Geology and Mineralization of The Maggie Creek District

Maggie Creek District
GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION OF THE MAGGIE CREEK DISTRICT

J.B. Harlan1, D.A. Harris1, P.M. Mallette1, J.W. Norby2, J.C. Rota1, and J.J. Sagar1
ABSTRACT
First organized in the late 1870s, the Maggie Creek district is one of the largest gold producers on the Carlin trend with more than 800,000 troy ounces (25 metric tons [t]) of gold mined in 1999. Since large-scale open-pit mining began in 1980 over one billion short tons of material have been mined yielding nearly 12 million troy ounces (373 t) of gold. The 1999 reserves, resources, and mineral inventories surpass 17 million ounces (530 t) of gold, one billion pounds (450,000 t) of copper, and 800 million pounds (360,000 t) of zinc. Small vein and large disseminated metal deposits are concentrated on or near the margins of the Carlin Window, a structurally uplifted block that exposes carbonate rocks below the Roberts Mountains thrust. Gold Quarry, the largest deposit in the district, has many similarities to other Carlin-type sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits. Unoxidized refractory ore is coincident with decalcified, silicified, sulfidized, and argillized rock. Intersecting faults, folds, and fracture zones provided fluid conduits. Higher-grade ore commonly occurs in pre- and syn-mineral, stratabound, and high-angle collapse breccia bodies. Gold mineralization is associated with a large hydrothermal alteration cell of probable Eocene age. The world-class potential of this historical mining district was not recognized for over 100 years. Modern exploration for disseminated, bulk-mineable mineralization has been underway for nearly 40 years and continues to locate extensions to mineral systems that should lead to profitable open-pit and underground production far into the future.
Continuous bulk-tonnage, open-pit mining began in 1980 and total mined material, ore and waste, for the district has surpassed 1.0 billion short tons (935 Mt). Mine development has concentrated on large, disseminated gold deposits hosted by Silurian through Devonian marine sedimentary rocks. District-scale structural ore controls include numerous highand low-angle recurrent faults and fractures oriented northeast to northwest. Wall-rock alteration and gold distribution are spatially and temporally associated with a major hydrothermal event of unknown but probable Eocene age. Locally known as the South Area of Operations, all currently active mines and known economic mineral deposits are on lands owned or controlled by Newmont Mining Corporation. The Maggie Creek district was first subject to modern gold exploration concurrent with the 1961 discovery of the Carlin deposit in the Lynn mining district, located roughly ten miles (16 km) to the northwest. Initial discoveries at the Tusc and Gold Quarry jasperoid outcrops were made during this period but large-scale open-pit mining did not begin until 1980, nearly 20 years later. Geologic similarities to deposits in the northern part of the Carlin trend, such as Carlin, Blue Star/Genesis, and Betze/Post, include general stratigraphy, host rock units, and structural control. Compressional, transpressional, and later extensional tectonic events shaped the regional geology and influenced the location of mineral deposits (Christensen, 1993). Hydrothermal alteration types and gold pathfinder geochemistry in the Maggie Creek district are also similar to those of other sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits on the Carlin trend (Christensen and others, 1987; Teal and Jackson, 1997a).
INTRODUCTION
The Maggie Creek district is located approximately 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the town of Carlin and encompasses the southcentral part of northeast Nevadas Carlin trend gold belt, a northwest alignment of predominantly sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits. The Maggie Creek district contains at least three disseminated gold deposits, one large gold-copper-zinc deposit, and several vein-type base metal and barite deposits (fig. I-1, plate 2). Through the end of 1999, reported sales for the district total nearly 12 million troy ounces (373 t) of gold. Proven and probable reserves at the end of 1999 total 4.6 million troy ounces (143 t) and non-reserve resource totals 3.6 million troy ounces (112 t) of gold (fig. I-2). Additional drill-indicated mineral inventories of 8.7 million troy ounces (96 t) of gold, 1,022 million pounds (463,500 t) of copper, and 813 million pounds (369,000 t) of zinc have been discovered in the Mike deposit.
1 2
MINING AND EXPLORATION HISTORY

Surface prospecting began in the 1870s, soon after completion of the first American transcontinental railroad and establishment of the town of Carlin (fig. I-1). Early development (19001930) included the Good Hope #7 (underground barite), Nevada Star (underground silver, lead, barite), and Copper King (underground and surface copper) mines (fig. I-3). By 1935, several small underground and surface mines had produced a few hundred tons of copper, lead, and barite (Roberts and others, 1967), and intermittent smallscale mining continued into the late 1950s. Reported district production from 1900 to 1958 was 858 ounces (26.7 kg) gold, 4,387 ounces (136 kg) silver, and approximately 1 million pounds (450,000 t) copper (Roberts and others, 1967). Newmont Mining Corporation first became involved in northeastern Nevada and the Carlin area around 1960 (Ramsey, 1973; Hausen, 1982; Coope, 1991). A chronology of major events, updated from Rota (1993) follows.
Newmont Mining Corporation Geologic consultant, Spring Creek, Nevada
115
1870s: Initial prospecting and discovery of base metals and silver; first organization of Maggie Creek mining district. 190858: Limited underground and surface mining of lead, silver, barite, and copper from vein deposits along Good Hope and Gold Quarry faults. 1935: Gold Quarry prospect investigated by Goldfields Consolidated Mines with interest in using steam shovels and rail haulage to mine lowgrade resources. 1960: R. Roberts publishes Alinement of mining districts in north-central Nevada. 196062: Newmont geologists A. Coope and J. Livermore sample outcrops and discover jasperoid containing more than 1 ppm gold. 196270: Rotary exploration holes drilled at Gold Quarry prospect: 340,000 short tons (310,000 t) at 0.12 opt (troy ounces per short ton) (4 g/t) gold outlined; discovery of surface mineralization northwest of Gold Quarry (later named Tusc). 197677: Maggie Creek deposit (upper portion of Gold Quarry/Deep West orebody) discovered 3,000 feet (900 m) southwest of Gold Quarry jasperoid outcrop; reserves estimated at 4.8 million short tons (4.4 Mt) at 0.093 opt (3.2 g/t) gold. 1979: Main Gold Quarry ore zone discovered beneath 250 feet (75 m) of postmineral Carlin Formation volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks east of Maggie Creek deposit. 1980: Open-pit mining and gold production from heapleach facility begins at Maggie Creek deposit, now considered initial development of Gold Quarry deposit. 198284: Feasibility study for Main Gold Quarry orebody completed; stripping of cover begins; construction of oxide Mill #2 facilities begins. 1985: Open-pit mine production at Gold Quarry and gold production from Mill #2 begins; discovery of Mac deposit; renewed interest and drilling at Tusc. 198690: Exploration drilling continues; ongoing construction of dump-leach pads (South Area Leach); oxide Mill #5 constructed and placed in operation; Maggie Creek heap-leach facility removed due to mine expansion; significant refractory resources discovered below oxidized portion of Gold Quarry deposit; initial discovery of Mike deposit.
1991: Gold Quarry Mine produces 1,034,548 ounces (32 t) of gold in one year; development drilling identifies Deep Sulfide Feeder zone. 1992: Design of Refractory Ore Treatment Plant (ROTP); last remnants of original Maggie Creek Mine removed due to expansion; premine deposit model infers over 30 million ounces (900 t) of originally contained gold at 0.006 opt (0.21 g/t) cutoff. 1993: Construction of ROTP (continuous fluid-bed roaster) begins; large-scale experimental bioleach tests conducted. 1994: ROTP in production by end of year; Tusc Mine begins production. 1995: Bioleach commercialization pad begins treatment of low-grade refractory material. 1996: 3.9 million ounces (121 t) added to reserves from Gold Quarry Expansion (South Layback) project primarily due to development of roaster/bioleach process for refractory ore. 1997: Total production from Maggie Creek district exceeds 10 million ounces (310 t) of gold. 1998: Over 1 billion short tons (>900 Mt) of material mined from district deposits; mining commences at Mac deposit. 1999: Mining completed at Tusc. Gold Quarry Expansion (GQX) drilling confirms and expands reserves and resources. As of January 1999, open-pit mine development had entered a mature phase with total production more than twice remaining reserve (11.4 vs. 5.3 million ounces (35.4 vs. 16.5 t) gold); however, exploration continues to add inventory, resource, and reserve ounces. In 1999, combined pit production at Gold Quarry and Mac was about 85,000 short tons (77 kt) per day of ore and waste, with over 800,000 ounces (25 t) mined. At an average realized $285 per ounce of gold, 1999 mine cutoff grades were 0.010 opt (0.34 g/t) gold for oxide leach, 0.050 opt (1.7 g/t) for oxide mill, 0.040 opt (1.4 g/t) for refractory bio-cyanide, and 0.100 opt (3.4 g/t) for refractory mill (roaster ore). Mill #5 processed about 10,500 short tons (9.5 kt) per day of South Area oxide ore. Mill #6 (ROTP) processed 9,500 short tons per day of refractory ore blended from Newmonts South and North area mines. Combined reserves, resources, modern historical production, and mineral inventory (19801998) yield a total 1.28 billion short tons (1,160 Mt) of economic and potentially economic gold ore, 151 million short tons (137 Mt) of copper ore, and 19 million short tons (17 Mt) of zinc ore identified to date (Rota, 1995; DaSilva and Orobona, 1998; Norby, 1999a).
116
550000mE
580000mE
Jv
Independence Trend
QTvg
Cc
Getchell Trend Battle Mtn Eureka Trend
Carlin Trend
Tv
Storm (Rossi) Dee Capstone Bootstrap
QTvg Cs
Cs
Ren Meikle Griffin Rodeo (Goldbug) Betze-Post Deep Star Genesis West Leeville Hardie Footwall Carlin Lantern Pete
Cs
NEVADA
Cc
Tara Screamer North Star Bobcat Blue Star Beast
Tv
Cs
Cs
4530000mN
Cc
Tv
Tv
Cs Cc Cc
Tv
Mike
Tusc
Cs
Maggie Creek District (Figure I-3)
Co
Cs
QTvg
Mac
QTvg
Gold Quarry
Tv
Carlin
Co Co
Cc
Rain Emigrant
4500000mN
Cs Tv Tv
Cs Cc
Rain Underground
QTvg
Jv QTvg
Cc
QTvg
QTvg
Tv
Volcaniclastic rocks, gravels

(Quaternary, Tertiary)
Jv
Volcanic rocks
(Tertiary, Jurassic)
Gold deposits
Co Cc Cs
Coarse clastic rocks

(Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, Permian)
Major faults, ball and bar on downthrown block
Carbonate rocks
(Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician)
0 0 5
5 10
10 miles 15 kilometers
Siliciclastic rocks
(Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician)
Anticline
UTM zone 11, NAD 27
Figure I-1. Generalized geology and gold deposits of the Carlin trend, Nevada.
117
GEOLOGIC SETTING
Stratigraphy
Three major tectonostratigraphic rock packages are recognized in the Maggie Creek district: the lower-plate section, the overthrust carbonate-dominated Marys Mountain sequence, and the uppermost Western siliceous assemblage thrust package. These rock packages consist of carbonate and siliciclastic units that are Ordovician to Devonian in age on the basis of fossil ages compiled on plate 2. The lower-plate section consists of the Hanson Creek Formation, Roberts Mountains Formation, Popovich Formation, and Rodeo Creek unit. This section is variably hornfelsed from northwest of the Mac deposit, through the West Mike deposit (fig. I-3). Dikes of unknown age cut both upper- and lower-plate sections. Miocene volcaniclastic and lacustrine sediments of the Carlin Formation overlie the dike-bearing Paleozoic sedimentary sections. More recent landslide and alluvial deposits are reflected by current topography. The distribution of rock units in the Maggie Creek district, as compiled from mapping by Newmont Mining Corporation geologists (19891999), is shown on the interpretive geologic map of the district (plate 2), and on summary geology maps of the district (fig. I-3), the Gold Quarry Mine (fig. I-4), and the Tusc Mine (fig. I-12).
Unit lithologies and the stratigraphic location of gold deposits are shown in figure I-5. Where possible, unit descriptions are taken from data gathered in the Gold Quarry area, because they have been studied in the most detail there and the Gold Quarry deposit is the largest in the district. Units are described from the bottom of the tectonostratigraphic column to the top. HANSON CREEK FORMATION (SILURIAN-ORDOVICIAN) In the Maggie Creek district, only the upper 300 feet (90 m) of the Hanson Creek Formation is exposed. This section crops out at Schroeder Mountain along the axis of a north-trending anticline in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault. The upper 650 feet (200 m) of the Hanson Creek Formation has been drill defined at Schroeder Mountain and Gold Quarry. The complete section is 1,050 feet (320 m) thick as measured by Evans (1980) in the Tuscarora Mountains, 4.5 miles (7 km) northwest of the Maggie Creek district. The upper two-thirds of the Hanson Creek Formation consists of light to dark gray, massive, finely crystalline dolomite. Silty dolomite and silty limestone interbeds are described from drill chips at Schroeder Mountain (Arkell and Cole, 1992). The Hanson Creek Formation is not a significant ore host in the Maggie Creek district.
30 Mike gold mineral inventory 25 Gold resources (nonreserve)

Million ounces of gold
4.33 3.55
6.28 8.73
20
15 Proven and probable reserves 10

7.21 9.67
9.52
4.62
11.94
5
0.44 0.30
8.53 3.51
0 1980 1985
Cumulative production (ounces poured) 1990 Year 1995 1999
Figure I-2. Gold production, reserves, resources, and mineral inventory of the Maggie Creek district.
118

