LYCEUM NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DAGUPAN CITY, PANGASINAN GRADUATE SCHOOL MASTER IN EDUCATION-ENGLISH DISCUSSANT : LOVELY M. CUISON PROFESSOR : DR.

VIRGINIA MALICDEM COURSE : PHONETICS AND PHONEMICS DATE :

MORPHS, ALLOMORPHS AND MORPHEMES

Phonology is the study of sounds of language. It is concerned with the description of all speech sounds or phones, the significant sounds or phonemes (both segmentals and suprasegmentals), and the variants of those sounds or allophones resulting changes in the environment of the said sounds. A parallel may be drawn between phonology and morphology, the study of meaningful units or morphemes of the language.

PHONOLOGY (The Study of Speech Sounds) Phones- speech sound Phonemessignificant speech sounds Allophones- variants of significant speech sounds

MORPHOLOGY (The Study of Meaningful Units) Morphs- meaningful units Morphemes- significant meaningful units Allomorphs- variants of a significant meaningful unit

Morphs are the meaningful units of language. They may come in the form of affixes or root words. Whatever form they take, the morphs signal meaning. Examples of these would be un to signal negation when it is affixed to a word, and able to indicate capacity to do a task Put together, the word unable would mean lacking the capacity to do something.

1. Plural-marking affixes 2. Past-tense-marking affixes

3. 4. 5. 6.

Negative-marking affixes Feminine gender-marking Actor-marking affixes Diminutive size-marking affixes

s, en,0 morph(e.g.deer-deer)where there is no change in the form singular or plural ed, change in vowel, change in vowel + final t, 0 morph (e.g. put-put) where the same form is used to signal past time and present time. un, in, il, ir, im, dis, non ess, ine ar, or, er, ist et, ette, ine

All of those affixes are allomorphs or variants of the same morpheme since they signal the same meaning. They differ because of the change in their environment or the word they are attached.

Give the negative-marking morpheme that would to these words. Note that the words to which they are to be attached actually have the same roots. However, they now belong to different classes. They may be nouns, verbs, or adjectives. As such the negative marking affix attached to them would also differ. Ex. operable Inoperable operational non-operational

The root word of the two terms in the example is the verb operate. With the addition of the affix able, the resulting term is an adjective to which we may add the negative-marking prefix in. On the other hand, with the addition of the affix ion the resulting term is first a noun and with the further addition of the affix al, the term also becomes an adjective. But this time, we add the negative-marking affix non instead of in. Add the negative marking-morpheme to the following words: 1. _____gratitude 6. _____print 11. _____believer 16. _____stopped 2. _____ability 7. _____consolate 12. _____equal 17. _____able 3. _____belief 8. _____stop 13. _____pleasant 18. _____believable 4. _____equality 9. _____grateful 14. _____printable 19. _____equivalent 5._____pleased 10._____abled 15. _____consolable 20. _____agree

Sometimes, a phonemic change occurs in the morphemes because of the environment in which it occurs. When this happens, then we refer to it as a morphophonemic change. This is true of the final s plural-marking morpheme and the final ed past time-marking morpheme as shown in Set A and Set B. SET A s = /s/ ships masts rocks reefs shrimps s = /z/ crabs clams shells waves stones es =/iz/
fishes seahorses watches buzzes ledges

SET B ed= /t/ chopped walked laughed missed watched ed=/d/ Watered Pruned Climbed Cleared Plowed ed=/id/ Planted Cultivated Uprooted Decided Demanded