
surat, costal areas of gujarat Soil - damp and eroded
Mosquitoes and termites causes nuisance

Moderate zone eg. Pune and Banglore Region is hilly or high plateau region
saputara, Dang region of gujarat with fairly abundant vegetation

Composite zone Central parts of India Varies with landscape and season
eg. New Delhi, Kanpur and Allahabad

Cold cloudy zone N. part of india and place at high altitude High land region with abundant
eg. Ooty, shmila, Shillong, Mahabaleshwar vegetation
shrinagar
altitude is 1200m above main sea lvl.

Cold sunny zone eg. Leh and Mount Abu Mountainous region with very little
vegetation cold desert
 solar radiation
direct and intense solar radiation
high as 800-950 W/sq,mt
clear sky, long wave radiation at night
diffuse rad. during dust/haze time
Almost same throughout year except
High diffuse radiation during cloudy period summer - high - 26° to 32° C during day time and 21° to 27°C during night time
Strong direct radiation during clear sky (afternoon)
uisance
Almost same throughout year except
places located at height
intense direct radiation during summer
intense diffused radiation during monsoon
intense diffused radiation with low percent
of direct radiation in winter
intense solar radiation and low percentage
of diffused radiation
air temperature
summer - high - 43° to 49° C during day time and 24° to 30° C (15°-25°C) during night time
winter 27° to 32° C during day time and 10° to 18° C during night time
Average monthly temp. : 30° to 35°C
Diurnal range exceeding 15°C for most of the year
Average monthly temp. : 30° to 35°C
Annual range in excess of 15°C
winter 25° to 30° C during day time and 20° to 25° C during night time
Average monthly temp. : 20°C to 30°C
Diurnal range less than 08°C for most of the year
Annual range @ 14° C
summer - high - 30° to 35° C during day time and 17° to 24°C during night time
winter 27° to 33° C during day time and 16° to 18° C during night time
The altitude will cause a drop of atleast 4°C in average temp. in comparision with
adjacent low lands.
Diurnal range is high (greater than 10°C) , annual range is low
summer - high - 32° to 43° C during day time and 21° to 27° C during night time
warm humid - 27°C to 32°C during daytime and 24°C to 27°C during night time
winter 21° to 27° C during day time and 04° to 10° C during night time
Average monthly temp greater than 30°C in summer
Average monthly temp. less than 15°C in winter
Diurnal range in summer is greater than 10°C
summer - pleasent - 20 to 30 C during day time and 17 to 27 C during night time
winter -cool - 04 to 08 C during day time and -03 to 04 C during night time
summer - high - 17 to 24 C during day time and 04 to 11 C during night time
winter -07 to 08 C during day time and -14 to 0 C during night time
 relative humidity precipitation wind
very low - 25% to 40% Annual Precipitation < 500 mm Local Wind may raise dust and create dust haze
Dry Climate Very low annual rainfall often whirl winds occur during dust storms
increase in cooler/wet season (50 to 150 mm per annum. Flash storm Intensity increases from dawn to the afternoon
10% to 55% occurs in limited area resulting into 40
and
mmto drop at sunset.
wet bulb pressure 750-1500 N/sq.m
rainfall while some region may not haveHigh winds at low level due to lack of vegetation
rainfall for several years.)

Absolute humidity is usually steady, thus

relative humidity fluctuates with temp.

very high - 55 to 100% Annual Precipitation > 1200 mm
85% to 100% during monsoon 1200-1800 mm/annum
wet bulb pressure 1750-2500 N/sq.m200-250mm in the wettest month
sometimes 250 mm rainfall in a single
strom of few hours
From one or two directions with speed
from extremely low to very high
trade wind - 6 to 7 m/sec.
High velocity during cyclone

Dry periods - 20% to 55% Annual Precipitation > 1000 mm High during summer
monsoon periods - 55% to 90% Winter is dry period
arision with

