INTRODUCTION by Richard Stuart This spreadsheet originated with two live steam locomotive projects, commenced without knowledge

of each other, on opposite sides of the world. Michael Guy in Toronto, Canada, and myself in Perth, Western Australia, both decided to build large 7.25" gauge Garratt locomotives. Both of us decided independently to fit our locomotives with a Lempor exhaust. The benefits of the Lempor exhaust had been widely described in the printed and electronic media, and an excellent summary of the technology has been subsequently prepared by Michael on his web pages (appendix 1 Ref 1). Both Michael and myself had read Ing. L. D. Porta's 1974 paper (appendix 1 Ref 2) describing the theory of the Lempor ejector, and both of us had been intimidated by the complexity of the mathematics used. However, a start had to be made somewhere, and I decided that with my background in fluid mechanics and experience as an oil and gas pipeline engineer, I ought to make the effort to interpret Porta's work. The result was a primitive combination of hand and spreadsheet based calculations, which gave a solution to equation 9 of Porta's paper and provided chimney throat and nozzle sizes for the Lempor exhaust design on my (Richard Stuart's) Garratt project. The decision to develop the spreadsheet into a more user was put in touch with me by a mutual friend, Russell Dunn. The ensuing cooperation between two live steam enthusiasts who have never met, resulted in this workbook.

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INTRODUCTION by Michael Guy Our intent has been to try to make L.D.Porta's important work on steam locomotive draughting more accessible to the average model engineer by removing the need to work complex mathematics to achieve a design. This workbook was intended to be easy to use and I believe that it is thanks to Richards clear analytical thinking. The user inputs are few and are readily understood things such as cylinder and wheel dimensions for the most part. In using it myself, I found that even though an initial set of numbers looked really good, when I actually drew the diffuser I had to go back and tweak the sheet inputs as the reality of heights and clearances made themselves felt. The graphing function of the Lempor calc sheet makes it very easy to see the effect of changing the diffuser geometry to suit your own locomotive. Consistent with Porta's instructions, post method. To prove the sheet works, I built an ejector for my Romulus locomotive. Using the original nozzle size, the draught went from 57mm water to 126mm, a huge improvement. As time allows I will try different nozzles to swap some of this excess amount of draught for lower cylinder back Go ahead, play with the numbers it can be great fun and the results will more than repay the effort.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE no guarantees are given that the implementation accurately reflects the great man's intent. The spirit in which the spreadsheet is made available is best summed up by which he says: "It is not a kitchen recipe guaranteeing good results without a good tuning up with measurements. However, the reader may try, providing that if success crowns his trial and error, the merit is to be credited to the theory. If not, the Author expects that the failure is not to be credited to the theory, but to the user."

SPREADSHEET LAYOUT The workbook is split into the following sheets: rate) -

CONDITIONS OF USE

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CONDITIONS OF USE Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets. It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corrections and improvements to the spreadsheet. provided that all revised versions of the spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improvements are freely shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have protection turned on and passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math for your own CONTACT INFORMATION

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lemporcalculator@ca.inter.net ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the following people: Nigel Day for kindly answering a number of emailed questions. Joe Dunham for MS Excel consulting to Michael Guy. Trevor Heath for kindly offering to host this work on his Livesteaming.com site

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The Lempor Ejector Calculator

For the Model Engineer, Live Steamer and Student of the Second Generation Steam Locomotive
Beta version 1.1 released November 2005
This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

INTRODUCTION by Richard Stuart This spreadsheet originated with two live steam locomotive projects, commenced without knowledge of each other, on opposite sides of the world. Michael Guy in Toronto, Canada, and myself in Perth, Western Australia, both decided to build large 7.25" gauge Garratt locomotives. Both of us decided independently to fit our locomotives with a Lempor exhaust. The benefits of the Lempor exhaust had been widely described in the printed and electronic media, and an excellent summary of the technology has been subsequently prepared by Michael on his web pages (appendix 1 Ref 1). Both Michael and myself had read Ing. L. D. Porta's 1974 paper (appendix 1 Ref 2) describing the theory of the Lempor ejector, and both of us had been intimidated by the complexity of the mathematics used. However, a start had to be made somewhere, and I decided that with my background in fluid mechanics and experience as an oil and gas pipeline engineer, I ought to make the effort to interpret Porta's work. The result was a primitive combination of hand and spreadsheet based calculations, which gave a solution to equation 9 of Porta's paper and provided chimney throat and nozzle sizes for the Lempor exhaust design on my (Richard Stuart's) Garratt project. The decision to develop the spreadsheet into a more user-friendly form was prompted by Michael, who was put in touch with me by a mutual friend, Russell Dunn. The ensuing cooperation between two live steam enthusiasts who have never met, resulted in this workbook.