NE C ma R Dm ar r M lin gi T W n in
UL
NE
70
FA UL
ZO
20
70
FA
53 70
LT
D-DA Y
R51E
HE
Tmc
AS
21
70
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NO
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AU
Tmc
DE NC
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Drc
22 23
SC
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NE
CARLIN VALLEY
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DSr
T AUL R F DE
Main Mike
SO
AP
42
P DE IN
EN
DSr
FA U LT
70
open
80
29
West Mike
70
C
28
PP
ER
N KI
Schroeder Mountain Mine (Ba) SCHROEDER
Dp
MOUNTAIN
SOh
27 26
Rainbow
25
N-S FE EDER FAULT
Tmc
DSr
QFS )
75 60 40
Tusc
Rimrock (Ba)
73
Qal Drc
EM
PE
Copper King (Cu)

CO R
RI
5
(G
KW
AR R
FA Figure I-12 UL 60 T
Dp
35 35
Nevada Star (Pb,Ag,Ba)

RE VE RS E
FA U
AU
LT
Little Hope
SY
OD
ST
GO
75
Dm
LE
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70
LT
Mac
NO
Dp
Drc
46
Drc
GQF
ALT
FAULT
32
33
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70
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Tmc
80
34
Drc
LT
w nd o ST Wi RU rlin FAULT TH Ca RA INS the AR O NTA of TUSC OU S M rgin RT Ma BE RO
35
36
Gold Quarry
DEEP SULFIDE FEEDER FAULT ZONE (DSFFZ)
A A N
T34N T33N
Tmc
40
TIC
ICE
LIN
45
38
FA UL T
MARYS MOUNTAIN
Dp
NITE ALU
85 65
RM
(R
5 4
T)
30
RM
T
30
SN AN OW TI BI CL R IN D E
Dm
Deep Sulfide Feeder

(>0.10 opt gold shape)
TUFF
2 1
West-of-West, Voodoo, McPod
K9
LT AU
H E ITE FA WE TT U
Dm
Figure I-4
LT
25
Tmc
D
DOw
Dm
H US CR
8 9 10
ER
T UL FA
11
12
Qal Tmc
Alluvium; stream bed and flood plain Carlin Formation (Miocene); volcaniclastic rock, gravel
Geologic contact
70
Unconformity
DOw
Western siliceous assemblage; chert, mudstone
Normal fault
45
Thrust fault
Dm
Marys Mountain sequence; limy siltstone/calcarenite, siliceous mudstone, pebble conglomerate
Reverse fault
20
0 0 500
3000 feet 1000 meters
Roberts Mountains Thrust

Drc
Thrust fault Anticline
Rodeo Creek unit; siltstone (locally limy), siliceous mudstone (quartz hornfels) Popovich Formation; micrite, calcarenite, silty limestone (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Roberts Mountains Formation; silty limestone, calcarenite (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Hanson Creek Formation; dolomite
Dp DSr SOh
Gold deposit Historical mine
Figure modified from figure J-2 in Norby and Orobona (this volume). * NOTE: Tusc geology prior to mining Map limits in UTM meters, zone 11 North are approximately LL 561850E, 4512850N; UR 568275E, 4518925N
Figure I-3. General geology and deposit footprints of the Maggie Creek district.
119
565000mE
566
Tmc
11613' DSr
M ID W ES T
567
Drcsm
75
Dpsl
36
#1
Dpsl
GO
590 0
35
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38
54
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Dpsl
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Dpsl
65
Drcst
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dump
CONT
F A U LT
84
37
23 53
R VE O 80
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Dpsl
LT
74
53 Dpsl
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Dpsl
61
BIG
31
32 54
TE HI
FAULT
GULC H
FA ULT
31
4515000mN
ST
ITU
MID
Drcsm
78 81
45
WE
Dpsl
80 80
TU FF
DE
60
FW
FA
15
Drcsm
CB
Dpsl
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70
Tmc
53
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72
Drcsm
Dpca
72
64
60
TH
72
Dpsl
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35
53
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18
Tmc
HE ET W
TE TI
T UL
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63
26
40 60
46
Drc
sm
Dpca
Drcst
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LT FAU
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30
Drcsm TJi Dpsl

WO W
LE OB
Drcsm
46
Drcsm
20
19
R NO
TH
Drcsm
TJi
31
Drcst
smf
RE FI
T UL FA
Drcst Drccs
43
G DO
14
Drcst
AU
T UL FA
Drc
cs
75
18
50
Drcsm
Drcst
27 Drcsm 77 52
Tmc
T UL FA
E DI K
BA D
Tmc
33
55
AR
LT
4047'
85
AT T ITU DE
G RO
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38 82
Drccs
40
T
RI P
R PE
DIKE
FEED ER
T UL FA
PIT
Dpsl TJi
CB
AU
Dpca
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38
F AU
75
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73
67
ICE 68
66
Drcst
LT
Dpsl
FA UL
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47
Dpca Dpsl
74
AN
AL TA TIC LIN E
58
80
Drcst
TJi
55
Drccs Drcst
Drcst
60
80
14
SUL FID E
FW
Dpmc
62
F
25
AU
LT
20
Drcst 45
Drccs
FA
West-of-West Tmc
T RS BA
UL
32
45
Drcst
Drc
cs
TJi
22 Drcsm
54 Drccs 78
9 Drcst
Drcsm 12
Tmc
67
54
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65
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Dpsl
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Drcst
Drcsm st st
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30
64
cs
st
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cs
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MC
60
65
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580
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DW
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66
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55
58
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22
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18
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ca
Dpca Dpca
Drcst
37
78 st
st
23
DE EP
DIKE
FA
Dpsl
Dpsl
82
Drcst Drccs Dmsl
UL T
33
76
Dmca 25
68
Tmc
James Creek tailings
RM Dmsl
Tmc
22
65
65
R Dmca U S T
TH
Drcst
Qls
69
Tmc
Dmsl Dmca smf
25
A
HEWETTITE LANDSLIDE
'
Dm
sl
RM
ST
MI
SM
25
Tmc
57 00
59
00
Maggie Creek dump
Tmc
Qls
565
5600
566
Mapping by Newmont Mining Corporation geologists, 1989-99.

11613'
567
Surface mine facilities

smf
Roberts Mountains thrust
Geologic contact
58 72
dumps and tailing ponds
Rodeo Creek unit

Drcst Drccs
Normal fault Reverse fault Thrust fault

74
Landslide deposit
Qls
siltstone cherty siltstone
unconsolidated clay, sand, gravel
Unconformity
Drcsm siliceous mudstone
30
Carlin Formation (Miocene)

Tmc
Popovich Formation
Dpsl Dpca Dpmc
volcaniclastic rock, gravel
silty limestone calcarenite micrite
Strike and dip of bedding Anticline Breccia
Unconformity
Dike rock
TJi intermediate to mafic, fine grained
Roberts Mountains Formation

DSr
Disconformity
silty limestone
0 0
1,000 feet 300 meters
Marys Mountain sequence

Dmsl Dmca
silty limestone (decalcified), chert, conglomerate calcarenite
Contour interval 25 feet
Figure I-4. Geology of the Gold Quarry Mine, 1997 with 1998 and 1999 revisions. See figure I-6 for section AA.
120
al
Qal Alluvial deposits (Quaternary) Up to 50 feet thick

Qls - Landslide deposit (Quaternary) 50-175 feet thick at Hewettite and Slide Block deposits
col df ss/st tuff gl lpg lss
Alluvium (al); silt, sand and gravel streambed and floodplain deposits unconformity Colluvium (col); coarse gravel and fine sand, unconsolidated unconformity
Debris flow (df), 200 feet; sand and gravel, calcite cemented
Tmc - Carlin Formation (Miocene) Basal 600 feet exposed on Gold Quarry walls; >2000-foot section at Carlin Valley
Sand (ss) and silt (st), 250 feet; subordinate tuff, minor gravel, variably indurated Tuff, 225 feet; fragmental, biotite phenocrysts, glass, gravel (gl) lenses (common at base), ripple laminated, variably indurated unconformity
Gold Deposits
ls c
lms
Quarry Main
Dm - Marys Mountain sequence (Devonian) Basal 400 feet exposed in S Gold Quarry walls; 5000-foot section at Marys Mountain
Limy mudstone (lms), glassy chert (c), limy sandstone (lss), sparry limestone (ls), limy pebble conglomerate (lpg); flasure texture throughout; 1030 foot clay zone at base.

Siliceous mudstone (sm), upper cherty siltstone (cs), and limy siltstone (sl), 200 feet; uppermost unit of lower-plate, planar-laminated section
sm + cs + sl sl sm + sl cs sl sm + sl sl ca
sl
Limy siltstone (sl), 200 feet Drc Rodeo Creek unit (Devonian) 1050 feet Siliceous mudstone (sm) and limy siltstone (sl), 100 feet Lower cherty siltstone (cs), 150 feet Limy siltstone (sl), 150 feet Siliceous mudstone (sm) and limy siltstone (sl), 250 feet; basal 70 feet is consistent rhythmically bedded siliceous mudstone with phosphate lenses
Dp1, Silty limestone (st), 225 feet; sparse calcarenite in lower third of section. At Gold Quarry, section brecciated, sheared, contorted, clay altered, decalcified, and variably thinner than normal
Gold Quarry
TJi
Upper Zone
Mac
Tusc
West Mike
Deep West / DSF
locally a thrust contact
sl
bl
Lower Zone
bl
Dp2, Calcarenite (ca), 250 feet; thick bedded, bioclastic limestone (bl) and silty limestone (sl) interbeds Dp Popovich Formation (Devonian) 1200 feet
mc ca/bl mc ca/bl sl
sl(ca)
ca/bl
Dp3, Micrite (mc), 825 feet; defining micrite with interlayered silty limestone, calcarenite, bioclastic limestone, and local limy debris flow. At southeast Gold Quarry, 350-foot thick central wedge of silty limestone, calcarenite, and bioclastic limestone.
DSr1, Silty limestone (sl), 90 feet

