Chem 006 J.

Walcott

Handout #9 Fall 2004

Review Guide #6
Lectures: 9/27/04 10/1/04: Chapters 5 and 6
Chapter 5: The Behavior of Gases I. Variations on the Gas Equation Since gases obey the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT, it can be used to calculate gas properties under various circumstances. Any of the four variables in the ideal gas equation may change, and any may remain constant. A good way to approach gas calculations is to set the variables that do not change to a constant, then set up an appropriate proportion equating the same variables under different conditions. II. Determination of Molar Mass The ideal gas equation can be used to find the molar mass of an unknown gas:

PV = nRT

and n = m/MM(molar mass)

m/MM = PV/RT so MM = mRT/PV

III. Chemistry of the Atmosphere Please refer to your class notes this week concerning the following topics: acid rain, photochemical smog, the greenhouse effect, the ozone layer and its depletion. You can also refer to your text pages 227-229 concerning photochemical smog and acid rain and pages 687691 concerning ozone. Chemistry, by McMurry and Faye Chapter 9 has a section on acid rain, the greenhouse effect and the ozone layer. Chapter 6: Atoms and Light I. The Wave Nature of Light A. Light can be considered to be a wave, because it consists of an oscillating electromagnetic field. 1. The wavelength ( ) is the distance from peak to peak. 2. The amplitude (A) is the height measured from the midpoint between peak and trough. 3. The frequency ( ) is the number of peaks that pass a fixed point per unit time, usually expressed as s1, which is called a Hertz (Hz) (1 Hz = 1 s1). 4. A node is a point that remains stationary, or has zero amplitude. B. An inverse relationship exists between the wavelength and frequency of a wave: 1 / The speed of light, c, is 3.00 x 108 m/s, and is the same for all light waves:

(m) (s-1) = c (m/s)

Chem 006 Page 2

Handout #9 Fall 2004

C. You should be familiar with the types of electromagnetic radiation found in the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light is actually only a very small portion of this spectrum. Waves can only detect objects with dimensions of at least their wavelength. To detect objects that are smaller than 106 m, then, it is necessary to use waves having < 106 m. For example, bacteria can be detected with an optical microscope ( 106 m), but viruses, which are considerably smaller, must be detected with an electron microscope ( 109 m). II. Quantum Effects and Photons A. In 1900, Max Planck proposed that radiant energy cannot be absorbed or emitted in variable amounts. Rather, energy can be absorbed or emitted only in discrete units called quanta. The energy associated with one quantum is given by the following expression: E = h = hc / where h is Plancks constant, 6.626 x 1034 Js B. In 1905, Albert Einstein used Plancks idea of quantization to explain the photoelectric effect. 1. The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal when light shines on it. Classical physics could not explain why electrons are only observed when the frequency of the light is above some threshold frequency, and why the intensity of the light affected the number of electrons ejected, but not the energy of those electrons. 2. To explain, Einstein proposed that light actually exists as a beam of particles, called photons. Each photon has an energy given by Plancks equation: E = h = hc / = mc2 so, m = h / c

3. Light has a dual nature, then. In some situations, it is best thought of as a wave, while, at other times, it is best thought of as a beam of particles. This apparent contradiction is called wave-particle duality. C. In 1923, Louis de Broglie proposed that since light can behave like a particle, a particle of matter can behave like a wave. He derived the following expression for the de Broglie wavelength of a particle: m = h / v or = h / mv (where m = mass and v = velocity)

D. Because of their wave-like properties, in 1927, Werner Heisenberg concluded that it is not possible to know precisely both the postion (x) and the momentum (mv, the symbol p is also used) of a particle (for instance, an electron) simultaneously. Mathematically, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle can be stated as follows:

( x) ( mv)

h/4

Please check the Chem 006 web site for 006 information : http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/chem006/