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INTRODUCTION by Michael Guy Our intent has been to try to make L.D.Porta's important work on steam locomotive draughting more accessible to the average model engineer by removing the need to work complex mathematics to achieve a design. This workbook was intended to be easy to use and I believe that it is thanks to Richards clear analytical thinking. The user inputs are few and are readily understood things such as cylinder and wheel dimensions for the most part. In using it myself, I found that even though an initial set of numbers looked really good, when I actually drew the diffuser I had to go back and tweak the sheet inputs as the reality of heights and clearances made themselves felt. The graphing function of the Lempor calc sheet makes it very easy to see the effect of changing the diffuser geometry to suit your own locomotive. Consistent with Porta's instructions, post-installation track testing may require adjustments. The need to do this in no way invalidates the method. To prove the sheet works, I built an ejector for my Romulus locomotive. Using the original nozzle size, the draught went from 57mm water to 126mm, a huge improvement. As time allows I will try different nozzles to swap some of this excess amount of draught for lower cylinder back-pressure. Go ahead, play with the numbers it can be great fun and the results will more than repay the effort.

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE that this spreadsheet represents one implementation of Porta's theory and no guarantees are given that the implementation accurately reflects the great man's intent. The spirit in which the spreadsheet is made available is best summed up by Porta's introduction to his paper, in which he says: "It is not a kitchen recipe guaranteeing good results without a good tuning up with measurements. However, the reader may try, providing that if success crowns his trial and error, the merit is to be credited to the theory. If not, the Author expects that the failure is not to be credited to the theory, but to the user."

SPREADSHEET LAYOUT The workbook is split into the following sheets: - Introduction. - Lempor exhaust sizing calculation. (Use this sheet to design the ejector once you know the steam flow rate) - Steam mass flow rate calculation. (Use this sheet to estimate the steam flow rate of your engine) - Appendix 1 of explanatory notes, cautions and hyperlinks.

CONDITIONS OF USE

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CONDITIONS OF USE Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets. It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corrections and improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that all revised versions of the spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improvements are freely shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the workbook will have protection turned on and passworded to prevent accidental changes. If you wish to try to make improvements or alter the math for your own CONTACT INFORMATION The authors hope that this workbook will be of interest and of use to the model engineering community worldwide. If you use it to build or modify a model or indeed, a full-sized locomotive, we would be interested to hear about it and to see your photographs. Your feedback, photographs and suggestions for improvements or corrections are requested and welcomed at this email address:

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lemporcalculator@ca.inter.net ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the following people: Nigel Day for kindly answering a number of emailed questions. Joe Dunham for MS Excel consulting to Michael Guy. Trevor Heath for kindly offering to host this work on his Livesteaming.com site

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complexity of the

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orta's instructions,

Porta's theory and

is trial and error,

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perience to make

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Lempor Calculation Spreadsheet

Rev 1.1

Date: 1st November 2005

This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005. This spreadsheet is intended to provide a solution to Equation 9 of the following publication: "THEORY OF THE LEMPOR EJECTOR AS APPLIED TO PRODUCE DRAUGHT IN STEAM LOCOMOTIVES", L.D. PORTA, BUENOS AIRES, 1974 Disclaimers: No warranties or guarantees are given as to the correctness or appropriateness of the calculations in this spreadsheet. All input data, and all interpretations and applications of the results, are the responsibility of the user. By using this spreadsheet the user consents to take full responsibility for all costs and consequences arising directly and/or indirectly from any application of the results. Notes: Values in black to be input by user. Bold print indicates principal user input values. Values in red are calculated by spreadsheet Input Data column shows terms {b, etc} as used by Porta and units (m3/kg) as used in this workbook. PROJECT DATA Locomotive Description: Designer: Date: INPUT DATA Exhaust System Parameters Gas mass / steam mass, L/D Coefficient, Coefficient, b Specific volume of exhaust steam, (m3/kg) Specific volume of gas, b (m3/kg) Specific volume of steam/gas mixture, 1 (m3/kg) Chimney exit area/chimney throat area, F s/F1 Diffuser efficiency, Flow Parameters Design steam mass flow rate, D (kg/s) Design draught (Pa) Gas mass flow rate, L (kg/s)