DSr2, Silty limestone (sl), 170 feet, with turbiditic to bioturbatd (wispy) texture; sparse calcarenite interbeds
Gold Quarry
Main Mike
Tusc
Chukar Footwall
sl/ca
sl
DSr Roberts Mountains Formation (Devonian-Silurian) 1200 feet
DSr3, Silty limestone (sl), 220 feet; greater than 30% calcarenite (ca) interbeds
DSr4, Silty limestone (sl), 720 feet; basal 130 feet contains 5-50% black chert (bc)
bc/sl
SOh Hanson Creek Formation (Silurian-Ordovician) Only top 650 feet drilled in district; 1050-foot section at Tuscarora Mountains
300 meters
1,000 feet
Dolomite (d); massive, fine crystalline, silty layers
Notes DSF = Deep Sulfide Feeder; black sections of bars indicate higher grade gold concentrations
Intrusive dikes,TJi (Tertiary to Jurassic?) intermediate to mafic, dark, aphanitic, commonly brecciated, pervasively clay altered, 0.33.0 feet thick
Source: Newmont Mining Company Maggie Creek District Geologists 1996-99.
Figure I-5. Tectonostratigraphic column, Maggie Creek district, showing deposit host sections.
121
ROBERTS MOUNTAINS FORMATION (DEVONIAN-SILURIAN) The Roberts Mountains Formation is well exposed on Schroeder Mountain, in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault (fig. I-3). This formation is not exposed in the footwall of the Good Hope fault. However, it has been drilled in this structural block in the footwall of the Gold Quarry fault system (GQFS; Chukar Gulch fault) beneath the northwest wall of the Gold Quarry Mine. It has a drill-indicated thickness of about 1,200 feet (360 m). An apparent thrust slice of Roberts Mountains Formation crops out northeast of Maggie Creek canyon. A similar thrusted section is exposed in the northeast wall of the Gold Quarry pit where it overlies the Rodeo Creek unit, and is separated from it by the Schroeder thrust (SCHR thrust on fig. I-4). This thrusted section of lower-plate rocks is in turn overlain by upper-plate rocks and separated from them by the Roberts Mountains thrust. The drill-indicated thickness of this thrusted section of Roberts Mountains Formation varies from 600 to 1,200 feet (180360 m) due to structural thinning. The Roberts Mountains Formation consists of light to dark gray, planar-laminated silty limestone with calcarenite interbeds. Maroon-colored plates are common in weathered outcrop. Four informal members are defined from core drilled in the footwall of the Chukar Gulch fault (Sagar and Johnston, 2000). The basal DSr4 member is a uniform, silty limestone sequence, averaging 720 feet (220 m) in thickness and containing only sparse calcarenite beds. The bottom 130 feet (40 m) of this basal section locally contains 550% black chert. Above the basal member is the 220-foot (66-m) thick DSr3 member of silty limestone, containing a minimum of 30% calcarenite. Overlying this section is the 170-foot (52-m) thick DSr2 member, which consists of silty limestone with sparse calcarenite beds. Locally, silty limestone in this member is continuously wavy laminated (turbiditic?) to discontinuously wavy laminated (wispy). The upper member, DSr1, averages 90 feet (27 m) in thickness and consists of silty limestone with no calcarenite. The Roberts Mountains Formation is partially metamorphosed to marble at southwest Gold Quarry, and to calc-silicate hornfels and marble northwest of the Tusc deposit in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault. The Roberts Mountains Formation is a host of higher grade (>0.40 opt [13.7 g/t]) gold at Gold Quarry, in the footwall of the Chukar Gulch fault. It also hosts gold at the Little Hope, Tusc, Main Mike, and West Mike deposits. This formation hosts secondary-copper and -zinc deposits at the Main Mike and Tusc deposits. The historical Rimrock and Schroeder Mountain barite mines, and the Nevada Star barite-lead-silver mine are also in the Roberts Mountains Formation (fig. I-3). The thrusted section of Roberts Mountains Formation hosts gold deposits at northeast Gold Quarry and northeast of Maggie Creek canyon (Rainbow gold prospect). POPOVICH FORMATION (DEVONIAN) The upper three-quarters of the 1,200-foot (360-m) thick Popovich Formation is exposed in the northwest wall of the Gold Quarry pit. The upper 250 feet (75 m) of the formation
also crops out along a northwest-striking anticline in the footwall of the Good Hope fault southeast of the Tusc deposit (fig. I-3). In the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault on the northeast wall of Maggie Creek canyon (fig. I-3) and in the northeast wall of the Gold Quarry pit (fig. I-4), the formation is structurally thinned to 0- to 300-foot (090 m) thickness along a basal thrust. The Popovich Formation consists of micrite, silty limestone, calcarenite, bioclastic limestone, and debris-flow limestone. Unoxidized sections are light to dark gray, ranging to black where carbon rich. Oxidized sections are light gray to brown. Popovich rocks are variably metamorphosed to calc-silicate hornfels and marble south and northwest of the Tusc deposit. The Popovich Formation is divided into three informal members based on lithologies exposed in the Gold Quarry pit (Sagar and others, 1999) and logged in core from various areas in the district. The basal member, Dp3, averages 825 feet (250 m) in thickness and is dominated by beds of micritic limestone. Interbeds of silty limestone, calcarenite, bioclastic limestone, and debris-flow limestone are present (fig. I-5). The middle Popovich member, Dp2, is 250 feet (75 m) thick and consists mostly of thick-bedded calcarenite. Subordinate sections of bioclastic limestone and silty limestone locally comprise 30% of this member. Bioclastic limestone layers consist of fossil hash, brachiopod shells, crinoid disks, coral fragments, and calcarenite. The upper member of the Popovich Formation, Dp1, averages 225 feet (69 m) in thickness and consists of thin-bedded silty limestone. Sparse calcarenite beds are present within the lower third of this member. At Gold Quarry, the Dp1 section is largely brecciated, sheared, clay altered, and decalcified. It is also thinner there than it is in less altered areas in the district. These features are variably interpreted as products of hydrothermal alteration, dissolution collapse, shearing/thrusting, and/or flexural-slip faulting. The upper and middle members of the Popovich Formation host gold mineralization at the Gold Quarry, West-of-West, Voodoo, McPod, and West Mike deposits (fig. I-3). Gold mineralization extends down into the upper part of the lower Popovich member at West Mike. The upper and middle members of this formation also host secondary-zinc and -copper deposits at West Mike. Significant gold or base-metal mineralization has not been defined in the structurally thinned section northeast of the Good Hope fault (fig. I-4). RODEO CREEK UNIT (DEVONIAN) The upper 600 feet (180 m) of the 1,050-foot (320-m) thick Rodeo Creek unit is exposed in the Gold Quarry pit. The basal 300 feet (90 m) of this section is exposed in the footwall of the Good Hope fault northwest of the Gold Quarry deposit and south of the Tusc deposit. In the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault, a structurally attenuated 600- to 800-foot (180 240 m) thick section is exposed on northeast Schroeder Mountain and in the northeast part of the Gold Quarry pit. The top of this hanging-wall Rodeo Creek section is bounded by the Schroeder thrust (fig. I-4).
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The Rodeo Creek unit consists of limy siltstone, siliceous mudstone, and cherty siltstone. Limy siltstone at Gold Quarry is largely decalcified, and is shown in figure I-4 as siltstone. This lithology is called the Quarry siltstone in mine terminology. Siliceous mudstone sections consist of rhythmically and planar-bedded, light gray to black siliceous mudstone interbedded with limy siltstone. Cherty siltstone layers are composed of gray to green siliceous siltstone with subordinate black chert layers that have undulating margins. Unoxidized sections are light to dark green-gray, ranging to black where carbon rich. Oxidized sections are light gray to brown. The Rodeo Creek unit is variably metamorphosed to quartz hornfels from northwest of the Mac deposit through the West Mike deposit. The cherty siltstone lithology at the Gold Quarry deposit is recrystallized and contains silica overgrowths (Baker, 1997a); it may be hornfels of siliceous mudstone. Lithologic subdivision of the Rodeo Creek unit is from pit-wall exposures at Gold Quarry (Sagar and others, 1999) and from core drilled in the vicinity of the Deep Sulfide Feeder ore zone. The basal 250 feet (75 m) of the Rodeo Creek unit consists of interlayered siliceous mudstone and limy siltstone. Within this section, the bottom 70 feet (21 m) is a consistent marker unit of rhythmically bedded siliceous mudstone that contains light-brown phosphate lenses. The basal 20 feet (6 m) is commonly entirely siliceous. Above the basal interlayered section is a sequence of uniform calcareous siltstone that averages 150 feet (45 m) thick. Overlying the calcareous siltstone is a 150-foot (45-m) thick section of cherty siltstone. The cherty siltstone section is overlain by about 100 feet (30 m) of interbedded siliceous mudstone and limy siltstone, which in turn is overlain by an upper 200-foot (60-m) thick sequence of calcareous siltstone. The uppermost part of the Rodeo Creek unit consists of 200 feet (60 m) of interbedded siliceous mudstone, cherty siltstone, and calcareous siltstone. A thrust is indicated somewhere in the section above the basal siliceous mudstone and below (or in) the limy siltstone that overlies the lower cherty siltstone. Conodonts from the basal siliceous mudstone indicate Late Devonian (Fammenian) age (Sandberg, 1995); conodonts from the limy siltstone that overlies the lower cherty siltstone indicate Middle Devonian (Givetian) age (Harris, 1995). This older-over-younger relationship implies an intervening thrust fault (I.M. Johnston, 1995). The presence of a thrust in the middle Rodeo Creek is consistent with other thrusts interpreted in the local section. Additionally, a thrust fault in the upper-middle Rodeo Creek section was mapped in the southeast Gold Quarry pit wall by M.K. Johnston and others (2000). The Rodeo Creek unit is the dominant host for the Gold Quarry and Mac gold deposits. It is also a significant host of gold mineralization at the West Mike and Tusc deposits. At Gold Quarry, Mac, and West Mike, gold in the Rodeo Creek unit is particularly concentrated in the lower several hundred feet of the section. In the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault, the Rodeo Creek hosts smaller gold concentrations at the Gold Quarry and Rainbow deposits. It also hosts secondary copper at the Mike deposit and the historical Copper King Mine (fig. I-3). Secondary-zinc mineralization is present in the Rodeo Creek unit at the Mike, Tusc, Mac, and Gold Quarry deposits. MARYS MOUNTAIN SEQUENCE (DEVONIAN) The Marys Mountain sequence is an intercalated package of arenaceous limestone and cherty mudstone that forms the basal upper-plate unit in the Maggie Creek district. It is in structural contact with the lower-plate section along the Roberts Mountains thrust. This sequence is well exposed on the east flank of Marys Mountain (Evans, 1980, Teal, 1997a), on the south walls of the Gold Quarry pit, and northeast of Maggie Creek canyon. Between Schroeder and Marys Mountains, the lower 500 to 2,500 feet (150750 m) of this sequence and the sole of the Roberts Mountains thrust are covered by Carlin Formation, except where exposed in the Gold Quarry pit. Total thickness of the Marys Mountain sequence at its namesake locale is estimated at 5,000 feet (1,500 m) based on drill-hole cross sections and the average dip of the section (plate 3). Lithologies of the Marys Mountain sequence are described from exposures at Marys Mountain (Teal, 1997a), Schroeder Mountain (Cole, 1992), and the Gold Quarry pit (Sagar and others, 1999); and from drill chips and core drilled at southwest Gold Quarry (Norby and Teal, 1996) and southeast Gold Quarry (Norby and others, 1997). The Marys Mountain sequence is dominantly calcareous and consists of interlayered siliceous mudstone, mudstone, silty limestone, sparry limestone, and quartz-grain calcarenite (fig. I-5). Calcarenite sections are locally cross-bedded. Pebble conglomerate and glassy chert layers are also present. Flasure shear textures occur adjacent to thrusts. At Gold Quarry, the basal section of the Marys Mountain sequence hosts gold mineralization. Otherwise, this section is not a significant mineral host within the district. WESTERN SILICEOUS ASSEMBLAGE (DEVONIAN-ORDOVICIAN) In the Maggie Creek district, the Western siliceous assemblage consists of siliceous mudstone, siltstone, black chert, green chert, pebble conglomerate, and greenstone. These rock types commonly occur as thrusted beds separated by layers or zones of structural disruption. Fossil investigations of this assemblage indicate dominant Ordovician rock packages interthrusted with Early Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian sections. The Western siliceous assemblage overlies and is in thrust contact with the mostly younger Marys Mountain sequence; however, it is not present in the Gold Quarry Mine area so it is not shown on the stratigraphic column (fig. I-5). This assemblage is estimated to be at least 4,000 feet (1,200 m) thick where exposed on Marys Mountain and on the hills on the northeast side of Maggie Creek canyon. Thrusted stratigraphy mapped on Marys Mountain (Teal, 1997a) is dominated by chert, siliceous mudstone, and siltstone. The relative lack of limestone lithologies and dominance of siliceous rocks differentiates the Western siliceous assemblage from the underlying Marys Mountain sequence. Bedded barite deposits are the only significant mineral deposits known within the Western siliceous assemblage in the district.
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DIKES (TERTIARY-JURASSIC?) Light to dark green, fine-grained, mafic to intermediate dikes intrude both the upper- and lower-plate rocks. They are commonly 0.5 to 3 feet (1590 cm) thick, have brecciated margins, and occur in outcrop dominantly along west-northweststriking faults, particularly the Good Hope fault. Drill data suggest that dikes are also present along the northeast-striking Soap Creek faults at the Mike deposit. A K/Ar date of 1072 Ma was determined from secondary potassium feldspar in a dike along the Good Hope fault at Main Mike (Branham, 1994), providing a minimum age for the dike and host structure. Dikes are pervasively clay-altered and pyritic. Dikes in the lowerplate section are locally gold bearing throughout the district. Dikes in the Mike deposit host secondary copper and zinc. CARLIN FORMATION (MIOCENE) The postmineral Carlin Formation covers the Paleozoic section on three sides of Schroeder Mountain, and progressively thickens to greater than 2,000 feet (600 m) 2 miles (3 km) northwest and southeast of Schroeder Mountain. Northwest of the Carlin trend in the Santa Renia Fields Quadrangle, glass shards from the Carlin Formation were 40Ar/39Ar dated at 15.1 to 14.4 Ma (Fleck and others, 1998). The basal 675-foot (206-m) section of the Carlin Formation is well defined at the southeast margin of Gold Quarry from pit-wall exposures and drill samples (Kuiper-Creel, 1998). The basal unit is a tuff of 225-foot (68-m) average thickness. It is fragmental, and contains black biotite phenocrysts and glass. This tuff is variably indurated at Gold Quarry, and well indurated along the southwest margin of West Mike. Although not identified in the vicinity of Gold Quarry, a 300-foot (90m) thick layer of quartz-porphyry rhyolite is present in the Carlin Formation at the top of the basal tuff 3 miles (5 km) to the southeast. This rhyolite may correlate with the rhyolite of Marys Mountain mapped in the Emigrant Pass Quadrangle to the southwest (Henry and Faulds, 1999). Gravel lenses are common within, and at the base of, the tuff section. The middle part of the Carlin Formation consists of variably indurated sand and silt that is 250 feet (75 m) in average thickness. This section contains subordinate tuff and minor gravel lenses. The upper Carlin Formation unit at Gold Quarry is a variably calcitecemented sand and gravel debris flow with an average preserved thickness of 200 feet (60 m). The major mineral deposits in the Maggie Creek district were largely covered by preserved sections of Carlin Formation. The Gold Quarry deposit was 90% covered (Evans and Cress, 1972) and Mike is completely covered. Tusc was 50% covered by Carlin Formation and Quaternary colluvium (Arkell, 1991b). LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS (HOLOCENE) Landslide deposits in the Maggie Creek district are apparent from surface morphology and drilling. Sections of unconsolidated sediment are mapped at north Marys Mountain (Branham, 1995b), northwest Maggie Creek Canyon (Cole, 1992), and in the vicinity of the Gold Quarry Mine (Sagar and
others, 1999; Evans and Cress, 1972). Southwest of Gold Quarry is a large landslide feature known locally as the Slump Block. This 0.7 square-mile (2 km2 ) feature exhibits a 100foot (30-m) high scarp and a poorly drained, hummocky toe. A similar feature, locally known as the Hewettite landslide, is exposed in pit walls along the southeast rim of the Gold Quarry pit (fig. I-4). Pre-mine topographic patterns shown on the Welches Canyon 7.5-minute Quadrangle (U.S. Geological Survey, 1970) suggest the Hewettite landslide originally covered 0.4 square miles (1 km2) in the area of what is now the southern Gold Quarry pit. These patterns indicate a 100-foot (30-m) high and 1,500-foot (450-m) long scarp, as well as a toe section that extends southeast to James Creek. The toe is now partially covered by mine surface facilities. Pit-wall exposures and drill sections indicate the 50- to 175-foot (15 53 m) thick Hewettite landslide consists of chaotic, unconsolidated layers of coarse gravel and fine sand that dip listrically back into the slide surface (Kuiper-Creel, 1998).
STRUCTURE
Structural history of the Maggie Creek district is characterized by episodes of compressional, transpressional, and extensional faulting. Reactivation of earlier structures is common. Three fault sets dominate the structural geology of the district: 1) the northwest-striking Good Hope fault and related structures; 2) several groups of northeast-striking cross faults; and 3) a series of north- to northeast-striking, basin-bounding normal faults. Important cross faults to the Good Hope fault include the northeast-striking Gold Quarry fault system (GQFS) and the north-northeast-striking Deep Sulfide Feeder fault zone (DSFFZ) at Gold Quarry, the north-striking North-South Feeder fault at Tusc, and the inferred northeast-trending Soap Creek fault at the Mike deposit (fig. I-3). The Gold Quarry deposit lies at the south margin of the Carlin window, a structurally uplifted block of lower-plate carbonate rocks that forms Schroeder Mountain. Exposures of the Carlin window are bounded by the Roberts Mountains thrust and GQFS on the southwest and southeast margins, respectively. Drill data indicate that the Carlin window continues to the northwest and southeast of Schroeder Mountain beneath the Carlin Formation. The Good Hope fault strikes N5060W and dips 4575 to the northeast. For most of its exposed strike, this fault places Roberts Mountains Formation silty limestone over variably folded Rodeo Creek siliceous mudstone, with apparent reverse displacement. The amount of offset on the Good Hope fault is poorly constrained and recent work in the Tusc pit suggests a component of strike-slip movement (Dunbar, 1999). The Good Hope fault is traceable for nearly 6 miles (10 km) and is the dominant structure in the district in terms of offset and proximity to ore (fig. I-3). It is interpreted as the master fault in the Maggie Creek district because known precious and basemetal deposits occur near it (fig. I-3). Norby and Orobona (this volume) refer to this northwest-trending structural trend and alignment of mineral deposits informally as the Tusc Corridor.
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The Gold Quarry fault system consists of a 3-mile (5-km) long zone of numerous subparallel and anastomozing structures, with the Chukar Gulch, Alunite, Midwest, Bad Attitude, and Rotator fault segments being the most prominent (fig. I-4). Faults within the GQFS strike N1035E with moderate to steep dips (2580 ) to the southeast. The predominant sense of offset along these segments is normal, and cumulative throw across the GQFS exceeds 1,100 feet (335 m). The GQFS offsets the Good Hope fault (fig. I-4), but the amount of offset shown in map view is minor due to complex structural reactivation. The interpretation is that left-lateral offset along the GQFS occurred after reverse movement on the Good Hope fault, causing the Good Hope fault in the southeast block to migrate northeasterly. At some later time, normal offset on the GQFS dropped the southeast block and this movement caused the Good Hope fault to become nearly realigned on both sides of the GQFS. The Deep Sulfide Feeder fault zone (DSFFZ) is located outboard to the southeast of the GQFS approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) (figs. I-4 and I-6). The DSFFZ was not well exposed in the Gold Quarry pit until 1999. Pit mapping and drill data indicate that it is similar in strike but more steeply dipping as compared to the GQFS (Gold Quarry Expansion Team, 1999, personal commun.). The DSFFZ strikes N2040E and dips steeply to the east-southeast; drilling data indicate it consists of several strands that are discontinuous along both strike and dip. Based primarily on interpretation from drill core, structural disruption within the DSFFZ locally exceeds 400 feet (120 m) in width. Normal offset on the Rodeo CreekPopovich contact is commonly less than 100 feet (30 m) on any single fault segment, but cumulative offset on the DSFFZ is estimated at 300 to 400 feet (90120 m). Although overall offset is normal, interpretation of drill data suggests a central upthrown block and possible flower structure geometry (fig. I-6). Defined strike extent is approximately 2,500 feet (750 m), and pit mapping indicates the DSFFZ does not cross the Good Hope fault. The Roberts Mountains thrust (RMT) is defined as the low-angle shear and fracture zone that separates upper-plate Western siliceous assemblage and Marys Mountain sequence overthrust rocks (upper plate) from the lower-plate section. The RMT and upper plate rocks are best exposed along the southwest wall of the Gold Quarry pit (figs. I-3 and I-4). North to northeast-trending folds, apparently associated with RMT deformation, are mapped in the district in both upper- and lower-plate rocks (Evans, 1980; Cole, 1995). North-trending low-angle reverse faults, recumbent folds, and duplex structures are common in the Rodeo Creek unit and Popovich Formation. Detailed fold analysis indicates most of these low-angle features are related to east-west compression and associated with development of the RMT. North-trending folds are cut and refolded by later structures, including those associated with reverse displacement along the Good Hope fault. The Alta anticline, exposed in the Gold Quarry pit, (figs. I-3 and I-4) is a broad, open fold, with an axial plane that strikes N60W, parallel to the strike of the Good Hope fault. Highwall mapping indicates it locally refolds north-trending, low-angle structures that are interpreted as related to the RMT. The Alta anticline is an important control for gold in the central part of the Gold Quarry deposit as indicated by its coincidence with high grade-x-thickness areas (figs. I-7 and I-8). Primarily because of its orientation, the Alta anticline is interpreted to be a flexural fold formed during reverse movement on the Good Hope fault. Another northwest-trending fold, the Snowbird anticline occurs at southwest Gold Quarry. Within this anticline, lowerto moderate-grade concentrations of gold occur in the middle (Dp2) and upper (Dp1) Popovich members and in the Rodeo Creek unit. Higher-grade gold is present in the upper Roberts Mountains Formation (Chukar Footwall deposit). Higher-grade gold concentrations are also present in the upper Popovich member and lowermost Rodeo Creek lithologies in the northeast fold limb where it is in the immediate footwall of the northeast-dipping Hewettite-Ice fault. At Gold Quarry, the contact between the Rodeo Creek unit and the underlying Popovich Formation is a zone of decalcification and structural disruption (fig. I-6). The disrupted contact, termed the Chukar-Alunite fault zone, is commonly a shallow to moderately (1050SE) dipping zone, up to 280 feet (85 m) thick. It is characterized by bedding-parallel shear fabric and collapse breccia. The Chukar-Alunite fault zone is a primary ore-controlling structure for the stratabound Deep West orebody and is also an important secondary control for Deep Sulfide Feeder mineralization (fig. I-6). The most recent movement on the Chukar-Alunite fault zone is normal and postdates collapse brecciation and gold deposition. However, initial movement on this structure is interpreted to have been flexural-fold faulting related to the compressional event that produced the Good Hope reverse fault. Within the GQFS, the Chukar-Alunite fault zone has been rotated down to the southeast to a steeper dip and also utilized for late normal (and oblique?) fault movement. A set of postmineral faults is recognized in the district. In general, these structures trend slightly more northerly than the ore controlling, northeast-striking cross faults and commonly exhibit normal offset of Carlin Formation sedimentary rocks (figs. I-3 and I-4). At Gold Quarry, faults of this set include the Dewater and Tuff faults. Related to this structural event are the northwest-striking Hewettite-Ice and K-9 faults, which together bound the Hewettite graben in the southeast portion of the Gold Quarry pit. Angular gravel of the basal Carlin Formation was deposited in the structural graben. Although the Hewettite-Ice and K-9 faults have post-gold displacement, drill evidence suggests they may be reactivated older structures that played a role during gold mineralization.
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A theory of structural evolution for the Maggie Creek district, based on detailed structural studies, was presented by Cole (1995) and is adopted here with minor modification. Four major episodes are recognized, from earliest to latest these are: 1) East-to-west directed compression (Antler orogeny of Roberts and others, 1958) forming the Roberts Mountains thrust and associated bedding plane thrusts, small-scale recumbent folds, duplex structures, and district-scale north-trending folds. North-northeast principal compressive stress, possibly related to the Elko orogeny of Thorman and others (1990), resulting in wrench-style strike-slip, reverse, and dilational faulting. Good Hope reverse fault, refolding of early northsouth folds by northwest-striking Alta anticline, initiation of Chukar-Alunite fault by flexural-fold faulting, and initial strike-slip offset along the GQFS and DSFFZ.
3)
Extensional faulting, hydrothermal activity and volumeloss collapse normal faulting related to initiation of midTertiary extensional event. Normal fault displacement on preexisting structures and initial movement on numerous other northeast- and northwest-striking faults, hydrothermal decalcification of carbonate rocks with attendant volume reduction collapse and influx of goldbearing fluids. Deposition of Carlin Formation. Basin and Range-style normal faulting resulting in initial movement along northsouth striking, east- and west-dipping normal faults (Dewater and Tuff), development of the Hewettite graben, widespread reactivation of most preexisting faults including normal movement along the Good Hope fault.
4)
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567
Surface mine facilities

