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BASIC GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF FLUID FLOW

CONTENTS
Basic governing equations Forms of governing equations Types of governing equations Time rate of change of moving fluid Conservation of mass equation Conservation of momentum equation Conservation of energy equation Euler's equations Comments on governing equations

BASIC GOVERNING EQUATIONS

Fluid dynamics is governed by equations for: Conservation of mass Conservation of momentum Conservation of energy These equations are governing equations and these can be expressed mathematically in differential as well as in integral form.

Lagrangian vs. Eulerian description

A fluid flow field can be thought of as being comprised of a large number of finite sized fluid particles which have mass, momentum, internal energy, and other properties. Mathematical laws can then be written for each fluid particle. This is the Lagrangian description of fluid motion. Another view of fluid motion is the Eulerian description. In the Eulerian description of fluid motion, we consider how flow properties change at a fluid element that is fixed in space and time (x,y,z,t), rather than following individual fluid particles.

Governing equations can be derived using each method and converted to the other form.

FORMS OF GOVERNING EQUATION

CONSERVATION FORM

TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

NON-CONSERVATION FORM

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TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

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TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

is called the local derivative which is the physically time rate of change at a fixed point.
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is called the convective derivative which is the physically time rate of change due to moving fluid from one location to another location where the fluid properties are specially different. is called the substantial derivative which is the physically time rate of change of moving fluid.

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TIME RATE OF CHANGE OF A MOVING FLUID

MASS EQUATION
Total mass contained inside the control volume= Time rate of change of mass inside the control volume=

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CONVERSION OF ONE FORM OF EQUATION TO ANOTHER FORM

CONVERSION OF ONE FORM OF EQUATION TO ANOTHER FORM Let us convert the conservation form in integral form to conservation form in differential form. Since the finite control volume is arbitrarily drawn in space, the only way for the integral in eq. (5) to be zero is for the integrand to be zero at every point within the control volume.

Since the control volume is fixed in space, the limits of integration are constant and hence the time derivative can be placed inside the integral

Applying the divergence theorem from vector calculus, the surface integral can be expressed as a volume integral.

Now (2) can be written as

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Different forms of the continuity equation

Finite control volume fixed in space Finite control volume fixed mass moving with flow

Cylindrical coordinates

dV + U dS = 0 t V S Integral form Conservation form

D dV = 0 Dt V Integral form Non conservation form

U

Infinitesimally small element fixed in space

Infinitesimally small fluid element of fixed mass (fluid particle) moving with the flow

+ ( U) = 0 t Differential form Conservation form

D + U = 0 Dt Differential form Non conservation form15

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Steady compressible flow

Incompressible flow

and = constant

Cartesian

Cartesian

Cylindrical

Cylindrical

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Forces in the x-direction is due to two sources

MOMENTUM EQUATION
According to Newtons second law, net force on the fluid element equals its mass times the acceleration of the element. This is a vector relation and can be split into three scalar relations along x, y and z axes. F=ma

1. Body forces which act directly on the volumetric mass of the fluid

element. These forces act at a distance; examples are gravitational, electric and magnetic forces. 2. Surface forces which act directly on the surface of the fluid element. They are due to only two sources
The pressure distribution acting on the surface imposed by the outside fluid surrounding the fluid element and The shear and normal stress distributions acting on the surface also imposed by the outside fluid tugging or pushing on the surface by means of friction .

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Momentum equation in three dimensions

Newtons second law: rate of change of momentum equals sum of forces. Rate of increase of x-, y-, and z-momentum:

Du Dt

Viscous stresses
Stresses are forces per area. Unit is N/m2 or Pa. Viscous stresses denoted by . Suffix notation ij is used to indicate direction. Nine stress components.
xx, yy, zz are normal stresses. E.g. zz is the stress in the z-direction on a z-plane. Other stresses are shear stresses. E.g. zy is the stress in the y-direction on a z-plane.

Dv Dt

Dw Dt

Forces on fluid particles are:

Surface forces such as pressure and viscous forces. Body forces, which act on a volume, such as gravity, centrifugal, Coriolis, and electromagnetic forces.

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Forces in the x-direction

..(1)

(2)
z y x

.(3)
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Net force in the x-direction is the sum of all the force components in that direction.

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The L.H.S. of equation (5a) can be written as..(6) (4)

Combining equations (2), (3) and (4)

(5a) .(7)

(5b) (5c) (8) Substituting (7) and (8) in equation (6), we get

These are scalar form of Navier-Stokes equation in non conservation form

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For Newtonian fluids

Substituting in equation (5a)

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ENERGY EQUATION
Energy is conserved .
Rate of change of energy inside the fluid element(A)=Net flux of heat into element(B)+Rate of work done on element due to body and surface forces(C) For Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non -Newtonian fluids will not follow Newton's law of viscosity

Let us first evaluate C Rate of work done by the body forces acting in the fluid element moving at a velocity is The net rate of the work done by pressure in the x- direction is

For InViscous Flow

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ENERGY EQUATION

Work done by shear stresses in xdirection

Similarly net rate of work done by the shear stresses in the x- direction on faces abcd and efgh are
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y x

Work done is force times velocity.

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Considering all the surface forces, the net rate of work done on the moving fluid element due to these forces is

When the surfaces forces in the y and z directions are also included, similar expression are obtained. In total, the net rate rate of work done on the moving fluid element is in the x, y and z directions, as well as the body forces contribution.

(B) The net flux of heat into the the element is due to: 1. Volumetric heating such as absorption or emission of radiation and 2. Heat transfer across the surface due to temperature gradients i.e. thermal conduction. Define as the rate of volumetric heat addition per unit mass. thus

The net heat transferred in the x- direction into the fluid element by thermal conduction is

Heating of fluid element by thermal conduction =

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Energy flux due to heat conduction

The final form of energy equation is obtained by substituting A, B and C:

z y x

The heat flux vector q has three components, qx, qy, and qz.

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This is the non-conservation form of energy equation.

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EQUATIONS FOR INVISCID FLOW (EULER EQUATIONS)

COMMENTS ON GOVERNING EQUATIONS

ENERGY EQUATION

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