7-1/4" gauge Romulus. R. Marsh November 20th 2005 PARAMETER COMMENTS

2 2 (Appendix A3 and text of Porta's paper) 0.1 0.1 (Text of Porta's paper) 0.04 0.04 (Text of Porta's paper) 1.9 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper) 1.9 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper) 1.9 (Appendix A3 of Porta's paper) 1.9 4 (Appendix A1 of Porta's paper.) Note that this may not be 7 achievable in practice due to loading gauge constraints. 0.8 0.8 to 0.85 (Appendix A1 of Porta's paper.) 0.0122 Steam flow through the exhaust system per second. Take the value from Steam Rate Sheet line 66. 875 Required smokebox vacuum 0.024304 Calculated - Steam mass flow rate x L/D

The objective of the calculation is to determine the chimney throat area, F 1 and Tuyere area, F, by trial and error solution of Equation 9. CALCULATED PARAMETERS Calculation Steps Trial value of chimney throat diameter (mm) Chimney throat area, F1 (m2) Chimney exit area, Fs, (m2) Ideal diffuser outlet area, F 0, (m2) Equation term, D2v F1(Draught) Equation 9 denominator term Equation 9 denominator term Equation 9 denominator term Results Steam tuyere area, F (m2) Steam tuyere nozzle diameter (mm)

38 Vary this by trial and error to maximise Tuyere nozzle size 0.001134115 Calculate area from throat diameter 0.007938805 Multiply throat area by exit/throat ratio. 0.002438384 From Porta's formula 0.608163265 From Porta's formula 0.000280575 Porta's equation 9 0.992350579 Porta's equation 9 1.465440522 Porta's equation 9 0.474999636 Porta's equation 9 0.00014292 Total area of the Lempor nozzles 6.745 Diameter of an individual Lempor nozzle - Assumes a 4 nozzle system.

6.750 Tuyere nozzle diameter (mm) 6.745 6.740 6.735 6.730 6.725 6.720 6.715 36.1 37.1 38.0 39.0 39.9 Chimney Throat Diameter (mm)

Value offset percentage Trial Value from cell B40

Tuyere Area Individual Nozzle Diameter

The above graph should exhibit a convex curve. Adjust the trial value chimney throat dia. until it does. The correct nozzle diameter is at the curve apex.

Imperial conversions 0.005512 lb/second 3.5 Inch H2O

1.496 inches

0.266 inches

This chart calculates values for the graph 95.0% 97.5% 36.1 37.05 0.0010235 0.001078 0.0071648 0.007547 0.0022006 0.002318 0.6081633 0.608163 0.0002806 0.000281 0.8955964 0.943353 1.62E+00 1.54E+00 0.5263154 0.499671 0.00014 6.727 0.00014 6.741 100.00% 38 0.0011341 0.0079388 0.0024384 0.6081633 0.0002806 0.9923506 1.47E+00 0.4749996 0.00014 6.7448 102.50% 38.95 0.0011915 0.0083407 0.0025618 0.6081633 0.0002806 1.0425883 1.39E+00 0.4521115 0.00014 6.741 105.0% 39.9 0.00125 0.008753 0.002688 0.608163 0.000281 1.094067 1.33E+00 0.430839 0.00014 6.729

Steam Rate Calculation Spreadsheet

Rev 1.1

Date: 1st November 2005

This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005. This spreadsheet is intended to provide a solution to Equation 61 of the following publication: "E. A. PHILLIPSON, 1936, "Steam Locomotive Design: Data and Formulae", Pub. Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN No. 0-9536523-9-4 Disclaimers: No warranties or guarantees are given as to the correctness or appropriateness of the calculations in this spreadsheet. All input data, and all interpretations and applications of the results, are the responsibility of the user. By using this spreadsheet the user consents to take full responsibility for all costs and consequences arising directly and/or indirectly from any application of the results. Notes: Values in black to be input by user Values in red are calculated by spreadsheet PROJECT DATA Locomotive Description Designer Date INPUT DATA Locomotive Geometry Cylinder diameter (mm) Piston stroke (mm) Wheel diameter (mm) Number of cylinders Operating Parameters Design speed (km/h) Design cut off (%) Cylinder Parameters Clearance volume (% cyl swept volume) Clearance volume, c (decimal of cyl swept volume) Volume swept to point of cut off, v (decimal of cyl swept volume) Volume from point of compression to end of stroke (% cyl swept volume) Volume from point of compression to end of stroke, x (decimal of cyl swept volume) Steam Parameters Boiler pressure (MPa gauge) Admission pressure (% boiler pressure) Admission pressure (MPa gauge) Admission pressure (MPa abs) Admission temperature (C) Specific volume of steam at pressure of admission, Va (m3/kg) Temperature at initial pressure of compression (C) Initial pressure of compression (MPa abs) Specific volume of steam at initial pressure of compression, Vc (m3/kg)

