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The Application of Data Fusion in MIMO Radar Target Detection

Lu jie
Chongqing University of science and technology
Chongqing
China,401331
lutongtong2011@eyou.com


AbstractMultiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar is a
novel radar technique developed recently. In this paper, the
principle of MIMO Radar based on collated antenna is
presented and then the data fusion technique for MIMO radar
is described. First, each elements of MIMO radar performs
detection respectively, and then the results integrated in a
center. At last the final detection result is get which includes all
the information of each detector result.
Keywords-MIMO radar, signal processing, target detection, data
fusion
I. INTRODUCTION
The MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) radar
system allows transmitting orthogonal (or incoherent)
waveforms in each of the transmitting antennas. In the
traditional SIMO (single-input multiple-output) radar, the
system can only transmit scaled versions of a single
waveform. It has been shown that the MIMO radar has
several advantages over SIMO radar including high spatial
resolution, excellent interference rejection capability,
improved parameter identifiability ,and enhanced flexibility
for transmit beam-pattern design .
It has been recently shown that multiple-input multiple-
output (MIMO) system has the potential to dramatically
improve the performance of the communication systems over
single antenna system [1],[2]. Unlike the traditional beam-
forming approach, Which employ highly correlated signals
of transmitting or receiving antenna arrays to steer a beam
towards a certain direction in space, MIMIO makes use of
the independence between signals from different transmitters
and receivers to improve the more information received from
the target and the robustness of the transmit-receive link.
The theory problem and signal processing technique has
already drawn much attention from scholars. But the fusion
of target detection result has seldom been researched. In this
paper, the problem of detection result fusion will be
researched.
The remainder of the paper is organized as followed.
Section II introduces the principle of MIMO radar based on
transmitting diversity. Section III presents receiving signal
processing method of MIMO radar based on transmitting
diversity. In Section IV, the data fusion for MIMO radar is
presented. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in section V.
II. THE PRINCIPLE OF MIMO RADAR BASED ON
TRANSMITTINCG DIVERSITY
To detect small RCS targets, such as cruise missile or
stealth fighter, surface-based or ship-based phased radars are
usually designed for high peak power levels and large
power-aperture-gain (PAG) products. Unfortunately, this
will bring some problems. First of all, these radars must
operate in the presence of strong clutter, resulting in
challenging requirements on system dynamic range
fundamentally limited by the "state of the art"' Secondly,
strong clutters also result in challenging requirements on
phase noise, stability, isolation, spurs, and other hardware-
related specification. Thirdly, due to high peak power levels,
radar signals will suffer more easily from harmful
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and enemy Electronic
Intercept (ELINT) system.
To partially address these problems, radar arrays are
being designed to use Digital Beam Formation (DBF) on
receives [5]. [6].In a DBF system, analog-to-digitization
(AID) conversion is performed at each of the receive
elements in the array, so can reduce A/D dynamic range by
N times ( N is the number of receive subarrays) and
facilitate the formation of multiple simultaneous receive
beams (which enables faster search rates).Through such
arrays offer many benefits, they still operate much like
earlier phased array radar mode and can not resolve the
signals anti-intercept problem.
MIMO radar based on transmitting diversity can solve well
the problems described above. On surface-based or ship-
based phased array, on transmitting, the array aperture would
be subdivided into M low-gain elements group (or
subarrays) in elevation, each radiates a unique, orthogonally
coded waveform (note that the various emitted signals will
not be combined to form a single focused beam, instead, the
radiated energy will cover a broad angular sector) shown in
Fig. 1. Because the array is subdivided into M subarrays, the
transmit gain and the transmitted power per channel are
reduced by M times.
2011 International Conference on Internet Computing and Information Services
978-0-7695-4539-4/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICICIS.2011.159
598

Figure 1 The principle of MIMO radar based on transmitting
diversity
On receiving the signal at each individual receiver is
processed through a bank of M matched filters, see Figure
2.Each filter is matched to one of the transmitted waveforms,
thereby recovering the returns due to a single transmit signal.
This produces a total of MN matched filter outputs. Since
the locations of each transmit and receive element are known,
these MN signals can be phased and combined (analogous to
normal transmit and receive beanforming) to form high gain
receive beams in one or more directions. By digital time-
delay or DBF technique, the beams will cover the volume of
space illuminated by the wide transmit beam. Further
integration (i.e., Doppler processing) is used to maintain
sensitivity, and to achieve the same range, as desired.