Dry periods - 20% to 25% Annual Precipitation 500 -1300 mm winter - north-east- dry cold winds
monsoon periods - 55% to 95% summer - hot dusty.
g night time

monsoon - south-east - strong winds

high - 70% to 80% Annual Precipitation @ 1000 mm Cold wind in winter season
ght time evenly distributed throughout year

low - 10% to 50% Annual Precipitation < 200 mm Occasionally intense

t time
 sky condition design criteria
Clear dark blue sky with high solar radiation during
resist heat gain:
daytime causing an uncomfortable glare decrease exposed surface area
luminance of clear blue sky - 1700 to 2500 cd/sq.mincrease thermal resistance
luminance of dusty sky - @ 850 cd/sq.m (sand strom)
increase thermal capacity (time lag)
luminance of dusty white haze - 3500 to 10000 cd/sq.m
increase
schedulingbuffer spaces & decrease air exchange rate
ventilation
due to dust suspended in the sky (ventilation during day time)
Dust haze may create painfully bright sky increase shading
increase surface reflectivity
promote heat loss:
ventilation
increase airofexchange
appliancesrate (ventilation during night
time)
increase humidity levels in dry summer (evaporative
cooling)
overcast during monsoon Reduce heat gain:
clear or broken clouds with high brightness exceptdecrease
during exposed surface area
monsoon stroms increase thermal resistance
sky luminance - 1700 to 2500 cd/sq.m increase buffer spaces
increase shading
increase surface reflectivity
promote heat loss:
ventilation
increase airofexchange
appliancesrate (ventilation throughout
the day)
decrease humidity levels
Clear sky except occasional presence resist heat gain:
of low, dense cloud during summer. decrease exposed surface area
increase thermal resistance
increase shading
increase surface reflectivity
promote heat loss:
ventilation of appliances
increase airgain
resist heat exchange rate (ventilation)
in summer and resist heat loss in
The sky is overcast and dull in the moonsoon winter:
Clear winter and occausion blaze in summer decrease exposed surface area
increase thermal resistance
increase thermal capacity (time lag)
increase buffer spaces
decrease air exchange rate
increase shading
increase surface reflectivity
promote heat loss in summer and monsoon:
ventilation of appliances
increase air exchange rate (ventilation)
increase humidity levels in dry summer
decrease humidity levels in monsoon
overcast throughout year except summer resist heat loss:
decrease exposed surface area
increase thermal resistance
increase thermal capacity (time lag)
increase buffer spaces
decrease air exchange rate
increase surface absorptivity
promote heat gain:
reduce shading
utilise heat from appliances
trapping heat
Clear throughout the year with cloud cover resist heat loss:
of less than 50% decrease exposed surface area
increase thermal resistance
increase thermal capacity (time lag)
increase buffer spaces
decrease air exchange rate
increase surface absorptivity
promote heat gain:
reduce shading
utilise heat from appliances
trapping heat
 physical manifestation

north-south orientation and compact building layout. Use of small windows and openings to minimise direct solar gains
Use of insulation on external surface of building envelope
use of thick external wall with high thermal mass to cool spaces used during day-time.
air locks/lobbies/balconies/verandahs to admit little sun, and to cut glare
weather stripping and scheduling air changes. Reduce ventilation during the day time
external surfaces protected by overhangs,fins and trees
light color, glazed china and mosaic tiles etc.

provide windows/exhausts
shaded internal courtyards/patios/wind tower/arrangement of openings. Provide Flat roofsas sleeping areas in summer
trees (vegetation), water ponds for evaporating cooling

orientation and shape of building

roof insulation and wall insulation & reflective surface of roof
balconies and verandahs
walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees
pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.

provide windows/exhausts
ventilated roof construction, courtyards, wind towers and arrangement of openings
dehumidifiers / desiccant cooling

orientation and shape of building

roof insulation and ease and west wall insulation
east and west walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees
pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.

provide windows/exhausts
courtyards/wind tower/arrangement of openings

orientation and shape of building. Use of trees and wind barriers

roof insulation and wall insulation
thicker walls
air locks/lobbies/balconies/verandahs
weather stripping
walls, glass surfaces protected by overhangs, fins and trees
pale color, glazed china mosaic tiles etc.

provide windows/exhausts
courtyards/wind tower/arrangement of openings
trees, water ponds for evaporating cooling
dehumidifiers / desiccant cooling

orientation and shape of building. Use of trees and wind barriers

roof insulation, wall insulation and double glazing
thicker walls
air locks/lobbies/balconies
weather stripping
darker colors

expose more walls and glass surface

sun spaces/green houses/trombe walls etc.

orientation and shape of building. Use of trees and wind barriers

roof insulation, wall insulation and double glazing
thicker walls
air locks/lobbies/balconies
weather stripping
darker colors

expose more walls and glass surface

sun spaces/green houses/trombe walls etc.