1.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Fatty substances/foam cells in artery wall/under endothelium; Narrows artery; Turbulence / uneven flow; Damage to endothelium; Thromboplastins released; Correct area shaded (i.e. part supplied by vessels); Area deprived of oxygen; Accept glucose

max 2 1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

(c)

Muscle in artery walls becomes thicker; Aneurysm / ballooning of artery walls may occur; Damage to endothelium (so foam cells enter);

max 2
[7]

2.

(a)

0.1 0.6 seconds; Volume (in left ventricle) increasing / ventricle filling; (i) 2 marks for correct answer of 75 (beats) per minute; 1 mark if heart beat correctly identified as lasting 0.8 seconds; 70 cm ;

(b)

2 1 1 1

(ii) (c) (d)

Multiply them; 750; Accept a small increase up to 800 cm (i) 4 : 1 / 4; Ratio must be expressed in simplest terms 18 cm ;

(e)

(ii)

1
[9]

3.

(a) (b)

0.1/0.9 (s); Two marks for correct answer of 75 (beats per minute); One mark for incorrect answer based on cardiac cycle taking 0.8 seconds; (i) Pressure in ventricle higher than pressure in atria;

2 1
1

(c)

Hirst High School

(ii) (d)

Prevents backflow of blood/prevents flow from ventricles to atria;

Increase (in stroke volume) as blood pressure increases, remains constant/plateaus; after 3 kPa/when stroke volume = 82cm3 Two marks for correct answer of 80; One mark for incorrect answer recognising that ventricle contracts once every cardiac cycle/stroke volume = 70 cm3 1 Muscles (surrounding veins) contract; 2 Press on (walls of) vein; 3 Squeezes blood along veins; 4 Valves prevent backflow/ensure flow in one direction; 5 Systole/contraction of heart pumps blood (through arteries) into veins/residual arterial pressure; 6 Negative pressure in chest due to inspiration; 7 Recoil of heart muscle during diastole/after contraction; 8 Draws blood from veins into atria; Accept sucks 9 Wide lumen little resistance/friction

(e)

(f)

max 6
[15]

4.

(a)

men, smokers; age 60 with ch above7/age 60 with bp above 160/ age 70 with ch above 6/age 70 with bp above 140;

1 1

(b)

(i)

because formation of atheroma/deposition of fatty material in artery walls; which weakens the wall leading to aneurysm; or leads to narrowing increasing the chance of a clot obstructing the artery; presence of oestrogen protects women against CHD;

max 2 1

(ii) (c)

risk factors will change over 10 year period; smoking not quantified; other risk factors involved stress; exercise; heredity; high salt diet

max 2 max. for part (c) = 3

[8]

Hirst High School

5.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Prevents blood flow to part of heart muscle; insufficient oxygen; Myocardial infarction results in damage to muscle cells; enzyme released into blood when cells are damaged;

2 2

(b)

Risk factor is a factor correlated with/thought to cause a particular condition; cholesterol; high cholesterol is correlated with/thought to cause heart disease; Max 2
[6]

6.

(a) Location of valve between chamber C and chamber B between chamber D and chamber A between chamber C and blood vessel Y All three correct Two correct (b) (i) = 2 marks = 1 mark 2 Valve open or closed closed closed open

Blood surges/pulsatile; elastic tissue recoils; and evens out pressure; Enables one way flow/prevents backflow;

Max 2 1
[5]

(ii)

7.

(a)

(i) (ii)

0.4(s);

60 0.8

75;

(iii)

0.26 (between 0.4 0.14) 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 19.5(s) OR 0.25 (between 0.4 0.15) 75 (or from (a)(ii)) = 18.75(s) (no double penalty)(allow rounding only if working shown)

Hirst High School

(b)

(ii)

right ventricle; same pattern / description (as left ventricle) but lower (pressure);

(c)

increase in volume / size of ventricles (accept heart) / hypertrophy of heart / increased strength of heart muscle / increased strength of contraction; more blood leaves heart in each contraction / increase in stroke volume;

2
[7]

8.

(a)

(i)

build up of fatty deposits/atheroma/arteriosclerosis/ plaque deposits/ blood clots; in walls of arteries; narrowing/blockage (of coronary arteries); restricts/reduces blood flow to the heart; heart reduced supply/starved of oxygen; muscle dies; (cardiac muscle) does not contract; (allow points included in answer to part (i))

(ii)

3 max

(b)

fewer people with very high cholesterol levels; therefore contribution to total/ relative number of deaths lower;

2
[7]

9.

(a)

(i)

Filling time stays constant / increases very little / as heart rate increases; Decrease in contraction time as heart rate increases; Allow maximum of 1 mark if no reference to heart rate. Work out time for one heart beat / one heart beat takes 1 second; Subtract filling time / 0.38s; Credit these basic points however determined. If the calculation has been done, credit any point in method clearly explained. OR Plot contraction time against heart rate; Read off value for 60 beats per minute; Stroke volume / volume of blood pumped out at each beat;

(ii)

2 1 2

(iii) (b) (i)

Valve located between Left atrium and left ventricle Left ventricle and aorta Right atrium and right ventricle Right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Open ; ;

Closed

(ii)
Hirst High School

Pressure constant / smooth in vein / only have pressure

4

surges in artery; (iii) Contraction of ventricle / systole / entry of blood into aorta;

1 1
[9]

Hirst High School