OSPF (Open Shortest Path First )

Open Shortest path First (OSPF ) is a Link state Routing Protocol . It is Open standard Routing protocol that means can support any Vendors unlike EIGRP. OSPF use Dijkstra algorithm to find the Shortest path First in the network. Link state protocol update Routing table when change accure in the Routing topology and then it create Link state Advertisement (LSA) . OSPF support Classless IP address.

OSPF Feature

OSPF support Classless OSPF provide fast conversion comparison to RIP OSPF allow scalability OSPF Support VLSM/CIDR OSPF is a Open standard protocol which support multiple vendor deployment . OSPF has Unlimited hop Count.

Link State Advertisement (LSA) -: Router use LSA to learn about the topology of entire network area. Link is Router interface which assign to the nework. LSA is contain Link state and routing information in the network which shared to the other router in the network. Router do not send update their entire Routing table only send update when change occur in the network. Router ID- : Router ID (RID ) is highest IP address of the Router among the all Loopback interfaces available. Router ID used to represent Router in the network. if there is no any Loopback address found on the Router interfaces then it will take highest active IP address of Configure interfaces. Loopback address has the advantage never going down.

Neighbor -: when a two or more then two Router connected with point to point serial link , then both router is neighbor for each other.

Booting Process of Cisco Router

When Power on the Router then First it will do POST (Power on Self Test ) . The POST analyze Hardware Component of Router . It verify that all Router interface properly working or not . After the POST it will boot itself with help of Program which is store in ROM. After POST it search the Location of IOS in flash memory ( Internetwork OS). Bootstrap program responsible for finding IOS Program. After IOS found it will loaded in to RAM. After loading IOS it will go to NVRAM for Valid Configuration , If Configuration is available in NVRAM , then it will go to CLI mode.

VLAN(Virtual LAN ) is a method which can make logical group without changing physical location of switch . VLAN uses logical group of user besides there geographical location. when in a switch VLAN has not created that switch has only one VLAN that is known as default VLAN.In the Default VLAN all port of switch assign to the default VLAN and it is uses single broadcast domain .

Vlan are broadcast domain define between switch allow to control broadcast domain it means frame broadcast on to the network are only switched between the port logically grouped with in the same VLAN. VLAN create Separate broadcast Domain. Administrator can put some switch port VLAN 10 and some port to VLAN 20 . Broadcast between these device will not seen by any other port . we can put a group of user in a specific VLAN which is related to user and different group of user will not communicate with each other There are Two type of VLAN

1. Static VLAN - Static VLAN increase the Security Because network administrator manually Create VLAN and assign port to the VLAN. In Static VLAN if the user change port then he can not access connect with that VLAN. 2. Dynamic VLAN- Dynamic VLAN Automatically assign port to the VlAN. whenever any device want to connect with port then MAC address automatically stored in Database. when any device connect with Unassigned port then VMPS (VLAN Management Policy Server ) look for the MAC address of that Device . VMPS (VLAN Management policy server used for the Dynamically address of VLANs HUB

HUB is a least expansive device. It used to connect segment of a LAN. When frame come to a port then hub transmit that frame to all outgoing port. It is a half duplex device. It is a layer one device of OSI model.

SWITCH

Switch is a expansive device comprises to hub. Switch is used to filter and forward packet between the LAN segment. If user A send any packet to user B then then it will examine on which port user B is connected then switch forward that packet only that port instead of all out going port. It is a full duplex device It is a layer one device of OSI model

Open shortest path first(OSPF)

Open shortest path first(OSPF) is a link state routing protocol and open standard protocol mean to say that it can be used with any vendor not like EIGRP . it is interior gateway routing protocol used to distribute routing information with in an autonomous system. In OSPF if changed occur in the network then router will multicasts the routing information to all the nodes in the network . so that all nodes will be the same routing information .

