Data Analytics Methods & Programming Decision Support System (DSS) For E-governament Literature Review Introduction to E-government:

: Plans and policies for a rational and coordinated development need a large amount of background information from various domains such as economics, industrial and transportation engineering, environmental sciences, defense, education, banking, agriculture, Healthcare and other so many governmental areas. This information must be presented in a readily available format, directly usable by the planner and decision maker. Scholars have suggested there are three sectors of e-government. Government-to-citizen (G2C) egovernment should make it easier for citizens to interact with governmental agencies for everything from obtaining marriage licenses to paying taxes. Government-to-business (G2B) initiatives help facilitate activities such as procurement, licensing, and other activities that help facilitate business-based economic growth. Finally, government-to-government (G2G) functions support intergovernmental operations and involve sharing data and conducting electronic exchanges between governmental actors (Bonham, et al., 2001). As illustrated in Table 1, each of the sectors of e-government could exist within each of the three categories (e-governance, e-service, and e-knowledge). Table 1 provides examples of G2C, G2B, and G2G sector activities in each category of e-government.

Table 1. Summary of e-government categories and sectors. We can plant our government sectors in these three categories.

Third category e-knowledge can be developed with the help of data analysis and decision support system. Overview of Data analysis and DSS:In a Decision Support System information is presented to a user so they can analyze it. Increasingly this means using advanced visualization and other approaches to both summarize more data and make it more obvious what patterns are in the data. In contrast a Decision Management System cannot rely on visuals but must instead apply analytics programmatically. This means using the output of data mining and predictive analytic techniques, for instance. What this means is that while a Decision Support System might help a user see the likely futures implicit in their data and so act appropriately, a Decision Management System will make any decision in the context of mathematical probabilities. In simple situation, the use of daily, weekly and monthly analytical monitoring to determine patterns in business data is common: Identifying what we are doing well, determining how we can do it better and recognizing problems before they can result in material damage. Data analytics can be as simple as finding duplicate payments in accounts payable or evaluating sales patterns to determine the best location for a warehouse. Data analytics can also be as complicated as identifying statistical outliers for potential fraudulent activity. It can use a single spreadsheet or extract data from multiple platforms and formats. For some, there is a joy in learning the secrets that data hold. Decision Support System (DSS) generated in the 1970s, it is added to model base and management system based on Management information System (MIS), is a computer system aiming at doing decisionmaking, and it provides decision support environment of analysis, model construction, decision-making simulation, decision evaluation for managers. With the development of its support scientific theory, DSS not only absorbs expert systems, fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms, rough set techniques, etc, but also uses method base and its management system, knowledge base and management system to support intelligent decision-making. A decision support system (DSS) is an organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices that support problem-specific decision making. Decision support systems are, therefore, a loosely defined group of tools, and include information systems, tools for scenario analysis, and optimization approaches.. The interwoven elements of DSS are to supply factual information, based on existing data, statistics, and scientific evidence; to assist in designing alternatives and to assess the likely consequences of such new plans or policy options, and to assist in a systematic multi-criteria evaluation and comparison of the alternatives generated and studied. The DSS system is characterized by methodological pluralism. The individual components of the system are based on quite different concepts, levels of aggregation, and methods of analysis, namely, numerical simulation, mathematical programming, symbolic simulation, interactive data base access, and rule- and inference-based information retrieval, all of which are integrated into one coherent system. DSS for E-Government to improve public services division DSS for e- Government can be called as Public Service Intelligence which provides smart, faster and accurate service with optimal decision. With the extensive application of various e-government systems, the decision support system for egovernment (DSS for e-government) is required urgently. How to construct an effective data platform to

provide support for government decision-making is a complicated matter. We have to make (or analyze if already developed) the framework of e-government DSS. For better development of DSS (i) assess recent developments and sectors - how can it be execute through DSS technology, (ii) Identify the role of DSS in improving socioeconomic development policy-making and strategic planning in the government sector and (iii) Critically review the experience of the country in developing, implementing and institutionalizing government socioeconomic system, with the objective of identifying challenges and learned lessons. Basic Case Study: Let us consider our government system which needs data analysis. Suppose, transportation board wants to get the details for traffic in a particular city to make over and under bridges. For that information (Purified and analyzed data) of passage of vehicles and their frequency is required. This can be achieved through traffic data analysis. Governmental areas that are needed Data analysis and DSS: Spatial Geographical areas Marine Planning Crisis Management, Debt management Disaster Management Taxation Water Management Transportation Election and formation of government Healthcare Education Rural and Urban development Planning Economical development Finance and Banking Defense HRD IT and Communication Patrolling and Central investigation Energy and Power station, electricity board

Characteristics and key technologies of decision-making system, Spatial DSS.

(We can combine two concepts Spatial DSS and DSS)

(1) Different forms of data: spatial data refers to natural, social and cultural economic data which uses earth's surface spatial location as reference. They can have graphics, images, text, tables, and digital form with some attributes such as coordinates, location relationship and properties; (2) Different ways of gaining information: spatial data have special access of gaining data, they are input to spatial information system through hardware devices such as digitizers, scanners, or image processing system and their corresponding input-driven software; (3) Different decision-making models: there are many spatial models in Spatial Decision-making System, spatial models sometimes can be transformed into non-spatial model to compute, and non-spatial model can be transformed into spatial model through implementing the model in each spatial unit. (4) Different output results of decision-making: most of spatial decision-making system results are graphics, images, forms, etc. (5) Different system structure: it is added to GIS spatial database and database management systems. Challenges to be faced for e government(DSS): The efficient and effective utilization of scarce resources The ill-structured nature of government strategic decision-support process The changing, turbulent, and dynamic environment of government decision-making The crisis-management mode of operation in most strategic socioeconomic decisions of the public sector The need for conflict resolution in strategic decision-making The availability of DSS tools and generators relevant to different sectors and applications Continuous, multi-level training of human resources is a critical factor in the successful adoption, adaptation and dissemination of DSS within government departments.

References:
Bhatnagar, S. (2003). Administrative corruption: How does e-government help? Retrieved February 27, 2003 from http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/egov. Bonham, G. M., Seifert, J. W., & Thorson, S. J. (2001). The transformational potential of E-government: The role of political leadership. Electronic Governance and Information Policy (Panel 9-1) at the 4th Pan European International Relations Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research. RetrievedFebruary 27, 2003 from http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/maspages/faculty/gmbonham/ecpr.htm. A definition of e-government. (2003). The World Bank Group. Retrieved February 27, 2003 from http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/egov/definition.htm. http://smartdatacollective.com

Written by:
Mrs. Pooja M. Mehta Asst. Professor SAL Institute of Technology and Engineering Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Contact: pooja.mehta@sal.edu.in +91-9033030034.