VSEPR

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This part (Series-2: Q.no 54) is updated on 20th March, 2010 and going to be updated
frequently. For recent updates and other parts, visit
http://www.adichemadi.com
SOLVED
CSIR UGC JRF NET
CHEMICAL SCIENCES
PAPER 1 (PART-B)
SERIES-2
VSEPR THEORY
NOTE: Related and additional questions appeared in previous GATE exams are also
solved.
54
54) In which one of the following pairs the species have similar geometry?
1. CO
2
and SO
2
2. NH
3
and BH
3
3. CO
3
2
and SO
3
2
4. SO
4
2
and ClO
4
Explanation:
1. CO
2
is linear whereas SO
2
is angular with a lone pair
2. NH
3
is pyramidal with a lone pair whereas BH
3
is trigonal planar
3. CO
3
2
is trigonal planar whereas SO
3
2
is pyramidal with a lone pair
4. Both SO
4
2
and ClO
4
are tetrahedral.
Additional information:
VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) THEORY
* Following are the important postulates of VSEPR's theory proposed by Nyholm, Gillespie.
1) The shape of a molecule can be determined from the arrangement and repulsions between
the electron pairs present in the valence shell of central atom of that molecule.
2) There are two types of valence shell electron pairs viz.,
i) Bond pair and ii) Lone pair
3) The electron pairs in the valence shell the repel each other and determines the shape of the
molecule. The magnitude of the repulsion depends upon the type of electron pair.
4) The bond pair is attracted by nuclei the occupies less space and hence it causes less repul-
sion. Whereas, the lone pairs are only attracted by one nucleus and hence occupy more space.
As a result, the repulsion caused by them is greater.
The order of repulsion between different types of electron pairs is as follows :
Lone pair - Lone pair >Lone Pair -Bond pair >Bond pair- Bond pair
5) When the valence shell of central atom contains only bond pairs, the molecule gets sym-
metrical structure, whereas the symmetry is distorted when there are lone pairs along with
bond pairs.
6) The bond angle decreases due to the presence of lone pairs.
7) The repulsion increases with increase in the number of bonds between two atoms.
E.g. Triple bond causes more repulsion then double bond which in turn causes more
repulsion than single bonds.
Prepared by V. Aditya vardhan adichemadi(at)gmail.com WARANGAL
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8) The repulsion between electron pairs increases with increase electronegativity of central
atom and hence the bond angle increases.
9) Shapes of molecules can be predicted from the number of electron pairs in the valence shell of
central atom as follows:
THE GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES CONTAINING ONLY BOND PAIRS IN THE CENTRAL ATOM
Number of
bond pairs
Formula Molecular geometry Examples
2 AB
2
Linear A B B

BeCl
2
, BeF
2
3 AB
3

Trigonal
planar
B
B B
A

BF
3
, BCl
3
4 AB
4
Tetrahedral A
B
B
B
B

CH
4
, CCl
4
5 AB
5

Trigonal
bipyramidal
A
B
B
B
B
B

PCl
5
, PF
5

6 AB
6
Octahedral A
B
B
B
B
B
B

SF
6

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GEOMETRY OF MOLECULES CONTAINING CONTAINING ONE OR MORE
LONE PAIRS IN CENTRAL ATOM
Total
number
of
electron
pairs
Number
of bond
pairs
Number
of lone
pairs
Formula
Shape of
molecule
Bond angle Examples
3 2 1 AB
2
E Angular 120
o
SO
2
3 1 AB
3
E
Trigonal
Pyramidal
107
o
48
102
o
30

