VA LV E S T E M S E A L S Design and Selection

CONTENTS

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

CONTENTS

DESIGN AND SELECTION

3 5 6 7 10 11 12 13 14

W h a t i s a Va l v e S t e m S e a l ?
O I L M E T E R I N G R AT E

The most important function

TYPES

W h a t Va l v e S t e m S e a l d e s i g n s a r e t h e r e ?
THE DESIGN

Based on modern CAE systems

VA LV E S T E M S E A L Q U E S T I O N N A I R E

Information needed for us to assist you

C H E C K L I S T F O R A S S E M B LY L I N E

Yo u r i n d i v i d u a l s o l u t i o n
I N S TA L L AT I O N

Simple but important

THE CR PRODUCT RANGE

Complete automotive sealing solutions

C H I C A G O R AW H I D E L O C AT I O N S

A world-wide network

DESIGN AND SELECTION

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

DESIGN AND SELECTION W h a t i s a Va l v e S t e m S e a l ?

Valve stem seals are not seals at all, but finely engineered devices designed to provide a defined metering rate of oil to the valve stem / valve guide interface of combustion engines. If the metering rate is too high, then engine emissions are adversely affected and carbon can build up on the valves resulting, in extreme cases, to valves sticking. If the metering rate is too low, then the valves are insufficiently lubricated and scuffing can occur. The ideal metering rate lies between these two extremes.

The valve, valve guide and seal work as a system

DESIGN AND SELECTION

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

Although the requirements for each engine differ according to the design parameters and operating conditions, the oil metering rate is generally within the range 0.1 - 1.0 mg per valve per hour. These values have been developed through extensive comparative testing on cylinder heads using the standard CR test cycle. Should there be specific customer requirements on oil metering, then we are in a position to finely tune the design of the seal to provide the optimum oil metering rate for the application.

valve stem seal with integrated spring seat

Quality is our top priority

O I L M E T E R I N G R AT E

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

O I L M E T E R I N G R AT E The most important function

Oil metering to the valve guide /stem interface is the prime function of a valve stem seal. Experience has shown that the standard CR design provides the correct oil metering rate for most applications. This is true for diesel and gasoline applications as well as for intake and exhaust valves. There are however applications where the oil metering rate must be adjusted. This can be tuned to the exact requirements of a specific engine by changing the geometry of the sealing lip. The major factors are the radius of the sealing lip and the lip angle to the oil side.

The radial force of the seal, while being important for assuring lip contact to the valve stem under operating conditions, is not a major factor in determining the oil metering rate.
S E A L FA C T O R S I N F L U E N C I N G O I L M E T E R I N G R AT E

TYPES

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

TYPES W h a t Va l v e S t e m S e a l d e s i g n s a r e t h e r e ?

BASIC DESIGNS
Type 866

Two basic designs of state of the art valve stem seal are offered:
A THE NON-INTEGRATED SEAL

This seal (types 866 & 861) fulfils the function of metering rate only. Type 866 is the standard seal. Type 861 is used for large differences between valve stem and guide diameters.
B THE INTEGRATED SEAL

This seal (type 863) additionally incorporates a spring seat to prevent wear on the cylinder head.
Type 861

All seals incorporate the same dynamic and static sealing properties enabling reliable function over the life of the engine. The integrated seal additionally includes a spring seat, thereby eliminating the separate spring seat (advantages at installation, warehousing, logistics). All designs use our specially formulated fluorpolymer materials. These materials provide excellent chemical and temperature resistance as well as mechanical properties, to ensure minimal wear and high reliability.

Type 863

THE DESIGN

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

THE DESIGN Based on modern CAE systems

H O W D O W E D E S I G N A VA LV E S T E M S E A L ?

VA LV E S T E M S E A L I N S TA L L E D O N VA LV E G U I D E

All valve stem seals are designed using the most modern CAE systems. This includes the analysis and prediction of installation forces with the use of FEA methods. As a result, data useful for the layout of the installation equipment is available at the start of the programme. The FEA tools can also be used for other aspects of the seal design. For example, design variations with differing oil metering rates can be tested for pressure dependence.