Case 1 is based on SAR modified 25NC, case 2 on SAR 19D. Case 3 for 7-1/4" gauge Romulus miniature loco. Numerical Calculation Check Nov 16 2005 PARAMETER Case 2 Case 3 533 57.15 660 83.8 1372 165.1 2 2 70 35 10 0.1 0.35 15 0.15 12 75 10 0.1 0.75 15 0.15 COMMENTS Case 4 610 711 1524 2 70 35 10 0.1 Calculated - From % clearance volume 0.35 Calculated - From design cut off 15 Typical value estimated from published indicator diagram data: 15% 0.15 Calculated - From % compression volume

Case 1 610 711 1524 2 70 35 10 0.1 0.35 15 0.15

1.55 85 1.3175 1.4175 425 0.228821

1.38 85 1.173 1.273 425 0.2494

0.62 85 0.527 0.627 154 0.355

1.55 85 1.3175 1.4175 425 0.228821

Calculated - From % value input by user Calculated - add atmospheric pressure to gauge pressure Use superheater output temperature if so fitted User to input from steam tables at admission pressure and temperature

0.135 1.28

0.135 1.28

0.135 1.28

0.135 Range suggested by Phillipson: 19-20 psi (abs) 1.28 User to input from steam tables at pressure and temperature of initial compression

CALCULATED PARAMETERS Calculation Steps Cylinder cross sectional area (mm2) Individual cylinder swept volume (mm3) Individual cylinder swept volume, V (m3) Distance travelled per wheel revolution (mm) Design speed (mm/min) Wheel revolutions, R (rpm) 120R {(v+c)V} / Va {(x+c)V} / Vc Steam consumption per cylinder per hour (kg/hr) Results Total steam consumption per hour (kg/hr) Steam consumption per minute (kg/min) Steam consumption per second (kg/s)

COMMENTS 292246.7 223123 2.08E+08 1.47E+08 0.207787 0.147261 4787.787 4310.265 1166667 243.6755 29241.07 0.408635 0.040583 10762.23 1166667 270.6717 32480.6 0.265708 0.028762 7696.144 2565.207 292246.7 Calculated from cylinder diameter 214964.3 2.08E+08 Cross sectional area x stroke 0.000215 0.207787 Convert units to cubic metres for convenience 518.6769 4787.787 Equal to wheel circumference 200000 385.5965 46271.58 0.000515 4.2E-05 21.87341 1166667 243.6755 29241.07 0.408635 Convert km/hr to mm/min Divide design speed by distance travelled per revolution First term of Phillipson equation Second term of Phillipson equation

0.040583 Third term of Phillipson equation 10762.23 Calculated by Phillipson Equation 61

21524.45 358.7408 5.979014

15392.29 256.5381 4.275635

43.74682 0.729114 0.012152

21524.45 Multiply consumption per cylinder by number of cylinders 358.7408 Alternative units (kg/min) 5.979014 Units (kg/s) Enter this value in Lempor sheet cell B36

The Lempor Ejector Calculator

This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

APPENDIX 1
CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets.
It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corrections and improvements to the spreadsheet. and improvements are welcomed, provided that all revised versions of the spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improvements are freely shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the sheet will have protection turned on and passworded to ensure clean
LEMPOR EXHAUST SIZING CALCULATION WORKSHEET The "Lempor Calculation" worksheet determines the following basic dimensions of the exhaust system: Chimney throat size. Blast nozzle size. Note:

The following input data is required: Mass flow rate of steam through the exhaust system. Required smokebox vacuum. A trial diameter for the gas mixing chamber and the small end of the chimney. Note regarding Line 33: Chimney exit area/chimney throat area, Fs/F1.

There are various methods of determining the mass flow rate of steam, including the following: Technical specifications of an existing locomotive with known parameters. Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive.