NH
3

NF
3

4
2 2 AB
2
E
2

Angular
(V- shaped)
104
o
28
103
o

H
2
O
F
2
O

4 1 AB
4
E See-Saw SCl
4
, SF
4

3 2 AB
3
E
2
T-Shape 90
o
ClF
3

5
2 3 AB
2
E
3

Linear 180
o

XeF
2
, I
3
-
5 1 AB
5
E

Square
pyramidal
90
o
BrF
5

6
4 2 AB
4
E
2

Square
planar

90
o

XeF
4

Where A =central atom
B =atom linked to the central atom
E =Lone electron pair
Explanatory examples:
1) BeCl
2
: The valence shell of central atom, beryllium contains only two bond pairs. Hence it
is linear in shape with 180
o
bond angle.
Cl Cl Be
180
o
Linear molecule
2) BF
3
: The valence shell of the central atom - boron contains only three bond pairs. Hence
it's shape is trigonal planar with 120
o
bond angle.
120
o
B
Cl Cl
Cl
Trigonal planar shape
3) CH
4
: The valence shell of the central atom - carbon contains only four bond pairs. Hence it
is tetrahadral in shape with 109
o
28
'
bond angle.
The bond pairs are arranged tetrahedral symmetry so as to minimize repulsions. If the
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bond pairs are arranged in square plane, the angles between them will be only 90
o
and the
repulsions will be more than in case of tetrahedral arrangement. Hence tetrahedral structure is
more favorable than square planar structure.
109
o
28'
C
H
H
H
H
Tetrahedral structure of methane
4) NH
3
: There are three bond pairs and one lone pair in the central atom, nitrogen. The bond
angle is decreased from 109
o
28
'

to 107
o
48' due to repulsion caused by lone pair.
107
o
48'
N
H H
H
Trigonal pyramidal structure of ammonia molecule
5) H
2
O: There are two bond pairs and two lone pairs in the central atom, oxygen. The bond
angle is decreased from 109
o
28
'

to 104
o
28' due to repulsion caused by two lone pairs.
104
o
28'
O
H
H
Angular shape of water molecule
Additional questions
53.1) The shape of BrF
3
is:
a) Trigonol pyramidal b) Trigonal plannar
c) Trigonal bipyramidal d) T-shaped
Ans:- BrF
3
is a T-shaped molecule. The central Br atom undergoes, sp
3
d hybridization in 1st
excited state. It is an AX
3
type of interhalogen compound. Other e.g. ClF
3
, BrCl
3
etc.,
Br F
F
F
:
:
53.2) Discuss the structures of XeF
2
, XeF
4
, XeF
6
, XeO
3
and XeO
4
, XeO
2
F
2
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Ans:- Z of Xe =63.
Ground state valence E.C of Xe =5s
2
5p
6
5d
0
Structure of XeF
2
E.C in 1st ex.state: 5s
2
5p
5
5d
1
5s 5p
sp
3
d
hybridization
5d
Structure is linear (based on trigonal bipyramidal).
Xe
F
F
:
:
:
Logic: Xe is forming two bonds which require two unpaired electrons. Hence sp
3
d
hybridization in 1st excited state.
Structure of XeF
4
E.C in 2nd ex.state: 5s
2
5p
4
5d
2
5s 5p
sp
3
d
2
hybridization
5d
Its shape is square planar (based on octahedral structure).
:
Xe
F
F
F
F
:
Logic: Xe is forming four bonds which require four unpaired electrons. Hence sp
3
d
2
hybridization in 2nd excited state.
Structure of XeF
6
E.C in 3rd ex.state: 5s
2
5p
3
5d
3
5s 5p
sp
3
d
3
hybridization
5d
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Shape is distorted octahedral. Xe
F
F
F
F
F
F
:
Logic: Xe is forming six bonds which require six unpaired electrons. Hence sp
3
d
3
hybridization
in 3rd excited state.
Structure of XeO
3
2
5p
3
5d
3
5s 5p
sp
3
hybridization
5d
3 bonds
Its shape is trigonal pyramidal (based on tetrahedral structure).
Xe
O
O
O
:
Logic: Xe is forming three bonds and three bonds which require six unpaired electrons.
Hence 3rd excited state. But as it forms only 3 bonds , the hybridization is sp
3
.
Remember, the hybrid orbitals form bonds and the remaining pure orbitals form bonds.
Structure of XeO
4
E.C in 4th ex.state: 5s
1
5p
3
5d
4
5s 5p
sp
3
hybridization
5d
4 bonds
Its shape is tetrahedral:
Xe
O
O
O
O
Logic: Xe is forming four bonds and four bonds which require eight unpaired electrons.
Hence 4th excited state. But as it forms only 4 bonds , the hybridization is sp
3
.
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Structure of XeO
2
F
2
2
5p
3
5d
3
5s 5p
sp
3
d
hybridization
5d
2 bonds
4 bonds
It has see-saw shape (based on trigonal bipyramidal)
Xe
O
O
F
F
:
Note: The less electronegative (comparatively) oxygen atoms occupy the equatorial positions.
H.W: What would be the structure of XeOF
4
?
53.3) The shape of TeCl
4
is:
Ans:- The structures of SCl
4
, SeCl
4
and TeCl
4
are similar. The central atoms belong to VIA group.
Their outer electronic configuration in the ground state is ns
2
np
4
. They form tetrachlorides in
the first excited state: ns
2
np
3
nd
1
. The hybridization is sp
3
d.
ns np
sp
3
d
hybridization
nd
They have see-saw shapes: e.g.
Te
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
:
53.4) BrO
3
-
is isostructural with a noble gas species _____ .
Ans:- BrO
3
-
is trigonal pyramidal. It is isostructural with XeO
3
. In both the cases, the central atom
undergoes sp
3
hybridization.
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Br
O
O
O
-
:
Note: There are 2 d p bonds.
53.5) Compare the structure and conductivity of hexagonal boron nitride with graphite.
Ans:- Graphite has layered structure. Each layer consists of fused hexagonal rings of carbon
atoms. These layers are stacked on top of each other such that carbons in alternate layers are
are arranged over eahc other.
Each carbon undergoes sp
2
hybridization. It is an electrical conductor due to presence of
free electrons in the delocalized -molecular orbitals.
Boron nitride (BN) may exist as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) or cubic boron nitride
(c-BN). The structure of h-BN resembles graphite. The layers stack on top of each other such
that the
B
+
and
N