smf
dumps and tailing ponds
Rodeo Creek unit

Drcst Drccs
Landslide deposit
Qls
siltstone cherty siltstone
Grade x thickness gold (opt x feet)
Geologic contact Normal fault Reverse fault Thrust fault Anticline
unconsolidated clay, sand, gravel
10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 100
Unconformity
Drcsm siliceous mudstone

Tmc
Popovich Formation
Dpsl Dpca Dpmc
silty limestone calcarenite micrite
Unconformity
Dike rock
TJi intermediate to mafic, fine grained
Roberts Mountains Formation

DSr
Disconformity
silty limestone
0 0

Dmsl Dmca
silty limestone (decalcified), chert, conglomerate calcarenite
Figure I-7. Map of Gold Quarry Mine showing grade x thickness, 0.20 opt (6.9 g/t) gold cutoff. See figure I-6 for section AA.
127
NE
70
ZO
ST ER
20
70
FA UL
53 70
LT
R51E
NO RT HE A
Tmc
D-DA Y
21
70
R E
EK
AU
Tmc
DE NC
E
Drc
22 23
LT AU
e th of dow
FA UL T
SC
HR
E
T AUL R F DE
NE X
CARLIN VALLEY
DSr
SO
42
AP
Main Mike
P DE IN
EN
DSr
FA U LT
70
open
80 70
29
West Mike
PP
ER
N KI
Dp
MOUNTAIN
SOh
27 26
Rainbow
25
N-S FE EDER FAULT
28
Tmc
DSr
QFS )
75 60 40
Tusc
Rimrock (Ba)
73
Qal Drc
EM
PE
Copper King (Cu)

CO R
RI
5
(G
AR R
60
KW
FA UL T
Dp
35 35

RE VE RS E
FA U
AU
LT
Little Hope
SY
OD
ST
GO
75
Dm
LE
AU
70
LT
Mac
NO
Dp
Drc
46
Drc
GQF
ALT
70
T34N T33N
Tmc
38
40
AA NT
IC
ICE
K9
LIN
45
F
FA UL T
MARYS MOUNTAIN
Dp
NITE ALU
85 65
H E ITE FA WE TT U
RM
(R
5 4
T)
30
RM
T
30
Dm
Dm
Deep Sulfide Feeder

U
TUFF
2 1
FAULT
32
33
w uth So
es t
LD O
QU
Tmc
80
34
Drc
LT
w nd o ST Wi RU rlin FAULT TH Ca RA INS the AR O NTA of TUSC OU S M rgin RT Ma BE RO
35
36
Gold Quarry
LT AU
LT
25
Tmc
D
DOw
Dm
H US CR
8 9 10
ER
T UL FA
11
12
Qal Tmc
Geologic contact
70
Drill-hole gold grade x thickness contours, 0.010 opt Au cutoff 5 to 10 10 to 20 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 50 to 60 60 to 80 Intercept grade = opt Au Intercept thickness = feet Minimum 10-foot Intercept
Unconformity
DOw
Normal fault
45
Thrust fault
Dm
Reverse fault
20

Drc
Rodeo Creek unit; siltstone (locally limy), siliceous mudstone (quartz hornfels) Popovich Formation; micrite, silty limestone, calcarenite (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Roberts Mountains Formation; silty limestone, calcarenite (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Hanson Creek Formation; dolomite
0 0 500