Calculations to determine the evaporation rate from the boiler.

The required smokebox vacuum can similarly be determined by various methods including the following: Technical specification of an existing locomotive with known parameters. Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive. First principle calculations based on the required gas flow through the boiler.

STEAM RATE CALCULATION WORKSHEET

The operating parameters. The maximum speed of the locomotive and the designed maximum cut-off. The cylinder parameters section allows "tweaking" clearance volume etc to suit specific designs. The steam parameters section accepts boiler and cylinder admission pressures and temperature. Note: The admission temperature should take into account the superheater if one is fitted. Caution:

Note:

REFERENCES & HYPERLINKS Ref 1/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "Index page". Ref 2/ Ing. L. D. Porta's technical paper describing his Lempor Ejector Ref 3/ J.J.G. Koopmans "A Theory for the Design of Multiple Exhausts for Steam Locomotives" Ref 5/ "La Locomotive A Vapeur" Andre Chapelon, Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN # 0-9536523-0-0

EngNet Metric Conversion Calculator Selection page ChemicaLogic's SteamTab Companion - a free downloadable Steam Table Calculator

The Lempor Ejector Calculator

This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005.

APPENDIX 1
CONDITIONS OF USE

Attention is drawn to the disclaimers printed on the Lempor and Steam Rate calculation worksheets.
It is considered that others in the live steam community will have the knowledge and experience to make corrections and improvements to the spreadsheet. Such corrections and improvements are welcomed, provided that all revised versions of the spreadsheet are clearly marked to identify changes and avoid confusion between versions, and that all improvements are freely shared within the live steam model engineering community. Initial releases of the sheet will have protection turned on and passworded to ensure clean
LEMPOR EXHAUST SIZING CALCULATION WORKSHEET The "Lempor Calculation" worksheet determines the following basic dimensions of the exhaust system: Chimney throat size. Blast nozzle size. Note: Porta's equation expresses these sizes as areas. For the user's convenience, the worksheet converts areas to diameters, on the assumption that the system comprises a single chimney with four blast nozzles. For a multiple chimney system, the user will need to compute the chimney throat and blast nozzle diameters from the Attention is therefore brought to the work of J.J.G. Koopmans (Ref 3) which may provide a method of calculating multiple chimney installation sizes when the values for a single chimney are known. The following input data is required: Mass flow rate of steam through the exhaust system. Required smokebox vacuum. A trial diameter for the gas mixing chamber and the small end of the chimney. Note regarding Line 33: Chimney exit area/chimney throat area, Fs/F1. If room is available for a tall stack (e.g. on a narrow gauge locomotive) this value may exceed 4 to accommodate the recommended 10 degree included diffuser angle and the available height. Similarly, if headroom is short, the value may be less than 4. There are various methods of determining the mass flow rate of steam, including the following: Technical specifications of an existing locomotive with known parameters. Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive.

Calculations to determine the evaporation rate from the boiler. Steam consumption calculations based on the cylinder volume, wheel diameter, speed, assumed cut-off, etc. This method assumes that the boiler is capable of providing the volume of steam to be consumed. The Steam Rate worksheet provides an approximate method of estimating the steam consumption rate using this philosophy. See below. The required smokebox vacuum can similarly be determined by various methods including the following: Technical specification of an existing locomotive with known parameters. Experimental measurements on an existing locomotive. First principle calculations based on the required gas flow through the boiler. For full size locomotives, Wardale (Ref 4) and Chapelon (Ref 5) provide smokebox vacuum data for various The smokebox vacuum for model engineering scale locomotives is much lower than full size. Experimental data from measurements on two 7.25" gauge locomotives with conventional exhaust systems has been published by Michael Guy (Ref 6). 735 Pa may be used as a starting point for large models.