atoms lie on top of each other; this contrasts with the staggered
arrangement found in graphite.
Boron nitride is an insulator. It is thermally and chemically stable and find its use in high
temperature equipment (ceramics) and nanotechnology.
B
N
N
B
B
N
B
N
N
B
B
N
N
B
N
B
N
B
N
B
B
N
B
N
B
N
B
N
N
B
N
B
B
N
N
B
B
N
B
N
N
B
B
N
N
B
N
B
N
B
N
B
B
N
B
N
B
N
B
N
N
B
N
B
53.6) The Lewis acid character of BF
3
, BCl
3
, BBr
3
follows the order:
a) BF
3
< BBr
3
< BCl
3
b) BCl
3
< BBr
3
< BF
3
c) BF
3
< BCl
3
< BBr
3
d) BBr
3
< BCl
3
< BF
3
Ans:- The effectiveness of formation of -back bonding between halogen and boron atom de-
creases from B-F to B-Cl to B-Br. Smaller fluorine atom forms -bond effectively with
smaller boron atom. Hence the Lewis acidic nature increases from BF
3

to BBr
3
. (This is
contrary arguments using electronegativity.)
Another reason is the energy required for the pyramidalization of geometry around boron
during the formation of complex by the boron halide is higher for BF
3
.
BI
3
is strongest lewis acid among all due to weak pi-bonding and low pyramidalization
energy.
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53.7) Which among (CH
3
)
3
NBF
3
, (CH
3
)
3
NBCl
3
and (CH
3
)
3
NBBr
3
is less stable. Explain.
Ans:- The geometry around the boron atom in above complexes is tetrahedral (mentioned as
pyramidalization in above answer). Transformation from planar geometry to tetrahedral
geometry requires more energy in case of BF
3
(as it requires more energy to break pi-back
bonding). Hence it will form complexes less readily. As a result, (CH
3
)
3
NBF
3
is less stable.
N B
C H
3
C H
3
C H
3
X
X
X
N
C H
3
C H
3
C H
3
B
X
X
X
:
+
Note: (CH
3
)
3
NBBr
3
is more stable.
53.8) The bond angle of Cl
2
O is
1) Smaller than that of F
2
O 2) Greater than that of H
2
O
3) Smaller than that of H
2
O 4) Same as that of F
2
O
Ans:-
Factors deciding the bond angle
1) Hybdrization of central atom. (e.g. sp
3
- 109
o
28)
comment: The bond angle is equal to the angle between hybrid orbitals when there are no
lone pairs on the central atom.
2) The repulsion caused by lone pairs on the central atom.
comment: Lone pairs cause more repulsion than bond pairs and hence the bond angle
decreases.
3) The electronegativity of central as well as ligand atoms (which are bonded to the
central atom).
comment: Greater the electronegativity of central atom, greater is the bond angle. When
electronegativity of central atom is higher, then the bond pairs will be closer to it. It causes
the bond pairs to move apart.
If the electronegativity of ligand atoms is more, then the bond angle tends to decrease.
4) The size of central as well as ligand atoms.
comment:
Greater the size of central atom lesser is the bond angle. (as the repulsion is minimized)