OSPF uses Dijkstra uses algorithm to find the best route in the network to forward packet from source to destination . it is uses SPF tree for route calculation to find the neighbor . OSPF Properties-:

It is classless so it support VLSM/CIDR. It has unlimited Hop count. It is support multiple vendor . Minimizing routing update traffic. Allow scalability. Its A.D value 110. It support equal cast load balancing . It is also support authentication.

OSPF matric-: To maintain and manage network it create three table . Neighbor table- It store the information about neighbor ID and their status up/ down . it is the list of all router for which hello packet has been sent. Topology table- It store the information about topology which using in the network and also keep the information about alternate route to reach the destination. Routing table-: It store the information about the best route and all possible route .It is generated when the when algorithm run on the link state database. each router has unique routing table. OSPF Terminology OSPF area OSPF allow the autonomous system divided up in to contiguous group of network and router . In the network all router which is connected in the same area share the same area ID. it has the range of 0 to 4.2 billion . all router have same topology table which is associated with same area Router ID Router ID used to identify the Router in the OSPF network . It is the highest IP address which is configure on the all loopback interface . if there is no any loopback interface configure with IP address then it will choose highest IP address from active interface. Link Link is an router interface which is connect with any network when any new interface will connect connect to the OSPF process then that is considered by OSPF as a link

Adjacency EIGRP share directly route with all its neighbor when neighbor will become adjacent but OSPF will not directly share its routes with neighbor until that have also establish adjacencies . it is a listing of all neighbor to which router have establish bi-directional communication. Link state Advertisement Link state advertisement(LSA) contain Link state and routing information . Router used LSA to learn topology of entire network . LSA send when change occur in the topology.

Enhance interior gateway protocol(EIGRP)

Enhance interior gateway protocol(EIGRP) is a balance hybrid protocol and also cisco properties protocol it means this protocol only can support Cisco environment or Cisco devices . to find the best path it uses lowest metric if the Router has multiple link then the best path is selected on the basis of the lowest metric. it is include the subnetmask in its routing update . Balance hybrid protocol is a protocol which uses both the properties distance vector and linkstate protocol are known as balance hybrid protocol .

Properties of EIGRP

It is support classless network. It is also support VLSM and CIDR. It is support authentication . its A.D value is 90. Its default hop count is 100 and max 255. It is send incremental update. It is loop free protocol because it doesn't support periodic update. EIGRP Metric

To calculate the metric value for select the best path it is uses combination of four

Bandwidth Delay Load Reliability

Bandwidth is the amount of data which is transfer in the certain amount of time is known as bandwith. EIGRP select lowest bandwidth in the calculation of bandwidth. Delay is the elapsed time of the packet from the sender to receiver is known as delay . the delay used by the EIGRP in metric calculation its divided by 10.

Load is the actual traffic present over the line is known as load.it is calculated in the fraction of 255. 1/255= 0% load Reliability is the term which is define the reliability of any route it depend upon the error experienced by rout it is also calculated in the fraction of 255. 255/255= 100% reliable EIGRP component Protocol dependent module-: EIGRP support different protocol IP,IPX, Apple talk which responsible for routing specific task EIGRP as different module or different protocol like IPX , EIGRP , Apple talk RTP(Reliability transport protocol)-: It is a protocol used by the EIGRP to ensure the delivery is going as reliable and in a sequence EIGRP used hello message to find the neighbor . it uses multicast delivery with the help of multicast address 224.0.0.10 hello are sent as multicast. Neighbor Discovery-: After finding the neighbor relation known as adjacency after the information of adjacency router exchange their database with each other and update routing table . If one neighbor does not give reply of the hello message which are send as multicast then the router send 15 multicast message to that particular neighbor . DUAL( Diffusing algorithm)-: Dual provide fast converging process to EIGRP algorithm . It is totally different in compare of bollan ford algorithm (RIP). Note- EIGRP uses 50% bandwidth for its own processing it is heavy protocol mainly it is uses in the large network . EIGRP uses autonomous system to represent their Router it has the range of 1-65535 all the router must use the same A.S.