STEAM RATE CALCULATION WORKSHEET The "steam rate calculation worksheet" determines the steam flow rate per second through the exhaust system. The worksheet uses a method published by E. A. Phillipson (Ref 7) that requires the user to input the following The engine geometry. The locomotives cylinder bore and stroke, wheel diameter and the number of cylinders used. Assumes all cylinders are of the same diameter. The operating parameters. The maximum speed of the locomotive and the designed maximum cut-off. The cylinder parameters section allows "tweaking" clearance volume etc to suit specific designs. The steam parameters section accepts boiler and cylinder admission pressures and temperature. Note: The specific volume of steam is required in two places. These values can be obtained from steam tables or via The admission temperature should take into account the superheater if one is fitted. Caution: Engine speed, valve-gear cut-off and steam "specific volume" input numbers make a real difference to the sheet output steam consumption figure in line 66. If the "Lempor calculation sheet" results are to be meaningful, these inputs must be realistic and accurate. Note: The detail design of the components for an actual Lempor Ejector installation requires several dimensions not calculated by this worksheet. A non-mathematical explanation of the ejector and the additional dimensions, written to assist the Live Steam enthusiast and Model Engineer, has been published by Michael Guy and is available on the web (Ref 8). REFERENCES & HYPERLINKS Ref 1/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "Index page". Ref 2/ Ing. L. D. Porta's technical paper describing his Lempor Ejector Ref 3/ J.J.G. Koopmans "A Theory for the Design of Multiple Exhausts for Steam Locomotives" Ref 4/ "The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam" D. Wardale, Pub. By Author, ISBN # 0-9529998-0Ref 5/ "La Locomotive A Vapeur" Andre Chapelon, Camden Miniature Steam Services, ISBN # 0-9536523-0-0 Ref 6/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "Vacuum Test Page". Ref 7/ "Steam Locomotive Design: Data and Formulae", E.A. Phillipson, Camden Miniature Steam Services,

Ref 8/ Michael's Locomotive Pages: "A Lempor Exhaust Ejector for the Garratt". OTHER LINKS Camden Miniature Steam Services The Ultimate Steam Page Martyn Bane's Steam & Travel Pages: "Modern and Modernised Steam Locos"

Useful Tools The authors of this worksheet have no connection with the following companies but have found these pages to be EngNet Tips and Tools page EngNet Metric Conversion Calculator Selection page ChemicaLogic's SteamTab Companion - a free downloadable Steam Table Calculator

This workbook is copyright Richard Stuart & Michael Guy, all rights reserved 2005. Locomotive Data SAR Modified 25NC
Source of data D Wardale, The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam, Tables 26 & 27 23,150

SAR Modified 19D

D Wardale, The Red Devil and Other Tales from the Age of Steam, Tables 19 & 20 13050

Model Locomotive Data

Comparison between asdesigned draft and Lempor-modified draft from track tests. Stack type

Steam flow rate through blast nozzle (kg/hr) Steam flow rate through blast nozzle (kg/s) Total chimney choke area, F1, cm2 Total chimney choke area, F1, m2 Total chimney exit area, Fs, cm
2

6.431 2,798 0.2798 6,196

3.625 1638 0.1638 4346

Chimney Choke Chimney exit Mixing chamber or petticoat Blast nozzle type

Total chimney exit area, Fs, m2 Fs/F1 Total blast nozzle tip area, F, cm2 Total blast nozzle tip area, F, m2 Design smokebox vacuum, Pa

0.620 2.214 302.5 0.03025 4865

0.4346 2.653 176.6 0.01766 5030

Track Test Results

Maximum Draft at 12-14 km/hr % Change Blast pipe backpressure

Lempor Calculator Output Total chimney choke area, F1, m2 Discrepancy, % Total blast nozzle tip area, F, m2 Discrepancy, %

0.2743 -1.97 0.0297 -1.82

0.1486 -9.28 0.01688 -4.42

A Note regarding these results. Separate work was done to check the steam flow output against David Wardale's results. The steam flow output given by the steam rate sheet cannot be used directly because about 17.5% of the steam generated by the 25NC was tapped off for the feedwater heater and GPCS. This means that the steam flow output should be about 7.8kg/s to match Wardale's 6.43kg/s through the blast nozzles.

R. Marsh Romulus Case 1

Existing Locomotive believed true to original design. Straight

Modified Romulus Case 2

With Lempor Ejector as calculated by the spreadsheet without tuning. 10 degree taper Lempor Ejector with mixing chamber. 38mm 102mm 38mm x 76mm 4-hole diverging @ 9deg. 1/4" diameter holes.

Modified Romulus Case 3

With same ejector chimney but original sized single hole blast nozzle. 10 degree taper Lempor Ejector with mixing chamber. 38mm 102mm 38mm x 76mm Single hole 3/8"

Non 73mm Non Single hole 3/8"

57mm water

51mm water -11%

127mm water 122%

Not measured, assumed to be similar to case 3.

Lower than case 3, but not Above manometer range quantified during testing. of 178mm water.

A web page documenting these track test results is here.