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Implementation Implementation
MATHEMATICAL MATHEMATICALMODELS MODELS Numerical Method as a tool ANSWER ANSWER in inthe theform formof ofprofiles profilesor ornumber number
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Mathematical Model
Equations that expresses the essential features of a physical systems Represented as a functional relationship in the form of Dependent Variables = f (independent, parameters, forcing function) variables Dependent Variables - Reflects the behavior or state of the system Independent Variables - Dimensions, such as time and space Parameters - Reflective of the systems properties or composition Forcing Function - External influence acting upon it
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FU = - cv
m dv = F dt
The force acting on the body : F = FU + FD
dv = mg cv dt
c dv = g v m dt v( t ) = gm 1 e ( c / m ) t c
FD= mg
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Analytical Solution
A parachutist with a mass of 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air balloon. Using the previous equation compute the velocity prior opening the chute. The drag coefficient is equal to 12.5 kg/s. v( t ) =
t, s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Infinity
terminal velocity
40 20 t, s
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12
Numerical Solution
The time rate of change can mathematically formulated as
dv v = v(ti+1) v(ti ) ti+1 ti dt t c v(ti +1 ) v (ti ) = g v( t i ) m ti +1 ti
g c v (t ) (t t ) v (ti +1 ) = v (ti ) + i i +1 i m
New value = old value + (slope)(step size)
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v
v(ti)
dv dt
Approximate Slope
v v(ti +1 ) v (ti ) = t ti +1 ti
ti ti+1
t
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Numerical Solution
Perform the same computation as the previous example. Employ a step size of 2 s for the calculation. 9.8 12.5 (0) 2 = 19.60 m / s v = 0+ 68.1 12.5 2 = 32.00 m / s v = 19.60 + 9 . 8 ( 19 . 60 ) 68.1
v, m/s
t, s 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Infinity
terminal velocity
40 20
12
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Mathematical Background
Mathematical problems that are covered in this course: Roots of Equations Systems of linear algebraic equations (matrix operation) Curve fitting Regression Interpolation Integration (finding an area) Ordinary differential equation
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Roots of Equations
Concern with the values of parameters that satisfies a single equation Valuable for solving design equations especially to find parameters
f(x)
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f(x) Solution
Given the as and cs, solve a11x1 + a12x2 = c1 a21x1 + a22x2 = c2 for the xs
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In certain occasion we have to fit curves to data points Regressions - Experimental data
due to significant error associated with data deriving a single curve without matching any individual points
Curve fitting
f(x)
Regression (x)
f(x)
Interpolation
(x)
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Integration
Determination of area under the curve Calculation of of total quantities based on discrete measurements Play an important role in the solution of differential equations
Integration
f(x)
I=
b a f ( x )dx
x
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dy y = f (t , y ) dt t
Solve for y as a function of t
t
Slope = f(ti,yi)
ti ti+1 t
yi +1 = yi + f (t, y )t
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