* NOTE: Tusc geology prior to mining
Dp DSr SOh
Map limits in UTM meters, zone 11 North are approximately LL 561850E, 4512850N; UR 568275E, 4518925N
Figure I-8. Map of the Maggie Creek district showing grade x thickness, 0.10 opt (3.4 g/t) gold cutoff.
128
MINERALIZATION
Economic mineralization in the Maggie Creek district consists of three basic deposit types: 1) vein-type base- and preciousmetal deposits restricted to narrow structural zones, 2) stratabound base-metal replacement deposits, and 3) Carlintype deposits characterized by bulk-mineable disseminated gold mineralization hosted in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. All three deposit types are overprinted to varying extent by weathering and oxidation. Vein-type base metal mineralization predates disseminated gold mineralization and is interpreted to be closely related genetically to stratabound base-metal replacement mineralization. Distribution of gold mineralization, calculated from district-wide drill holes, is shown in figure I-8. Vein-type deposits generally consist of barite+lead+silver or copper carbonate mineralization along the Good Hope fault. Historical production concentrated on barite veins that rarely exceeded 3 feet (1 m) in width; development consisted of handdug prospect pits, shallow surface cuts and underground workings. Lead and silver mineralization was found as sporadic pods within barite veins. Copper mineralization is present as small (~10 cm) carbonate and oxide veins along fractures and bedding planes in the Copper King area (fig. I-3). Primary copper, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, silver, and to some extent gold mineralization at the Mike deposit is broadly stratabound, and is interpreted as mesothermal in origin. At Mike, nearly all of this mineralization is hosted by hornfels, but local zones of zinc and copper mineralization at both Gold Quarry and Tusc do not occur in hornfels. Branham (1994) dated potassium feldspar-altered dike and sedimentary rock associated with quartz-feldspar-chalcopyrite mineralization from the Mike deposit at 107 to 111 Ma, which he interpreted as the age of the primary copper mineralization. Disseminated gold mineralization has three basic styles, one or two or all of which occur in several deposits. The Gold Quarry deposit (fig. I-6) best exemplifies a combination of the three geologically distinctive styles: (1) pervasive fracturestockworks in siliceous rocks at the Quarry Main orebody; (2) a largely stratabound zone of decalcified, argillized, and locally silicified rock at the Deep West orebody; and (3) a near-vertical structural zone of higher-grade gold (0.11.0 opt [3.434 g/t]) that transgresses lithologic boundaries in the Deep Sulfide Feeder orebody. The Deep Sulfide Feeder orebody is located at depth along the eastern margins of both the Quarry Main and Deep West orebodies (fig. I-6); this geometry suggests that it served as a conduit for upwelling mineralizing fluids for the latter two orebodies. In the disseminated deposits, gold typically consists of finely disseminated, minute (<1 micron diameter) particles of native gold associated with arsenian pyrite in unoxidized primary ore or with iron oxides in oxidized ore. As at the Carlin gold deposit (Radtke, 1985), extensive hydrocarbon-rich zones are spatially associated with many of the Maggie Creek district gold deposits below the zone of surficial weathering and oxidation. Primary (unoxidized) ores include material that contains over 0.5 wt.% of organic hydrocarbons and/or sulfides, typically pyrite, marcasite, or arsenian pyrite. Kuehn (1989) studied similar organic carbon concentrations at the Carlin deposit and concluded carbon was emplaced prior to gold
mineralization. Thermal maturation followed, producing pyrobitumens that remain relatively immobile and were later subjected to hydrothermal or supergene oxidation. Carbonaceous ores at Gold Quarry are highly refractory and preg-robbing to standard cyanide processes. Fluid inclusion data from Sha (1993) indicate that the main gold precipitation event occurred at 23020C and 870220 bars. Under lithostatic pressure, this suggests a minimum depth of formation of 3.10.8 km.
ALTERATION
Eight wallrock alteration types are spatially and temporally associated with disseminated gold mineralization in the Maggie Creek district. In rough paragenetic sequence (from oldest to youngest) these include decalcification, dolomitization, sericitization, silicification, argillization, sulfidation, alunitization, and supergene acid-leaching/oxidation (weathering). The most important of these relative to gold mineralization at Gold Quarry are decalcification, sericitization, silicification, and argillization. Their spatial relationships are illustrated in figure I-9. In addition, early metamorphism and metasomatism are important pre-gold alteration types at the Mike deposit (Norby and Orobona, this volume). The spatial distribution and intensity of alteration was influenced by a combination of structure (faults, fractures, and joints), host rock permeability (primary and secondary), reactiveness (carbonate content), and primary mineralogy. Aside from structurally controlled jasperoids and surficial iron stains, exposures of altered rock prior to mining were limited due to recessive weathering and extensive Tertiary cover (Hausen and others, 1983). Figure I-10 illustrates the general distribution of hydrothermal alteration in the district; note that alteration is concentrated at structural intersections along the margins of the Carlin Window (Schroeder Mountain).
Decalcification
Early hypogene decalcification (decarbonitization) is the most widespread alteration type in the Maggie Creek district and is controlled both by high- and low-angle structures and sedimentary stratigraphy. Stratigraphic volume loss due to decalcification is an important process for upward fault propagation, disruption of bedding, and enhanced permeability (Rota, 1991). Carbonate dissolution produced up to 40% volume loss (Sha, 1993), which resulted in enhanced porosity and permeability. In general, decalcification predates argillization, silicification and sericite/illite alteration. Drill core and cuttings from outside the decalcified zone at Gold Quarry indicate that thick sections of the Rodeo Creek unit contain significant carbonate. Thin-section analyses suggest about 10 to 30% carbonate content in original Rodeo Creek host rocks. Extensive decalcification is also present at Tusc and Mike. The generalized alteration map of the Gold Quarry Mine (fig. I-9) only shows decalcification in the Popovich Formation where other alteration types do not overprint it. Decalcification is not shown in other units because of the difficulty of conclusively identifying it in predominantly siliceous rocks and because at current exposure levels decalcification is not widespread in the Roberts Mountains Formation.
129
565000mE
566
Tmc
11613' DSr
M ID W T ES
567
Drcsm
Dpsl
#1
Dpsl
GO
TH
#2
Dpsl
MA C
RU ST
OD
Drcsm
smf
DSr
FA UL T
S CH
C T HR US T
MA
CONT ACT
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Drcst Drcsm TJi smf dump Drc

sm
Sil
Dpsl
HO PE
TH
RO
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Tmc
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Dpsl
Dpsl
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Drcst
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T UL
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Dpsl
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FAULT
70
LT FAU
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FA
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Dpsl
F A U LT
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Dpsl
Drcsm TJi
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Drcsm
MID WE ST AT FA T IT UL T UD E FA ULT
Drcsm Drcsm
TJi
FF
R NO
TH
Dpsl Drcsm
CB
Drcst
smf
RE FI
TE HI
4515000mN
FW
Dpsl
GULC H
T UL FA
Drcst Drccs Drc

cs
G DO
M
14
AU
Drcst
T UL FA
WO W
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Drcsm
Arg
Drcsm
Drcst
LT
4047'
AT T ITU DE
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CB
Dpmc
FA
S LE
U
LT
SUL FID E
FW
Dpsl
WE
ST
TJi
FA
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Arg
K9
Drccs
RI P
R PE
DIKE
Drcst
Sil
FEED ER
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PIT
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Dpsl
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Drccs
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West-of-West Tmc
RS BA
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Drcst
Drccs Drccs
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T T IT E HEWE
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FA
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Dpsl
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ALUN ITE ZONE sm st

Drcsm
cs
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Drccs HEWETTITE Drcst GRABEN S AN NOW TI Tmc C BIR Drc LINE D sm
Dmsl smf
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st Drc st
sm
Tmc
4514
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Drcsm
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T
TJi
ca
Dp
ca
Dpca Dpca
Drcst
st st
DIKE
FA
Dpsl
Dpsl
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Drcst Drccs Dmsl
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CH
Dpsl S/I
RM Dmsl
Tmc
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R Dmca U S T
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Drcst
Qls
Tmc
Dmsl Dmca smf
Dm
sl
HEWETTITE LANDSLIDE
RM
ST
MI
SM
Tmc
Maggie Creek dump
Tmc
Qls
565 566

11613'
567
smf Qls
Surface mine facilities Landslide deposit

Arg
Unconformity
Tmc
Argillization; moderate to strong fracture-/faultcontrolled and pervasive replacement by kaolinite/montmorillonite. Silicification; moderate to strong pervasive silica replacement and fracture-controlled quartz veinlets. Sericite-Illite alteration; pervasive fine-grained sericite-illite replacement. Decalcification; structurally and stratigraphically controlled zones of carbonate removal; mapped only in Popovich lithologies.
Note: distributions of carbon, alunite, and sulfides are not indicated but are widespread.
Sil
Unconformity
TJi Dike rock
Disconformity
Dm
S/I
Dec

Drc Dp DSr
0 0
Rodeo Creek unit Popovich Formation Roberts Mountains Formation
Figure I-9. Generalized alteration map of the Gold Quarry Mine.
130

e th of dow
NE
70
FA UL T
ZO
ST ER
20
70
FA UL
Drc
70
53
SC
R51E
RT HE A
Tmc
D-DA Y
LT
21
70
NO
R E
EK
AU
Tmc
DE NC
E
FA
T UL
HR
22
23
E
T AUL R F DE
NE X
CARLIN VALLEY
DSr
SO
42
AP
Mike Open
80 70
P DE IN
EN
70
DSr
G FA U LT
Dp
29
West Mike
PP
ER
N KI
MOUNTAIN
SOh
27 26
Rainbow
25
N-S FE EDER FAULT
28
Tmc
DSr
QFS )
Tusc
Rimrock (Ba)
60
Qal Drc
EM
PE
Copper King (Cu)

CO R
RI
5
(G
AR R
60
KW
FA UL T
Dp
35

RE VE RS E
AU
LT
Little Hope
SY
OD
ST
GO
75
Dm
Mac
B
LE
U FA
70
LT
Dp
Drc
46
NO
Drc
Tmc
40
GQF
ALT
FAULT
32
33
w uth So
es t
R
70
LD O
QU
Tmc
80
34
FA U
Drc
LT
w T nd o US Wi R rlin H FAULT Ca S T RA AIN the AR O UNT of TUSC MO rgin TS ER Ma OB
35
36
Gold Quarry
DEEP SULFIDE FEEDER FAULT ZONE (DSFFZ)
A A N
TIC
T34N T33N
ICE
LIN
FA UL T
F
LT AU
T
MARYS MOUNTAIN
Dp
NITE ALU
RM
(R
5 4
T)
30
RM
Dm
Dm
Deep Sulfide Feeder

TUFF
2 1
K9
H E ITE FA WE TT U
LT
25
Tmc
D
DOw
Dm
H US CR
8 9 10
ER
T UL FA
11
12
Qal Tmc
Geologic contact
70
Unconformity
DOw
Normal fault
45
Moderate to strong hydrothermal alteration (silicification, argillization, decalcification) Barite vein replacement Fe oxide, strong surficial (limonite, hematite, jarosite)
Thrust fault
Dm
Reverse fault
20

Drc
Rodeo Creek unit; siltstone (locally limy), siliceous mudstone (quartz hornfels) Popovich Formation; micrite, silty limestone, calcarenite (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Roberts Mountains Formation; silty limestone, calcarenite (calc-silicate hornfels, marble) Hanson Creek Formation; dolomite
0 0 500

* NOTE: Tusc geology prior to mining
Dp DSr SOh
Map limits in UTM meters, zone 11 North are approximately LL 561850E, 4512850N; UR 568275E, 4518925N
Figure I-10. Map of the Maggie Creek district showing general distribution of hydrothermal alteration, barite vein replacement, and surficial iron stain.
131
Massive white calcite veins are concentrated within the Popovich Formation in the footwall of the Gold Quarry fault system. These veins range up to 30 feet (9 m) wide and locally predate silicification. They may be the result of carbonate remobilized during decalcification. Fragment-supported collapse breccia is widespread at Gold Quarry, particularly in decalcified rocks of the upper Popovich and lower Rodeo Creek. Cole (199091, 1995) and Williams (1992) suggested decalcification as a mechanism for high-angle fracturing in the Quarry Main orebody in response to collapse and shrinkage of carbonate host rocks at depth in the Deep West and Deep Sulfide Feeder orebodies.
Dolomitization
Hydrothermal dolomite is present as a pervasive replacement mineral and in veins to one inch (2.5 cm) thick in and adjacent to the Deep West and Deep Sulfide Feeder orebodies. Detailed core logging (Gold Quarry Expansion team, 1999, personal commun.) from the Deep Sulfide Feeder deposit indicates that the envelope of decalcification that encompasses the deposit has a basal dolomite zone of apparent hydrothermal origin. This transitional dolomite zone is locally more than 300 feet (90 m) thick, but is more commonly 20 to 150 feet (645 m) thick. Milky dolomite veins occur within this zone, concentrated in its top. Thin veinlets of orpiment are also locally present in the dolomite zone. Higher-grade (>0.10 opt [3.4 g/ t]) gold mineralization commonly occurs within the dolomite alteration front. Gold grade drops off markedly with increasing calcite content towards the base of this zone.
Sericite/Illite Alteration
Gold mineralization shows a spatial relationship to fine-grained white mica that is interpreted as either hydrothermal sericite or recrystallized detrital illite. This material is particularly prevalent in the southern and eastern part of Gold Quarry (fig. I-9). Light gray to white, fine-grained sericite/illite replaces parts of the Rodeo Creek unit where primary carbonate has been removed. Along dike and vein margins, relatively coarsegrained sericite/illite is commonly associated with silicification and quartz veinlets. Sericite/illite also is present as brecciamatrix and in gold-bearing quartz veins, suggesting that it is directly related to the main hydrothermal event. Sericite/illite alteration is commonly zoned outboard from silicified rock and it exhibits a spatial relation to decalcification as well as to gold mineralization. It is interpreted to be part of the gold event and not necessarily related to the early base metal mineralization. Drews (1993) work on the Genesis and Blue Star deposits in the northern Carlin trend also concluded that coarse-grained sericite/illite was hydrothermal in origin and associated with the gold mineralizing event. However, other workers have argued that nearly all sericite/illite is detrital in origin and simply concentrated as a relict mineral during hydrothermal alteration, particularly early decalcification.
and pervasive jasperoid-style silicification at Gold Quarry, Tusc, and other deposits in the district. Petrographic studies by Romberger (1991) at Gold Quarry provided microscopic and XRD evidence of multiple silicification events previously described by Rota (1987, 1991), and Rota and Hausen (1991). Quartz is the most abundant alteration mineral in the district, occurring primarily as multi-episodic veins, replacement zones and breccia bodies throughout nearly all periods of gold mineralization. Quartz veins typically range from microscopic (5 to 50 microns) to 8 cm in width. Silicification is the single most important alteration type spatially associated with gold mineralization in the Quarry Main orebody. In the Deep Sulfide Feeder deposit, high-grade gold (>0.20 opt [6.9 g/t]) is most commonly associated with intense late argillization and sulfidation that overprints early silicification associated with lower grade gold. In general, hydrothermal quartz is found at Gold Quarry as: (1) replacement of fine-grained silt matrix; (2) overgrowths on detrital quartz; (3) veinlets <1 mm wide; (4) veins >1 mm wide; (5) subrounded fragments in hydrothermal breccias; (6) replacement of barite in hydrothermal breccia matrix; and, (7) late, supergene, fibrous chalcedony in breccia matrix. Multistage breccias with fluidized textures and silicification of both fragments and matrix are common in goldbearing zones. Precipitation of quartz due to rapid cooling/ quenching and fluid mixing is suggested by fine-grained quartz crystals coating siltstone breccia fragments, followed by deposition of coarsely crystalline quartz, followed in turn by barite crystal growth. Similar overlapping patterns are noted at Tusc and Mike. Local zones of late-stage jasperoid, particularly along the Hewettite-Ice/K-9 fault system are, in part, later than and apparently unrelated to gold mineralization. Hypogene alteration has recently been identified in Miocene Carlin sedimentary rocks at southeast Gold Quarry (G. Potter, 2000, personal commun.), where extensive zones of clay alteration and less extensive areas of pervasive silicification and silica sinter have been mapped. These features and the late jasperoid are probably related to an epithermal Basin and Range hot springs event.
Argillization
Clay-mineral alteration in the form of kaolinite and montmorillonite is widespread at Gold Quarry, and was controlled primarily by high- and low-angle faults. Two distinct types of kaolinite are recognized: main-stage, gray sulfide-rich clay and a late-stage white to light green clay. Moderately to strongly developed, dark gray clay (kaolinite?) with up to 10% sulfide is common along fluid conduits cutting early silicification. Dark gray clay with black sooty sulfide commonly coincides with higher-grade gold mineralization. Late-stage white to blue-green kaolinite, termed aqua clay, fills fractures and voids, and apparently postdates early sulfide-rich gray clay and silicification. Romberger (1991) and Heitt (1992) found kaolinite associated with late-stage, fine-grained alunite.
Silicification
Multiple episodes of silicification have produced large areas of hairline quartz stockwork veinlets, thin poddy quartz veins,
132
Sulfidation
Mineralogical association between gold and arsenian pyrite overgrowths was documented in detailed SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) studies on samples from Gold Quarry by Sha (1993). Gold concentration in pyrite and marcasite is closely related to arsenic content, morphology, and grain size. Higher gold concentration (>3 opt [100 g/t]) is in pyrite that occurs as anhedral and porous, <30 micron diameter grains with 1 to 6 wt.% arsenic. Euhedral pyrite contains insignificant gold regardless of grain size. Romberger (1991) noted two pyrite overgrowth stages on earlier pyrite and/or marcasite in the Deep West ore zone. Arehart and others (1993a) also described arsenic-rich auriferous overgrowth rims to 25 microns thick on gold-barren pyrite at Gold Quarry. Gold was not detected in individual arsenopyrite grains that lack overgrowths.
Barite and Alunite Alteration

