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Goals
Tointroducealltheelementsandtools thatareneededtocalculatearadio link Todiscusseachoftheseelements Toenableustoevaluateresultsinclose touchwithreality
TableofContents
Whatisalinkbudget? Elementsofaradiolink
Transmittingside Propagatingside Receivingside
Howtocalculatealinkbudget
WhatisaLinkBudget?
Theaccountingofallofthegainsand lossesfromtransmittertoreceiver. Agoodlinkbudgetisessentialfora functioninglink. Estimationoflosses/gainsinaradiolink Suitabledesign Adequatechoiceofequipment
ElementsofaRadioLink
Transmittingside
Transmittingpower,cableloss,antenna gain
Propagatingside
FS(P)L,Fresnelzone
Receivingside
Antennagain,cableloss,receiver sensibility
ElementsofaRadioLink
Transmittingside
FreeSpaceReceivingside
RadioLinkEquation
+Transmitterpower[dBm] CableTXloss[dB] +AntennaTXgain[dBi] FreeSpacePathLoss[dB] +AntennaRXgain[dBi] CableRXloss[dB] =MarginReceiverSensitivity[dBm]
TransmitPower(Tx)
Thepoweroutputoftheradiocard. Theupperlimitdependsonregulatory limits. Typicalvaluefor802.11b/2.4GHzis 20dBm=100mW
CableLoss
Lossesduetoattenuation Antennacableshouldbeasshortaspossible Frequencydependent Checkdatasheetsandverify Typicallossvaluesrangefrom 1dB/mto<0.1dB/m Thelowertheloss,themoreexpensivethe cable
CableLoss
Cabletype RG58 RG213 LMR200 LMR400 Aircomplus LMR600 1/2Flexline 7/8Flexline C2FCP Heliax Heliax7/8 Loss[db/100m] ca80100 ca50 50 22 22 14 12 6,6 21 12 7
LossesinConnectors
Lossesinconnectors(0.25dBper connector) Dependentonfrequencyandtypeof connector Lossesinlightningarrestors(1dB)
Amplifiers
Maycompensateforcableloss Maychangefrequencycharacteristicsand addnoise Considerlegallimits Intelligentlyoptimizedantennasandhigh receivesensitivityarebetterthanbrute forceamplification
Amplifiers
Whata(cheap)amplifiermightdo:
before after
AntennaTransmitterSide
Antennagainsrangefrom 2dBi(simpleintegratedantenna) 5dBi(standardomnidirectional) 820dBi(panel/patchantennas) 1827dBi(parabolic) Verifythatyoureallygetthenominalgain Tiltlosses,Polarizationlosses,etc.
FreeSpaceLoss
Proportionaltothesquareofthedistance Proportionaltothesquareoftheradiofrequency FSL(dB) = 20log10(d) + 20log10(f) 147.5 d = distance [m] f = frequency [Hz] assuming isotropic antenna
FreeSpaceLoss
Distance[km] 1 10 100 915Mhz 92dB 112dB 132dB 2,4Ghz 100dB 120dB 140dB 5,8GHz 108dB 128dB 148dB
LinearApproximationofFSL
dBmeters(2.4/5.4Ghz)
140 120 100
dB
meters
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
Obstaclesituatedinthemiddle(d1=d2):
r =17,32 d / 4f
Theradiuscontaining60%ofthetotal power:
r 60 percent =10,4 d / 4f
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
Distance[km] 1 10 100 915Mhz 9 29 90 2,4Ghz 6 18 56 5,8GHz 4 11 36 Height[m](rel.earth*) 0,02 2 200
FreeSpacePropagation: Fresnelzones
Calculationsarethesameasfor transmitterside
ReceivingSensitivity
Tellsyoutheminimumvalueofpower thatisneededtosuccessfullydecode/ extractlogicalbitsandachievea certainbitrate Thelowerthesensitivity,thebetterthe radioreceiver. A10dBdifferencehereisjustas importantas10dBgaininanantenna
ReceivingSensitivity
Card
OrinococardsPCMCIASilver/Gold Senao802.11bcard
11Mbps 82dBm 89
5,5Mbps 87dBm 91
2Mbps 91dBm 93
1Mbp 94dBm 95
MarginandSNR
Margin=Signalreceivedinthereceiver sensitivity ItisnotenoughthatS>N MarginbetweenSignalandNoise(SNR)is alsoneeded:typicallyatleast8to10dB Marginforaworkinglink
TermsandConcepts
LinkBudget/PowerBudget/System Gain
Acalculationofsignal/powerthroughout thesystem
Systemoperatingmargin Signalreceivedsensitivity
TermsandConcepts
EIRP(EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower) MaximumRadiatedPower 100mWinEurope 14Winothercountries EIRP=TransmitterPowerLossesincables andconnectors)+AntennaGain(dBi).
CalculatingwithdB
Decibelisdimensionless(likepercent) dB=10*log(P(W)/(1W)) dBm=10*log(P/0.001)=10*log(P(W)/1(mW)) dBi=dBrelativetoanidealisotropicantenna (theonepointsource) Decibelunitscanbeaddedandsubtracted andtheresultswillremaindimensionless
CalculatingwithdB
TheGoldenRule: Duplicatingthepowerisequalto adding3dB Reducingthepowerbyhalfisequal tosubtracting3dB
TheCompleteLinkBudget
Tworealisticexamplestodiscuss Thekeyquestionis Howmuchmargindoyouneed foraworkinglink?
TheCompleteLinkBudget
+Transmitterpower[dBm] CableTXloss[dB] +AntennaTXgain[dBi] FreeSpacePathLoss[dB] +AntennaRXgain[dBi] CableRXloss[dB] =MarginReceiverSensitivity[dBm]
CompleteLinkBudget: Example1
Distance:50kms Frequency:2,4GHz
Element Transmitoutput Cableandconnectors AntennaTX FSL AntennaRX Cableandconnectors ReceiveSensibility Total:(margin)
Value
CompleteLinkBudget: Example2
Element
Value
FactorsFromHigherOSI Layers
Notonlythephysicallayerdeterminesthe performanceoflinks Drivers,implementationsandsettings affectstheperformance Timingsettingsofwirelesscardsbecomes relevantforlonglinks(SIFSandDIFS!)
SourcesofLat/Long,elevation anddistancedata
Localknowledge Measure! GPSdata ShuttleRadarTopographyMission(SRTM) project Aviationsites,airportlocators Hamradiosites,Islamicsites Citylists
RadioMobileSoftware
Integratednetworkplanning,LOSandcoverage calculationsbasedonterraindata Freesoftwarefromtheham(amateur)radioscene ForWindows Canuseelevationdatafromvarioussources: HGT,DTED,GLOBE,SRTM30,GTOPO,...formats Canintegratemapsandbackgrounds,GISdata http://www.cplus.org/rmw/english1.html
RadioMobileSoftware
RadioMobileSoftware
RadioMobileSoftware
RadioMobileSoftware
RadioMobileSoftware
RadioMobileSoftware
Conclusions
Agoodlinkbudgetisthebasic requirementofawellfunctioninglink Lossestakesplaceineveryelement alongthetransmissionpath Limitingthelossesisthekeyissue Manyonlinefreetoolsavailable