Example: FEA calculation of pressure influence

THE DESIGN

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

D E S I G N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S F O R T H E VA LV E S T E M

VA LV E S T E M S E A L VA L I D AT I O N

Normal surface treatments are acceptable (e.g. chrome plating). Surface roughness Rz 3 m / Rmax = 4 m. No lettering on the running surface permissible.
D E S I G N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S F O R T H E VA LV E G U I D E

OD tolerance 0.05 mm for standard designs. Surface roughness Rz 10 - 25 m / Rmax = 30 m for the non-integrated seal. Less is no concern for the integrated seal as it is retained by the valve spring. A lead-in chamfer is required and most designs, including the newer symmetrical guides (chamfer the same at both ends), can be used with CR seals. Traditional valve guide materials as well as newer sintered materials incorporating solid lubricants are fully acceptable for CR seals. A misalignment of 0.3 mm between guide ID and OD is acceptable. Special seal designs may be required for values exceeding this.
O T H E R D E S I G N C O N S I D E R AT I O N S

The validation procedure varies according to customer requirements, however the usual procedure for a new design is to test the oil metering rate and installation suitability. Oil metering rate is tested by running an original customer cylinder head with an electric motor. The temperature, speed, pressures, oil type etc. are decided with the customer, or the standard CR-Test can be used. For the installation, the forces needed to press on the seal and to remove the seal from the valve guide are measured. It is normal that these tests are performed, however they do not replace the tests the customer makes in the actual engine. This is the final proof of suitability as the bench tests cannot fully simulate the characteristics of a fired engine.
W H AT S I Z E S A R E A L R E A D Y AVA I L A B L E ?

When the valve is fully open, the gap between the top of the valve stem seal and the bottom of the spring retainer should exceed 1.5 mm. From a timing viewpoint, we should be contacted as early as possible in the development stage, so that technical support on design and installation of the seal and surrounding components can be provided.

The strong market position of the SKF Seals Division means that there are already many sizes being manufactured. Should it not be possible to use a current seal, then tooling may have to be made for a seal designed to your specification. Our representative can advise you.

THE DESIGN

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

W HAT I NF O R M AT ION D O W E N E E D T O DESIG N A N E W VA LV E S T E M S E A L ?

M A N U FA C T U R I N G

A questionnaire (see page 10) has been developed which details all the information required to design a valve stem seal. The completed questionnaire should be returned to us together with drawings of the valve, valve guide, valve spring and assembly drawing, if available. The preference for either an integrated or non-integrated seal should also be given.
C R VA LV E S T E M S E A L P R I C E

The SKF Seals Division has invested heavily in unique state of the art manufacturing technology. The high level of automation enables us to provide the highest quality at the lowest price and has been a contributing factor for CR valve stem seals being the number 1 in Europe. A very important aspect of our production process is the visual inspection. All seals are inspected fully automatically using computer vision techniques to ensure that the critical areas for the function of the seal are without defects.
THE QUALITY ISSUES

Pricing can only be given on an individual basis as this is very dependant on the design of seal and the annual requirement. For standard seals, there is no tooling charge.
LEAD TIMES

Detailed lead times can only be given on an individual basis, but under normal circumstances for a new design, samples can be supplied within 10 weeks and production parts 6 months after receipt of the order. For existing parts, the lead times are significantly lower depending on stock levels.

As the European leader in valve stem seals and a certified supplier according to QS 9000, VDA 6.1, DIN EN ISO 9001 and DIN EN ISO 14001, the SKF Seals Division is well placed to meet the most stringent requirements of our customers. The most advanced manufacturing techniques, including 100% automatic visual inspection of the finished parts, ensure the highest level of quality and reliability. The characteristics responsible for the function of the seals are controlled using statistical methods.

VA LV E S T E M S E A L Q U E S T I O N N A I R E

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

ENGINE:
Designation Projected annual engine quantity Arrangement & no. of cylinders Inclination of head to horizontal Is the engine naturally aspirated? No. of valves per cylinder Inlet Exhaust OHV or OHC Please sketch here details of any groove in the valve guide or include a drawing

VALVE STEM:
Diameter Surface treatment Surface hardness Surface roughness D1

dim. mm

Intake

Tol.

Exhaust

Tol.

VALVE GUIDE:
Step diameter (if present) Step height (if present) Outer diameter Protrusion Chamfer length Chamfer angle Concentricity guide OD to guide ID Surface roughness Material Is a seal retention groove included in the design? if yes then please specify D2 H2 D3 H1 C1 C2 mm mm mm mm mm mm

VALVE SPRING:
Inner diameter Wire diameter D4 D5 mm mm

SEAL LOCATION:
Gap between head & spring cap (valve open) Spot face diameter for spring seat (integrated seal) Pressure range Mean temperatur Max. temperature Max. camshaft speed Oil type H3 D6 mm mm bar C C rpm

COMMENTS:

CR Elastomere GmbH, Dsseldorfer Strae 121, D-51379 Leverkusen, Germany, Tel. +49 (0)2171 713-821, Fax +49 (0)2171 713-860

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CHECK LIST

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

C H E C K L I S T F O R A S S E M B LY L I N E Yo u r i n d i v i d u a l s o l u t i o n

SEAL DESIGN:

For an existing seal, please provide a drawing. Which dimensions are critical for the feeding system?