Barite is a common gangue mineral in the Maggie Creek district, particularly at the Gold Quarry, Tusc, and Mike deposits. Structurally controlled jasperoid typically contains fractures and voids lined with white to clear barite crystals. Crystalline barite, as late fracture and breccia-filling material, also is common in the deep refractory ore at Gold Quarry. Two distinct textural types of alunite are recognized at Gold Quarry (Heitt, 1992). In the lower parts of the deposit, pink to pale purple crystalline alunite veinlets and breccia fillings are associated with quartz, barite, and late kaolinite. In the upper oxidized parts of the deposit, veins of earthy, gray to white, fibrous alunite are common. Arehart and others (1992) reported that oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur isotopes indicate all alunite from Carlin trend gold deposits is supergene in origin. However, Heitt (1992) offered alternatives to a purely supergene origin for alunite. He suggested that near-surface fluid mixing and late biologic activity could result in sulfates with isotopic signatures of supergene deposition. Heitt (1992) concluded from oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses that kaolinite associated with alunite is hydrothermal in origin, suggesting a hydrothermal source for crystalline alunite in unoxidized rock. He also suggested a supergene origin for the fibrous white alunite. K/Ar alunite dates group at 27 Ma. Thin-section analysis by Romberger (1991) found no minerals replacing alunite; it was apparently the last mineral precipitated in unoxidized ore, providing a minimum age for gold mineralization. However, hypogene alunite was locally followed by barite as breccia fillings, particularly in the Deep Sulfide Feeder zone.
500 to 1,000 feet (150300 m), are present in the south part of the deposit. Deposits of hematite in the upper levels of Gold Quarry and along major feeder structures were cited by Romberger (1991) as evidence for hydrothermal oxidation (hematite being unstable below 55C). Alternatively, as the hydrothermal system collapsed, warm near surface oxygenated waters descended into the upper levels of the deposit. Multiple layers of massive hematite/limonite gossan at Main Mike are interpreted as supergene in origin, caused by groundwater fluctuations during Carlin Formation lacustrine deposition (Teal and others, 1994). Fluid inclusion work by Sha (1992) indicates that this latest event occurred near the surface at temperatures of 140 to 180C. Post-gold alteration also includes structurally and stratigraphically controlled argillic alteration and sinter deposits in the Carlin Formation. Thin section and binocular microscope studies at Gold Quarry revealed a variety of secondary minerals in oxidized, vuggy siliceous breccias. Cooperative work with the Mackay School of Mines using a SEM/EDS identified over 100 mineral species, many classified as vanadates or phosphates (Jensen and others, 1995).
GEOCHEMISTRY
Elements that are directly associated with gold in the Maggie Creek district are those typical of most other Carlin trend deposits: arsenic, antimony, and mercury. Spatial distributions of these trace elements coincide with gold ore, but these elements commonly show greater concentrations along faults and generally have larger dispersion halos than gold. Byproduct silver production from Gold Quarry is roughly 1.5 million ounces (47 t) to date. A base-metal suite of lead, zinc, copper, and nickel also occurs at Gold Quarry and, to a lesser extent, at the Tusc deposit. Sphalerite and a variety of secondary copper minerals occur at the Mike deposit (Norby and Orobona, this volume). Distribution of base metals in the Maggie Creek district is widespread and not completely correlative with gold, suggesting that these elements may not be related to the gold system. At Mike, most potentially economic copper and zinc mineralization does not contain high enough gold grades to be considered as gold ore. Base-metal concentrations generally range from 3 to 30 ppm, which are higher than those reported at the Carlin deposit (Radtke, 1985). High base-metal concentrations occur along older compressional and transpressional structures, such as the Good Hope fault. However, disseminated sphalerite is also present at Mike, Tusc, and Gold Quarry. Sheared pods of argentiferous galena, some up to 3 feet (1 m) thick, were encountered during early mining of the Gold Quarry deposit, and small amounts of galena have also been identified in core samples from the Deep Sulfide Feeder area in Gold Quarry. Other trace elements enriched at Gold Quarry include molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, selenium, and cadmium. Concentrations of these elements are low and erratic; most appear to be associated with large hydrothermal feeder structures, jasperoid bodies, and siliceous sedimentary rocks.
Oxidation
The final alteration stage at all district deposits is oxidation resulting from weathering. Iron oxides and jarosite are ubiquitous on fracture surfaces throughout the upper, oxidized portions of deposits. Oxidation at Gold Quarry extends downward along fracture zones to more than 1,500 feet (450 m) below the pre-mine surface. Furthermore, large zones of stratigraphically controlled oxide ore, at pre-mine depths of
133
METALLURGY
Gold extraction from Maggie Creek district ores is currently achieved by both mill and cyanide heap/dump-leach processes. Metallurgical classification is based on the gold content, the ratio of cyanide-extractable gold to total contained gold (AuCN/ AuFA), and on the presence or absence of preg-robbing organic carbon (Rota, 1997). Two general metallurgical classifications are recognized: (1) oxide ore, which yields more than 40% of its gold by conventional cyanidization process; and (2) refractory ore, which yields less than 40% of its gold by cyanidization. Most oxide ore occurs within 400 to 700 feet (120210 m) of the bedrock surface in a layer roughly paralleling the regional Tertiary unconformity. In detail, the geometry of the oxide zone is extremely irregular. Oxidation of nearly all organic carbon and sulfide minerals in the weathered upper Paleozoic section has rendered the gold-bearing material amenable to standard cyanide extraction. Refractory material is generally found beneath and transitional to the oxidized zone in rock that has not been subjected to supergene weathering. Two types of refractory ore are present: (1) carbonsulfide refractory (CSR) ore that contains preg-robbing carbon; and, (2) silica+sulfide refractory (SSR) ore that does not. Both refractory ore types must undergo pretreatment prior to cyanidization. In CSR ore, organic or surface-active carbon is capable of removing dissolved gold from cyanide solution, a characteristic known as preg-robbing. In SSR ore, both pyrite and silica may cause refractory character due to encapsulation of gold. In general, CSR ores occur in the northern portion of the Gold Quarry pit, and SSR ores are more common to the south (fig. I-11).
MINERAL DEPOSITS
Disseminated Precious Metals Deposits
GOLD QUARRY DEPOSIT The Gold Quarry deposit, with nearly 24 million ounces (746 t) of total historical production, measured/indicated reserves, and resource, is the largest gold deposit in the Maggie Creek district, and one of the largest in North America. In 1935, the Gold Quarry area was evaluated as a bulk-mineable deposit by Goldfields Consolidated Mines and Exploration Company (Ryneer, 1987). At that time, Goldfields determined that due to its low grade, high costs of extraction, and the gold price, the deposit was not economically viable. Newmont geologists John Livermore and Alan Coope prospected the area in the early 1960s (Coope, 1991), following up on regional mapping by the U.S. Geological Survey that showed an association between gold mineralization and erosional windows through the Roberts Mountains thrust (Roberts, 1960). The Gold Quarry jasperoid was recognized and Newmont drilled the property as a disseminated gold play in 1962. Surface geochemistry was of limited use as an exploration guide at Gold Quarry due to the nearly complete burial by a 100- to 450-foot (30135 m) blanket of postmineral Carlin
Formation volcaniclastic and lacustrine sediments. Soil geochemistry on the footwall side of the Gold Quarry discovery jasperoid showed few encouraging results; however, soils over the hanging wall were anomalous (>50 ppb) in both gold and arsenic. Gold values in rock-chip samples of the surface jasperoid itself generally averaged over 100 ppb (Rota and Ekburg, 1988). Stream sediment samples were similarly encouraging. Rotary drilling by Newmont between 1962 and 1970 of gold-bearing jasperoid on the Maggie claims defined 340,000 tons (310 kt) grading 0.12 opt (4.1 g/t) gold. Poor gold recovery due to silica encapsulation resulted in the property lease being dropped in 1971. Newmont reacquired the property in 1972, after reinterpretation of alteration and geochemistry in drill cuttings (Ryneer, 1987). In 1976 and 1977, drilling 3,000 feet (900 m) southwest of the original jasperoid discovery led to discovery of the Maggie Creek deposit containing 4.8 million short tons (4.4 Mt) grading 0.093 opt (3.2 g/t) gold. Following continued exploration, the Maggie Creek deposit was recognized as the upper portion of the Gold Quarry/Deep West orebody. Drilling east of the Maggie Creek deposit led to discovery of the Gold Quarry Main orebody in 1979 under 250 feet (75 m) of Carlin Formation. Initial mine development began in 1980, and Gold Quarry has produced approximately 1 million ounces (31 t) per year since 1990. A southward pit expansion and major stripping effort started in the first quarter of 2000. This layback, known as the Gold Quarry Expansion (GQX), will eventually produce an estimated 8 million ounces (250 t) of gold reserves and resources. Gold ore at Gold Quarry is hosted in four major lithologies. From base to top these include: (1) silty limestone sections of the Roberts Mountains Formation; (2) the upper 300 feet (90 m) of the Popovich Formation which consists of silty limestone and calcarenite; (3) 1,000 feet (300 m) of siltstone, siliceous mudstone and cherty siltstone of the Rodeo Creek unit; and (4) as much as 200 feet (60 m) of upper-plate sedimentary rocks of the Marys Mountain sequence that consist of limy mudstone and siltstone. The overlying Carlin Formation is not gold mineralized, although basal gravels locally contain ore-grade gold concentrated in clasts (fig. I-6). At Gold Quarry, bedding in the Rodeo Creek unit strikes north to northeast and generally dips 5 to 40 east to southeast. Folded Popovich carbonate beds along the west wall of the pit generally strike northeast and dip moderately to the northwest. Isoclinal folding of bedding is common, with chaotic bedding near large faults. Undated altered dikes as thick as 4 feet (1.2 m) occur at Gold Quarry. They are tan to light green, fine grained with sparse medium-grained mafic and felsic phenocrysts. The groundmass typically exhibits thorough sericite/illite alteration; dikes are commonly gold mineralized. They occur along northwest-striking structures, including the Good Hope fault. Four periods of structural deformation are recognized at Gold Quarry. From earliest to latest these include: (1) compression, (2) translation/transpression, (3) dissolution-
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565000mE 566
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565 566

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Surface mine facilities Landslide deposit
0.200 opt Au 0.065 to 0.199 opt Au 0.010 to 0.064 opt Au Oxide rock, AuCN/AuFA > 0.400
Unconformity
Tmc
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TJi Dike rock
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Dm
Preg-rob carbon All data shown at 6/99 pit surface. 0 0 1,000 feet 300 meters