Routing Information protocol (RIP)

Routing information protocol (RIP) is a Distance vector protocol which used to find the best path based on the hope count in the network . RIP perform routing only single autonomous system because it is a interior gateway protocol . Number of hops in the RIP is limited that why it prevent from routing looping because no of hops will exceed (means 16 hop) considered as unreachable . RIP has max number of hop 15. In which path of remote network number of hops will be less that path considered as best path for route packet to the destination . There are two type version of RIP one is RIPv1 and second is RIPv2 . RIPv1 is a classfull routing protocol which means all device in the network must be used same subnetmask because RIP v1 does not send update with subnetmask in the network. RIPv2 can also support authentication .

Properties of RIP

It can only support classfull network. It can not support classless network. It can not support VLSM and CIDR. It can also support subneting . It has A.D is of 120. It has max hop count 15. It support 6 equal cost path for load balancing.

RIP uses four type of timers which help to regulate RIP performance

Routing update timer-: This time explain that how much time Router waits to send the updates routing table information to all the neighbors its time interval is 30 second. Hold down timer-: This timer explain that how much time router can hold unused information this happen when received indicate that route is unreachable . the default timer is 180 second . Invalid timer-: If Router has not heard update about particular route in a period when timer will over then router send out update to all the neighbor for inform that the route is invalid the default timer is 180 second. Flushed timer-: It is explain that how much time a router waits to flush a route after being invalid. the default timer is 240 second.

What is Routing Protocol

There are three classes of Routing protocol 1- Distance vector-: Those protocol which is find the best path to a remote network on the basis of distance vector protocol and the vector indicate the direction . The route Route consider as a best Route which is with least number of Hope(Router). Distance vector Routing protocol send all routing table in routing update but only neighbor Router .

2-Link state -: Link state routing protocol know more about the inter network comprises to Distance vector protocol it is also used to packet switching in the network . it is determine the topology in the inter network. 2- Balance hybrid -: Those protocol which is used both the properties of Distance vector and link state protocol are known as balance hybrid protocol

What is Dynamic Routing

A type of Routing in which protocol are used to find best and shortest path for route the data for the destination and also used to find network and dynamically update Routing table. Dynamic Routing protocol also support application software which are running on the router . there are several protocol using in the dynamic routing which is known as Routing protocol. There are two type of Routing protocol-:

1. IGP(Interior getaway protocol)-: Those protocol which are used inside autonomous system for find the best and shortest path in the network known as IGP . Such as - RIP, RIPv2,IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF etc. 2. EGP(exterior getaway protocol)-: Those protocol which are using between the autonomous system are known as EGP. Such as BGP( Border getaway protocol) Autonomous System-: Collection of multiple network under a common administrative domain is known as autonomous system .

Administrative distance-: The trust worthiness of the routing information from sending router is know as Administrative distance . it is a rating of the trustworthiness of the routing information source . it is integer from 0 to 255 . 0 means trusted(directly connected) and 255 means router never reach.

Protocol Directly connected Static route EIGRP IGRP OSPF RIP Router never reach

Administrative distance 0 1 90 100 110 120 255

What is Network Layer Protocol .

Layer 3 Protocol in OSI Model Also called Network Layer Protocol . It is also knows as Internet Protocol. Router work on the Network Layer. It work based on IP Address, it used to transfer data from one network to another network in the form of packet .

Network Layer Functions.

It Provide Logical address Scheme IP Header added at Network Layer It Chooses Best path to Network Layer Caries the data in the Chosen Path

Routing Protocol => Find all Possible path and chooses best Path .

RIP - Routing Information Protocol IGRP - Interior Gateway Routing Protocol EIGRP -Enhance IGRP OSPF - Open Shortest Path First ISIS - Intermidiat System to Intermediat System

Routed Protocol

IP IPX Apple Talk