I N S TA L L AT I O N P R O C E S S :

Is the valve inserted before the seal is installed? What is the maximum installation force per seal? What is the minimum installation force per seal? What is the installation speed? Is the cylinder head rotated after the seal installation? Is a lubrication process included? If yes, please specify. Is the presence of the garter spring on the seal checked? If so, how? Is the final position of the installed seal checked? If so, how? Is the final position of the seal determined by force? Is a minimum seal removal force specified?

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I N S TA L L AT I O N

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

I N S TA L L AT I O N Simple but important

As our designs incorporate a metal ring bonded directly to the rubber elements, all CR valve stem seals can be easily installed, either by hand for small quantities, or fully automatically for high volumes. However, in order to ensure the correct function in the engine, the installation procedure is very important. This begins with the designs of the seal and valve guide, which must be tuned to each other for the best results. The seal must sit at the correct position and remain there for the life of the engine.

For a new application, we would be pleased to recommend an installation tool design and to advise on the installation procedure. For an application where installation equipment is already available, it is important that the design of seal takes this into consideration, so minimising (or eliminating) equipment change costs. In this case, details of the existing equipment will be required.

1
A typical installation procedure.

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ADDITIONAL PRODUCT RANGE

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

THE CR PRODUCT RANGE Complete automotive sealing solutions

INTERESTED IN ADDITIONAL PRODUCTS?

In addition to valve stem seals, CR products provide complete automotive sealing solutions for engine, transmission, driveline, steering and suspension systems. This single source approach is possible through a world-wide network offering one-source accountability. CR sealing products include dynamic radial seals for engine, driveline and wheel end systems; Moulded In Place (MIP) seals for valve covers, oil pans and other covers; seals for gas springs and shock absorbers; and RotostatTM Sealing Modules - dynamic and static seals bonded directly to covers to form a single easily installed component.

Innovative sealing modules for automotive transmissions are also part of the CR product range. In addition to sealing products, our advanced rubber technology has also been applied to the field of sensors. SKF is a leading supplier of ABS bearing systems and these systems include tone rings with a magnetised rubber coating, which provide an accurate signal for rotational sensors. The use of these tone rings is expanding into engine and transmission applications.

C O N TA C T S

The product centre for valve stem seals is. CR Elastomere GmbH Dsseldorfer Str. 121 51379 Leverkusen-Opladen Germany Phone +49 (0)2171 713-821 Fax +49 (0)2171 713-860 E-Mail: cr@skf.com

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L O C AT I O N S

VA LV E S T E M S E A L S

C H I C A G O R AW H I D E L O C AT I O N S A world-wide network

Gteborg

Leverkusen
Beijing

CR-manufacturing sites

S A L E S A N D M A N U FA C T U R I N G

SALES AND DISTRIBUTION CENTRES

Brazil China Germany India Italy Korea Mexico Ukraine USA

1 plant 1 plant 1 plant 1 plant 2 plants 1 plant 1 plant 1 plant 6 plants

Australia Belgium Denmark France Japan Poland Sweden United Kingdom additional sales via regional SKF offices in over 130 countries

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Copyright SKF 2001 Every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication but no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage whether direct, indirect or consequential arising out of the use of the information contained herein. SKF Publication 5166E CR, ROTOSTAT, SKF and the SKF logo are trade marks of the SKF Group and are registered in certain jurisdictions. Printed in Germany on environmentally friendly, chlorine-free paper

AMERICA

EUROPE

ASIA-PACIFIC

Chicago Rawhide 900 North State Street Elgin, Illinois 60123-2193 USA Phone +1 847 742-0700 Fax +1 847 742-7845

CR Elastomere GmbH Dsseldorfer Str. 121 D-51379 Leverkusen-Opladen Germany Phone +49 (0)2171 713-821 Fax +49 (0)2171 713-860

CR Asia-Pacific 3-2, Shin Yokohama Kouhoku-Ku Yokohama Kanagawa 222-0033 Japan Phone +81 (0)45 473-4823 Fax +81 (0)45 473-3475

E-Mail: cr@skf.com www.skf.com