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Rodeo Creek unit Popovich Formation Roberts Mountains Formation
Figure I-11. Blasthole assay map of the Gold Quarry Mine showing distribution of gold, oxide, and carbon.
135
related collapse, and (4) extension. Orientations of the northwest-striking Good Hope fault and the intersecting northeast-striking Gold Quarry fault system are mirrored by many smaller faults and fractures within the deposit. Overall strike of mineralization at Gold Quarry is N30E, generally bounded on the northwest by the northeast-striking Chukar Gulch and Alunite faults, and on the southeast by the northnortheast-striking Deep Sulfide Feeder fault zone. Most highgrade ore zones parallel north-northeast-striking faults, although northwest-striking high-grade gold mineralization occurs locally along the Good Hope fault (fig. I-7). Approximately 90% of all known economic gold mineralization at Gold Quarry is located in the hanging wall of the Chukar Gulch fault and in the footwall of the Good Hope fault. Based on pit mapping, relative ages of fault movement from oldest to youngest are: (1) low-angle thrust faulting (RMT); (2) moderate-angle reverse faulting/folding (Good Hope fault); (3) oblique/transverse offset (Gold Quarry fault system); and (4) north-, northwest- and northeast-striking normal/extensional faults (Hewettite-Ice/K-9 and Tuff fault systems). Episodic rejuvenation is indicated by well-developed clay slickensides that indicate both strike-slip and dip-slip movement along the Chukar Gulch fault and several other structures. The Gold Quarry orebody consists of an eastward-thickening envelope of economic gold mineralization that strikes northeast for over 6,000 feet (1,800 m) (fig. I-11), is over 3,000 feet (1,800 m) wide and increases from less than 100 feet (30 m) to over 1,800 feet (540 m) in thickness from northwest to southeast (fig. I-6). Gold mineralization is disseminated, with higher grades concentrated adjacent to structures. Three geologically distinctive mineral zones referred to as Quarry Main, Deep West, and Deep Sulfide Feeder are identified (fig. I-6). Structural shattering of the overlying siliceous caprock was critical to the formation of fracture-hosted mineralization. Pervasive fracturing allowed development of the significant bulk-tonnage Quarry Main deposit above the Deep West zone. The Quarry Main orebody consisted of mostly oxide material hosted by Rodeo Creek siliceous sedimentary rock, and is now mined out. Higher-grade gold mineralization (greater than 0.10 opt [3.4 g/t]) in Deep West is bounded by the east-southeast-dipping Chukar-Alunite, and Bad Attitude faults. Breccia and disrupted bedding are commonly mapped in Deep West Mine exposures; however, passive replacement-style mineralization is also present. Large amounts of gold occur in carbonate rocks in the upper part of the Deep West deposit, but the ore zone thins in siltstone and siliceous rocks at deeper levels. The Bad Attitude fault, a mine-scale north-northeast-striking fault, acted as a secondary feeder, and is the site of local concentrations of gold greater than 0.15 opt (5.1 g/t). Later normal offset downdropped silicified breccia zones and ore horizons along the southeast margin of the Deep West deposit. The Deep Sulfide Feeder (DSF) orebody occurs beneath the east edge of the current pit (fig. I-6) and consists of semicontinuous pods of high-grade refractory gold ore that average approximately 0.30 opt (10 g/t). The DSF strikes N30E, dips
7090 SE, and is 3,000 feet (900 m) long by 100 to 200 feet (3060 m) wide, with a current vertical extent of 1,150 feet (350 m). It is open to the northeast, southwest, and downdip. Gold mineralization in the DSF is controlled by both highangle structures and gently dipping stratigraphy. Additional gold mineralization occurs west of the Gold Quarry pit, outside the three named orebodies. High-grade gold (up to 1.0 opt [34 g/t]) is present locally in the footwall of the Chukar fault (fig. I-7) in tight folds, fault breccias, and favorable lithologies. VOODOO AND McPOD DEPOSITS McPod and Voodoo are narrow, structurally controlled, highgrade gold deposits located in the footwall of the GQFS (fig. I-3). Both deposits are hosted in silty limestone of the Popovich Formation. McPod occurs within a near vertical, tightly folded anticline, which strikes N35E and plunges 10SW. Gold grades up to 1.0 opt (34 g/t) are associated with weak to moderate decalcification and strong dark brown to maroon iron oxide. McPod has an estimated resource of 8,000 ounces (250 kg). Voodoo is mined out, but it may have been a northeast extension of McPod that was down-dropped to the northeast by the Hewettite-Ice fault. Voodoo was typically less than 25 feet (8 m) wide but it contained grades up to 1.0 opt (34 g/t) gold. This is one of the few locations where visible gold has been identified at Gold Quarry and supergene enrichment is suspected. Exploration and development drilling had largely missed this narrow zone of mineralization, and it was exposed while waste rock was being mined for a tailings dam. MAGGIE CREEK DEPOSIT Modern open-pit bulk tonnage mining and processing of lowgrade ores in the Maggie Creek district began with the 1976 discovery and 1979 opening of the Maggie Creek Mine. Lowgrade ores were processed at a local heap-leach facility and ores with >0.07 opt (2.4 g/t) gold were trucked north and processed at Carlin Mill #1. Now recognized as a part of the Gold Quarry deposit, the Maggie Creek Mine was located northwest of Gold Quarry. Drilling in 1987 revealed that the Maggie Creek south zone was continuous at depth to the southeast, blossoming into the upper parts of the Gold Quarry Deep West orebody. The Maggie Creek pit was totally engulfed by expansion of the Gold Quarry northwest wall in the early 1990s. The Maggie Creek orebody was hosted by highly argillized and locally silicified, decalcified silty limestone, siltstone, and massive limestone (Ekburg, 1986). These rocks were referred to by Ekburg as Devonian limestone or Popovich equivalent and are now recognized as Popovich Formation. Rodeo Creek unit siliceous mudstone and siltstone were exposed in the northern portions of the mine, but were low grade (< 0.03 opt [1 g/t]) or unmineralized. High-angle, northeast-striking faults synthetic to the Gold Quarry fault system served as the main ore controlling structures at Maggie Creek. Gold was particularly concentrated in silicified breccia along the Les fault and along the Noble fault (see fig. I-4). Minor northwest-trending structures provided secondary control for gold deposition.
136

The Maggie Creek deposit contained two distinct ore zones: (1) a low-grade north zone in argillized siltstone, chert and siliceous mudstone of the Rodeo Creek unit; and (2) a high-grade south zone in highly argillized to strongly silicified, thin-bedded, silty limestone of the Popovich Formation. Drilled reserves at Maggie Creek were estimated in 1977 at 4.8 million tons at an average grade of 0.093 opt (3.2 g/t) gold. An open-pit mine 1,300 feet (400 m) wide, 2,200 feet (670 m) long, and 400 feet (120 m) deep extracted most of the ore before operations were transferred to Gold Quarry in 1986. Total production from Maggie Creek is estimated at 400,000 ounces (14 t) of gold. WEST-OF-WEST DEPOSIT The West-of-West (WOW) deposit is located 1,200 feet (360 m) west of the Gold Quarry pit. Gold mineralization is hosted in silty limestone of the Popovich Formation and is controlled by three northeast-striking faults, the Rogue North, Rogue South, and West Pit faults. These structures acted as feeder zones and higher-grade mineralization was deposited in zones parallel to them. Ore zones were associated with weak to moderate decalcification, weak silicification, and moderate oxidation. Localized refractory ore contained pyrite and highly preg-robbing organic carbon. The WOW dike strikes northwest through the pit and is characterized by intense sericite/illite alteration and is locally gold bearing. Mining began in 1992 and was completed in 1995, with total production of 188,000 ounces (5.85 t) of gold from about 5.5 million tons (5 Mt) of ore at an average grade of 0.034 opt (1.2 g/t). TUSC DEPOSIT Tusc is located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwest of Gold Quarry along the western edge of the Carlin Window (fig. I-3). Surface exploration was initiated by Newmont in the late 1960s near the Copper King and Good Hope Mines. A second phase of exploration in 1985 led to the discovery of Tusc and subsequent mine development during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Openpit mining began in 1994 with a reserve of 827,000 ounces (25.7 t) of gold at an average grade of 0.062 opt (2.1 g/t). Production ceased in early 1999 after 888,000 ounces (27.6 t) of gold had been mined, all from oxide ores. Disseminated gold mineralization was hosted primarily by lower Roberts Mountains Formation in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault (figs. I-12 and I-13). At Tusc, the Roberts Mountains Formation consists of reddish-gray, thin-bedded to planar-laminated silty limestone, calcareous and dolomitic siltstone, and lesser amounts of calcarenite and bioclastic limestone. Approximately 25% of the gold ore was hosted by the Rodeo Creek unit in the footwall of the Good Hope fault (figs. I-12 and I-13). At Tusc, the Rodeo Creek unit is composed of dark gray, thin-bedded, siliceous mudstone with light-gray claystone partings, which is interbedded with light gray to tan siltstone and laminated calcareous siltstone. Northwesttrending, nearly isoclinal folds characterize this unit. Dikes are also present at Tusc along the Good Hope fault and a northeast-striking cross fault. Thin section analysis of altered dike rock suggests a biotite lamprophyre protolith, now composed entirely of quartz, sericite, and jarosite. Primary structural control for Tusc gold mineralization was provided by the Good Hope fault and subparallel fault splays. The Good Hope fault is a reverse fault that strikes N4555W through the deposit and dips 2050 northeast (fig. I-12). Predominantly siliceous rocks of the Rodeo Creek unit are in the footwall, while carbonate rocks of the Roberts Mountains Formation are in the hanging wall. Gold ore was located within and adjacent to the Good Hope fault and blossomed into hangingwall carbonate rocks. High-grade ( 0.20 opt [6.9 g/t]) hangingwall ore was capped by the moderately northeast-dipping Seldom Seen fault. This fault may have accommodated reverse movement similar to the Good Hope fault, although sense of movement is not readily apparent from juxtaposed lithologies. The nearvertical North-South Feeder fault was an important fluid conduit connecting mineralization along the Good Hope fault and hanging wall carbonate rocks. It is unclear whether the North-South Feeder fault displaced the Good Hope fault; it may have been a hanging-wall tear fault. Northeast-trending faults clearly crosscut and offset the Good Hope fault and displaced the deposit. The Tusc orebody is bounded on the northwest by the Copper King fault and on the southeast by the Northeast #2 fault. Tusc consisted of two ore zones; both oriented N40W. The lower zone is a structural zone roughly 1,200 feet (360 m) long, 150 feet (45 m) wide, and 500 feet (150 m) in northeast downdip extent along and adjacent to the Good Hope fault. The main zone is a flat, tabular ore mass in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault. In this zone, mineralization plunges gently to the northwest, with joints, fractures, and collapse breccias as the dominant controls. The main zone was higher-grade, containing a >0.20 opt (6.9 g/t) core surrounded by a halo of lower grade ore that graded outward into barren rock (fig. I-13). Nearly all of the ore was oxidized, presumably with native gold particles closely associated with iron oxides. Note that the geology and gold shapes shown for Tusc in figure I-3 are prior to mining. Alteration style and mineral assemblages at Tusc are controlled by protolith mineralogy and consist of decalcification, silicification, and argillization. Gold mineralization is coincident with decalcification, although totally decalcified rock is locally barren. The intensity of decalcification is greatest near faults and fault intersections, and results in a porous permeable rock with low specific gravity. Collapse breccias, resulting from volume loss related to decalcification, occur in the northeastern portion of the pit along the North-South Feeder fault and beneath the Seldom Seen fault. Between the Gold Quarry and Tusc deposits, the Good Hope fault is marked by prominent jasperoid outcrops characterized by pervasive silica with local barite veins and pods. Within the Tusc deposit, pervasive silica alteration occurs locally along faults and near fault intersections. Fine quartz veinlets commonly cut this early jasperoid and also occur in siliceous rocks of the Rodeo Creek unit. Strong clay alteration is generally restricted to fault planes and is best developed in Rodeo Creek unit siltstones. Clay minerals also coat fracture surfaces and bedding planes in both Rodeo Creek unit siliceous rocks and Roberts Mountains Formation carbonate rocks. Malan (1997) reported kaolinite and montmorillonite as comprising a few weight percent of most altered rocks at Tusc. Illite/sericite in decalcified silty limestone was interpreted to be detrital.
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Rodeo Creek unit siltstone; light to medium gray, locally with very thin discontinuous black siliceous mudstone and chert lenses. Gradational contact with siliceous mudstone (sm)
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interbedded with light-gray to brownish-gray, fine-grained claystone
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Figure I-12. Interpretive geological map of the Tusc Mine.
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0.065 to 0.199 0.010 to 0.064
TJi Dike rock; cream to orange-brown to pale green, porphyritic felted texture Drcst
Rodeo Creek unit siltstone; light to medium gray, locally with very thin discontinuous black siliceous mudstone and chert lenses. Gradational contact with siliceous mudstone (sm)
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Figure I-13. Map of the Tusc Mine showing blasthole gold contours.
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5700
5800
MIKE DEPOSIT Mike is described in detail in a separate paper in this volume (Norby and Orobona). In this section, the Mike deposit is compared and contrasted with other deposits in the Maggie Creek district. The 1999 drill-indicated mineral inventory (DaSilva and Orobona, 1998; Norby, 1999a), within a cone calculated at $400/ounce gold and $0.80/pound copper, is 8.7 million ounces (270 t) of gold (avg. grade 0.021 opt [0.72 g/t]), 1027 million pounds (467 kt) of copper (avg. grade 0.37 wt.%), and 813 million pounds (370 kt) of zinc (avg. grade 2.13 wt.%). Like Gold Quarry, the Mike deposit is located at the intersection of a district-scale northeast-striking, apparentnormal fault, the Soap Creek fault, with the northeast-dipping Good Hope reverse fault (fig. I-3, plate 2). Mineralization at Mike is subdivided into West Mike in the footwall of the Good Hope fault, and Main Mike within the hanging wall. The gold system is of the Carlin type, like other deposits in the district and on the Carlin trend. However, there are two additional mineral systems at Mike related to contact metamorphism and the supergene environment. West Mike is an analog of the Gold Quarry deposit, with mineralization occurring in the Rodeo Creek unit and the upper Popovich Formation, 1,000 to 2,000 feet (300600 m) southwest of the Good Hope fault (plate 3). The upper third of the Rodeo Creek unit and the entire upper-plate section are eroded. Main Mike is an analog of the Tusc deposit, with mineralization occurring in the Roberts Mountains Formation silty limestone in the immediate hanging wall of the Good Hope fault. The Paleozoic section at Mike is covered by 400 to 800 feet (120240 m) of postmineral Carlin Formation volcaniclastic rock and gravel, in comparison to the less restrictive cover thicknesses of 100 to 300 feet (3090 m) at Gold Quarry and 0 to 100 feet (030 m) at Tusc. The Roberts Mountains thrust is eroded at West Mike, but may have provided a confining cap to Carlin-type hydrothermal fluids, as at Gold Quarry (plate 3 and fig. I-6). Northwesttrending anticlines at Mike and southwest Gold Quarry also apparently control gold mineralization. North- to northnortheast-striking faults at Mike align with better gold trends (fig. I-8), as do the similar-striking Deep Sulfide Feeder fault at Gold Quarry (fig. I-7) and the North-South Feeder fault at Tusc (fig. I-13). At Mike, Carlin-type gold mineralization is also concentrated along northeast-striking faults. Gold mineralization, the zone of oxidation, and the overlying Carlin Formation are also systematically down-dropped to the northwest (plate 3) along northeast-striking faults (e.g., Soap Creek and Independence faults). The same is true at Gold Quarry, only the section is stair-stepped down in the opposite direction, to the southeast, away from the Schroeder Mountain horst (figs. I-4 and I-6, plate 3). North-striking faults throughout the district display significant Carlin offset (e.g., North-pointing Dog fault between Mike and Tusc; Tuff and Dewater faults on the east margin of Gold Quarry; see plate 2). The host section to Carlin-type mineralization at Mike is contact metamorphosed to quartz and calc-silicate hornfels, local marble, and sparse diopside-grossularite skarn (McComb, 1992a). It is also potassium metasomatised (Larsen, 1994a, b;
Williams, 1994; Odekirk, 1998a, b, c). Other Maggie Creek district gold deposits are hosted in mostly unmetamorphosed rocks, although marble locally occurs at southwest Gold Quarry and the cherty siltstone at that deposit (figs. I-5 and I-6) may be a hornfels rock. At Mike, quartz-base metal and quartzcarbonate-sulfosalt veins occur throughout the hornfels section; scheelite and powellite occur near the base of hornfels; and molybdenite is locally concentrated with skarn. Carlin-type gold mineralization is similar to that at Gold Quarry. Strataform gold is concentrated within a broad decalcified envelope, and is higher grade within a basal dolomitic zone. Sparse, intermediate to mafic dikes at both deposits are gold mineralized and clay altered. Gold is apparently concentrated in micron-size arsenian pyrite rims coating euhedral, coarser-grained pyrite (Odekirk, 1998a). Alteration products are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits: sooty pyrite/marcasite, variable silicification, kaolinite, sulfidesilica-matrix breccia, and local quartz-orpiment veins and replacement. Dissolution-collapse breccia is present within the upper Popovich section, but is not as well developed as along the Chukar-Alunite Zone at Gold Quarry (fig. I-6) at this same stratigraphic position. Well-developed secondary copper, zinc, and silver concentrations overprint contact-metamorphic and Carlin-type mineralization. These secondary metal concentrations occur within a preserved oxide zone below the Carlin Formation on the down-dropped northwest margin of Schroeder Mountain. Copper occurs in two layers above and parallel to the present base of oxidation. Layers probably represent oxidized chalcocite blankets formed along paleo-water tables. Zinc and silver are concentrated within the top of the sulfide zone, apparently products of supergene processes at the present sulfide-oxide interface. Secondary copper, zinc, and silver are also present in lower concentrations at Tusc and Gold Quarry (plate 2). Flat-lying, disconformable, higher-grade, oxide-zone gold bodies within the centers of Main Mike and Tusc may also be products of supergene concentration. MAC DEPOSIT Mac is a small, low-grade (0.020 opt [0.69 g/t] average) gold deposit located approximately 3,500 feet (1,070 m) northwest of the Gold Quarry pit. Mac was discovered in 1985 and a 77,000-ounce (2.4-t) oxide gold reserve is currently in production. Mac is hosted primarily by sedimentary rocks of the Rodeo Creek unit. Host rocks are laminated to thin-bedded siltstone and rhythmically bedded, siliceous mudstone with thin argillaceous silt interbeds. About 10% of the ore is present in the Popovich Formation, which consists primarily of laminated silty limestone with thin interbeds of massive micritic limestone. Host strata are intensely folded and fractured. The deposit is approximately 1,800 feet (540 m) southwest of and in the footwall of the Good Hope fault. Numerous northwest-striking faults run through the deposit, including the district-scale Hewettite-Ice fault that extends northwest from Gold Quarry. Postmineral movement along the Hewettite-Ice fault caused oblique-slip offset of gold mineralization
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(approximately 250 feet [75 m] in plan view). Several smaller, northwest-striking faults at Mac are occupied by strongly altered dikes. Pre-mining interpretations suggested that the deposit was controlled by two subparallel low-angle, northeaststriking, northwest-dipping thrust faults that were later reactivated as low-angle normal faults. These low-angle faults are not readily apparent in the open pit, but the northeast trend of gold ore, along with strong folding, suggests northeasttrending structural control. Gold in oxide ore occurs as disseminated, submicroscopic, native particles. In reduced ore, gold occurs in direct association with pyrite. Alteration at Mac is generally weak, with silicification dominant in the Rodeo Creek unit and decalcification and argillization more common in carbonate rocks of the underlying Popovich Formation. Silicification is incomplete; there are also minor quartz vein occurrences. Thin sericite/illite coatings along bedding and fracture planes are common in siliceous rocks. Northwest-striking dikes are strongly clay altered. Aside from several minor jasperoid outcrops, alteration was not obvious at the surface prior to mining. and Chemical Company of Berkeley, California. Limited underground workings exploited massive, northwest-striking barite veins in the Roberts Mountains Formation. Total production from three adits, the longest of which was 645 feet (197 m), was 10,000 tons (9,000 t) of barite ore with a specific gravity of 4.2 (Roberts and others, 1967). GOOD HOPE #7 MINE Operated in 1937, the Good Hope #7 Mine was less than 300 feet (90 m) from the Gold Quarry discovery outcrop. A large, milky white barite vein had a northwest strike and dipped northeast along the Good Hope fault (Roberts and others, 1967). This 200-foot (60-m) long, 3- to 6-foot (12 m) wide vein was the same vein mined for base metals and silver at the Nevada Star Mine to the northwest. Mining was accomplished through a short adit and several glory holes in a large jasperoid body near the veins intersection with the Gold Quarry fault system. Host rock was highly silicified and brecciated Roberts Mountains Formation. All traces of this mine were removed in the early 1990s by the final northwest layback of Gold Quarry. MAGGIE CLAIMS (GOLD QUARRY) These workings were located in the SWc Sec. 35, T34N, R51E, and represent the first mining and investigation of what would eventually become the Gold Quarry Mine. Two short adits were centered in an iron-stained, sheared and fractured quartzite and chert (Roberts and others, 1967). These altered rocks are known today to have been a part of the Gold Quarry discovery jasperoid, consisting of silicified and brecciated limestone of the Popovich Formation. Production for 1936 was listed as 60 tons (55 t) of ore grading 0.40 opt (14 g/t) gold and 0.80 opt (27 g/t) silver (Vanderburg, 1938).
Vein-Type Mineral Deposits