Figure 2 Matched filter for the receive signal
System above can be in either the MIIMO or the
conventional transmit modes (all subarrays transmit the same
signal), as needed, a great deal of flexibility is provided.
III. MIMO RADAR SIGNAL PROCESSING
According to the principle described above, the
configuration of MIMO radar based on transmitting
diversity is depicted. Now consider an MIMO system with
M transmit elements (or subarrays) and N receiving
elements (or subarrays), transmitting orthogonal waveforms
1 2
( ), ( ), , ( )
M
S t S t S t .
Assuming narrow signals (this is not a necessary
requirement, but simplifies the discussion) and isotropic
elemental radiators, the aggregate waveform incidents upon
any target can be represented as
1
1
( ) ( )
M
m m
m
p t S t o t
=
=

(1)
Where,
( 1) sin
m
m d
c
u
t

= , is the delay time from the
transmit to the target.
1
o is the attenuate factor, which is
same for all transmitter. Then, the summation of all
waveform is
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
M
m m
m
p t S t o o u
=
=

(2)
Where, u is the target direction of arrival, ( )
m
o u is the
transmit response vector of mth element.
The wave is reflected back to antenna. The n-th subarray
received waveform is then
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
n
j
n n
x t p t p t e
|
o t o

= = (3)
Where,
2 sin
( 1)
n
d
n
t u
|

= .
2
o is the sum of the
propagation attenuation and scatter coefficient, the received
signal vector is then:
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) t b p t t o u = + X V (4)
Where,
1 2
( 1)
1 2
( ) [ ( ), ( ), , ( )]
( ) [1, , , ]
[ ( ), ( ), , ( )]
T
N
j j N T
T
N
t x t x t x t
b e e
v t v t v t
| |
u

=
=
=
X
V(t)


Substitute (3) into (4), we get
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
M
m m
m
t b S t o u o u
=
= +

X V(t) (5)
Where o is a complex scalar, ( ) b u is the usual 1 N
"receive array vector," and V(t) is an 1 N vector of noise
at time t. For simplicity, (5) makes implicitly an assumption
of monostatic or pseudo monostatic aperture configuration;
this is not strictly required.
The match filters produce a total of MN matched filter
outputs. Stacking the results into a vector, the signal is
expressed as
( ) [ ( ) ( )] t o u u = + Z b a V(t) (6)
Where, is the Kronecker product. To form an
unweighted beam in direction u ,
( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
H
y t t
u
u u = b a Z (7)
[ ]
H
denotes conjugate transpose operation.
Then the ( ) y t
u
is used to find target by some technique
such as MTD(moving target detection),MTI(moving target
indication), CFAR(constant false alarm rate). And then , the
detection result is processed by data fusion which is
introduce in next section.
IV. SIMULATONS
Data fusion emerged as a new topic in the late 1980s.
Many research fields have emerged, as results of the
continuous improvement in data quality and quantity, and the
599
fast changing electronic and optical technologies, that allow
recording, transmitting, and storing of a huge amount of
information. Here, this technique is applied into MIMO radar.
The generalised state-space system for target tracking is
given in this section. Denoting the combined state for
t
K unknown and time-varying targets by
1, 2, ,
{ , , }
t t t K t
x x x x = .we have the state evolution
equation for
,
x
n
K t
x R e , where {1, 2, , }
t
k K e and
x
n is the number of elements in
, k t
x , as
, , 1 ,
( )
k t k t k t
x f x v

= + (8)
where ( ) f a linear or nonlinear state transition function,
models the manoeuvring of the target. The quantity
,
x
n
k t
v R e is assumed to be a zero-mean Gaussian random
variable with fixed and known covariance matrices .We
further assume that the velocities of the targets are bounded
by
min max
{ , }
t
v v v e (9)
Tracking a variable number of targets requires either a
variable dimensional state-space,or a fixed dimensional
state-space, say
max
K , in conjunction with a set of existence
variables indicating which components of the state-space
correspond to active targets. While the second approach is
easier to conceptualize as the dimension of the space is
always fixed, in this paper we opt for the first approach of
having a variable dimensional state-space which is more
flexible in real-life applications. We do not impose a limit on
the number of targets the proposed method can handle.
Instead the proposed method allows the dimension of the
state vector to adaptively change as the detected number of
targets changes.
However, given a set of measurements, it is not known
which measurements are associated with which of the active
targets and which are associated with clutter. Thus we need
to properly deal with this data association uncertainty
problem, i.e., measurement-to-target assignment, prior to
target tracking.
Two assumptions are made here for solving the data
association problem. One is that each measurement can
originate from either a true target or clutter, and the other is
that a target can produce at most or one measurement at a
given time. The first assumption means that the association is
exclusive and exhaustive, whereas the second assumption
implies that true targets may go undetected. For a discussion
of cases where a target may generate more than one
measurement at a time..
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we research the problem of data fusion of
MIMO radar . Each pair of transmitter- receiver can been
viewed as a sub-system of MIMO radar. This sub-system can
perform target detection independently. At last , the result of
each sub-system can be integrated in a center processor to
get the final result.
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