MULTI-PHYSICS, OPTIMIZATION, AND UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION!

Leonardo Guimares, Bernardo Horowitz, Ramiro Willmersdorf, Ezio Arajo, Silvana Afonso, Paulo Lyra! The Federal University of Pernambuco ! ! ! !Email: leonardo@ufpe.br ! ! !Website: http://lmcg0.ctg.ufpe.br/chair/!
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Geomechanics of Fractured Reservoirs!

Coupled Hydro-Mechanical simulation is an essential tool for understanding the hydrocarbon production of unconventional reservoirs, since faults and fractures are critical to the behavior of naturally fractured rocks.!
Unconventional Reservoirs, such as naturally fractured carbonates and shales!

Injection of Reactive Fluids in Carbonates !

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS VALIDATED WITH EXPERIMENTS! Large-scale injection of reactive uids (such as CO2) in geological formations induces complex rock-uid interactions (multiphase ow, gas dissolution, mineral dissolution/precipitation) within the porous media with impact on porosity and permeability.! Dissolution tests!
Tests were performed on synthetic rocks with reactive uid injection (acid solution).!

Reduced Order Methods - TPWL!

Residual Equation Terms: A Accumulation; F Flow; Q Well Controls!

Trajectory Piecewise Linearization + Proper Orthogonal Decomposition! TPWL ! Linearization of Residual Equation around stored previously converged states; good approximation near training trajectory.! POD Projects the state vector into a reduced space using basis ! !

Approximation!!

Much more complex behavior of fractures...!

Modeling Discontinuities!
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Shale gas: Massive Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing cannot be yet simulated realistically from a rock mechanics perspective.!
(UFPE Geomechanical Lab) !

Linear Reduced Equation to be solved NO ITERATIONS REQUIRED! !

! Collaboration with Prof. Osvaldo Manzoli (UNESP, Brazil)! ! Continuum Strong Discontinuity Approach can introduce ! ! in a nite element mesh, avoiding discontinuities (fractures or faults) ! excessive discretization or remeshing algorithms. Two different ! techniques may be adopted:! 1) Embedded Discontinuity 2) Interface Elements !

Where:! !

CaCO3 + 2H+ Ca2+ + CO2(aq) + H2O

Numerical analysis!
Dimenses da amostra10x10x10cm

calcite dissolution by acid water

Reduced order model is a sequence of linear system solutions. In order to solve it, it is necessary to nd the closest state among the stored ones. The procedure linearize new solution around this state. Finally, the actual state is reconstructed by the inverse projection.! ! SPE10 Model (Cardoso, 2009)! ! !Test Case Based on
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Discontinuity placed inside the nite element

Interface elements are positioned along the faces of regular nite elements

Ini$al Finite Element mesh Interface Finite Elements

Plug 3D!

Injeo de gua sub-saturada de gesso: [CaSO4]inj=0.001mol/Kg

Injection of an under-saturated water

Presso no topo: P + P ; P =0.1MPa
Tendncia de desenvolver caminhos preferenciais

D (1 ) D s Dv T = + (1 ) u Dt s Dt Dt
K = K 0e
b ( 0 )

Presso na base: P

Dissolution front
of mineral

Initially: -porosity and Permeability: constants -mineral: randomically distributed

Inicialmente: - porosidade e permeabilidade: constantes - Mineral reativo: distribudo aleatoriarmente

K 0 = 10 18 I (m2 ) preferencial paths

(channels for uid ow)
b = 75
Oil Produced

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Tendency to develop

Kx!

Training Control Sequence!

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Training Simulation 2 Control Cycles!

Water Produced

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Water Injected

Fluid injection in naturally fractured media:!

Validation with experiments:!

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NPV Error = 1.8%!

Speed-up:400!