COPPER KING MINE At the historical Copper King Mine approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwest of Gold Quarry, adjacent to the Tusc gold mine (fig. I-3), oxidized copper ore occurred in small veins in silicified siltstone, siliceous mudstone, and limestone. Mineral zones were located along N60E-striking shear zones in the Rodeo Creek unit. Mine development consisted of a 180-foot (54-m) twincompartment shaft with working levels at 90 and 180 feet (27 and 54 m), two short adits, and two small open cuts. Copper ores shipped from the mine in 195758 contained chrysocolla, azurite, malachite, and cuprite. Small amounts of gold and silver also were produced. Roberts and others (1967) listed production for this period at 158 carloads (about 14,000 tons [13,000 t]). Tusc mine dumps covered surface traces of historical mining. NEVADA STAR MINE (GOOD HOPE) The historical Nevada Star Mine is located along the Good Hope fault just outside the northwest Gold Quarry pit limits. Development centered on a northwest-striking vein that dips steeply northeast in highly silicified silty limestone of the Roberts Mountains Formation. A 225-foot (69-m) inclined shaft with 90 feet (27 m) of lateral workings exploited a 3- to 6-foot (12 m) wide vein of barite containing significant pods of galena, silver, and copper carbonates between 1906 and 1909 (Roberts and others, 1967). SCHROEDER MOUNTAIN MINE (ALSO KNOWN AS MAGGIE CREEK MINE) Not to be confused with the 1980s-vintage open-pit mine to the south, the historical Maggie Creek (Schroeder Mountain) Mine was located on Southern Pacific Railroad property (fig. I-3). The mine was developed in 1937 by the Industrial Minerals
Other Mineral Deposits and Prospects

RAINBOW PROPERTY Rainbow is located on the eastern edge of the Carlin Window about 2 miles (3 km) northeast of Gold Quarry (fig. I-3). An irregularly distributed mass of disseminated gold mineralization is present near the Gold Quarry fault zone in thrust-faulted carbonate and siliceous rocks. A significant color anomaly is present in surface exposures of altered Roberts Mountains Formation and Rodeo Creek unit rocks. Although exploration by Newmont in the early 1980s outlined 2.5 million tons (2.3 Mt) averaging 0.021 opt (0.72 g/t) gold, repeated evaluation by Newmont and other companies through the late 1980s and early 1990s failed to produce a mineable reserve. LITTLE HOPE PROSPECT The Little Hope prospect is centered on a prominent jasperoid outcrop located on the Good Hope fault between Gold Quarry and Tusc (fig. I-3). This prospect has been the subject of numerous surface sampling and mapping campaigns. Although no significant gold values were reported in samples from the
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surface, 19891993 exploration drilling adjacent to and northeast of the outcrop encountered continuous, low-grade gold mineralization in the hanging wall of the Good Hope fault. A small resource was delineated, but during definition drilling, metallurgical testing revealed low gold recoveries in columnleach tests. Silica encapsulation of gold particles prevents economic extraction with cyanide. RIMROCK PROSPECT Exploration drilling in the early 1990s of bedded jasperoid on the south rim of Maggie Creek Canyon at the historical Rimrock barite prospect encountered approximately 90 feet (27 m) of 0.02 opt (0.7 g/t) gold. Follow-up drilling failed to extend this intercept laterally.
Discussion of Age of Mineralization and Genetic Models

Numerous workers have suggested disseminated metal deposits of the Maggie Creek district are the culmination of several widely spaced mineral-concentrating events occurring in the Paleozoic through Tertiary (Rota, 1991; Sha, 1993; Branham and Arkell, 1995; Teal and Branham, 1997). However, Carlintype deposits are difficult to date and a wide range of ages has been postulated and debated (Hofstra and others, 1999). In the Maggie Creek district, this is also the case and is compounded by the scarcity of crosscutting, dateable, igneous rocks. Jurassic-Cretaceous dikes of intermediate to mafic composition occur throughout the Carlin trend (Teal and Jackson, 1997a). These dikes are locally altered, sulfidized, and gold-bearing, and therefore provide a maximum age to main-stage mineralization. In the Maggie Creek district, similar dikes occur dominantly in northwest-striking faults (e.g., Good Hope fault) indicating these important gold-controlling structural zones had developed by the time of Mesozoic igneous activity. Secondary potassium feldspar from an altered and gold mineralized (0.043 opt [1.5 g/t]) dike in the Good Hope fault zone at the Mike deposit yielded a K/Ar date of 107 Ma (Branham, 1994). This is a probable maximum age for hydrothermal activity in the district. In the northern Carlin trend, Tertiary-age dikes are also hydrothermally altered and locally gold-bearing. Emsbo and others (1996) reported a date of 39 Ma from a gold-bearing, biotite-feldspar porphyry dike in the Post-Betze deposit. Alunite at Gold Quarry dated at 27 Ma by Heitt (1992) is probably supergene and crosscuts gold mineralization. Gold mineralization predates the barren Miocene Carlin Formation. Although not definitive, the available information indicates gold mineralization in the Maggie Creek district is dominantly
related to a mid-Tertiary hydrothermal event that was preceded by a Cretaceous-age, gold-bearing base-metal event. Both of these mineral systems were greatly affected by late Cenozoic supergene oxidation and acid leaching. This most recent event resulted in the formation of exotic copper overprinting gold at the Mike deposit (Teal and others, 1994; Norby and Orobona, this volume) and the development of oxide gold ore at considerable depth at Gold Quarry and Tusc. Mid-Tertiary dikes have been dated on the Carlin trend north and south of the Maggie Creek area, although they have not been identified in this district. Nevertheless, the multiphased rhyolite to granodiorite (Thompson, 1994) Welches Canyon stock dated at 37 Ma (Evans, 1980) is located 3 to 5 miles (58 km) west of the district and geophysical data suggest a similar intrusion may occur at depth below the Maggie Creek area (Wright, 1999, personal commun.). The genetic model for the formation of sedimentary-rockhosted Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Maggie Creek district favored by the authors involves mid-Tertiary crustal extension and focused fluid flow along dilatant structural zones. Deposits are localized along a master structural zone, the Good Hope fault, which earlier controlled the intrusion of mafic to intermediate dikes of probable Jurassic-Cretaceous age. A deeply buried Tertiary intrusion is envisioned as the heat source to drive a number of large and probably longlived hydrothermal cells. Deeply circulating meteoric groundwater may have scavenged sulfur from diagenetic sulfide minerals in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, forming H2Sconcentrated ore fluids capable of transporting large quantities of gold. Gold precipitated with fine-grained, arsenian sulfide on preexisting iron-bearing minerals, primarily pyrite.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The geologic observation, description, and interpretation of a world-class mineral district begins with an obscure past, grows with project development, overwhelms during mining, and continues as extensions are discovered. The work presented herein is the culmination of efforts over many years by many geologists. The authors thank those that have endured cold, snow, mud, and heat to record the geology and mineralization of the Maggie Creek mining district. The authors acknowledge Stephen Castor, Steve Peters, Jonathan Price, John Read, Lewis Teal, Tommy Thompson, Joseph Tingley, and James Wright for their edits and comments that greatly improved this paper. The management of Newmont Mining Corporation is thanked for permission to publish this article. We also thank Jeanette Hunter, Randall Largent, John Renas, and Susan Tingley for the high quality graphics work.
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Geology and Mineralization of The Maggie Creek District

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Maggie Creek District