Greater the size of ligand atoms greater is the bond angle due to repulsion.
Explanation: The central atom (oxygen) in Cl
2
O, F
2
O and H
2
O undergoes sp
3
hybridization.
But there are two lone pairs on it.
In case of H
2
O, the bond angle is decreased to 104.5
o
due to repulsion from lone pair.
In case of F
2
O, the bond angle is decreased to 103
o
. (here, the lone pair repulsion is
predominant factor)
In case of Cl
2
O, the bond angle is increased to 117.6
o
due to repulsion between bulky Cl
atoms.
Remember, Cl
2
O is a paramagnetic molecule. But it does not dimerize as the unpaired elec-
tron (odd electron) is localized over the whole molecule (especially on O atoms).
53.8) Describe the structural features of oxyacids of phosphorus.
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Ans:- Structural features of oxyacids of phosphorus:
1) Phosphorus can show +1 or +3 or +5 oxidation states in oxoacids.
2) It is surrounded by oxide or hydroxide or hydrogens in tetrahedral geometry.
3) Phosphorus undergoes sp
3
hybridization in first excitation state.
4) Only the hydrogens of hydroxy groups are acidic.
5) The hydrogen atoms directly attached to phosphorus are not acidic but they possess
reducing properties.
6) It forms a d -p bond with oxygen.
Formula Name Structure
H
3
PO
3
Phosphonic acid
or
Phosphorus acid P
O
OH
OH
H

Preparation:
3 2 3 3
PCl + 3H O H PO + 3HC1

Properties: Dibasic;
Oxidation state of P =+3
One P-H bond & hence also a reducing agent;
Can form salts containing H
2
PO
3
-
or HPO
3
2-
;
Salts are known as phosphonates or phosphites

H
3
PO
2
Phosphinic acid
or
Hypophosphorus acid P
O
OH
H
H

Preparation:
2 2 2 2 4 3 2 4
Ba(H PO ) +H SO 2H PO +BaSO
Note: Hypophosphites salts are in turn are obtained when
Phosphorus is treated with alkalis.
e.g.
4 2 2 2 3
P +3NaOH +3H O 3NaH PO +PH
Properties: Monobasic;
Oxidation state of P =+1;
Two P-H bonds & hence also a reducing agent;
Forms salts containing H
2
PO
2
-

Salts are known as phosphinates or hypophosphites.

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H
3
PO
4
Orthophosphoric acid

IUPAC name is
trihydroxidooxidophosphorus
P
O
OH
OH
O H

Preparation:
4 10 2 3 4
P O + 6H O 4H PO
Properties: Tribasic;
Forms salts containing H
2
PO
4
-
, HPO
4
2-
and PO
4
3-

H
4
P
2
O
7

Pyrophosphoric acid
or
Diphosphoric acid P
O
O H
O H
O
P
O
OH
OH

Preparation:
3 4 4 2 7 2
2H PO H P O H O
A
+
Properties: Tetrabasic;
Na
2
H
2
P
2
O
7
Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate is used in bread
making.
Na
4
P
2
O
7
is used in detergents.
Ca
2
P
2
O
7
is used in tooth pastes.

H
5
P
3
O
10
Triphosphoric acid
P
O
O H
O H
O
P
O
O
OH
P
O
OH
OH

Preparation:
3 4 4 2 7 5 3 10 2
H PO H P O H PO H O
A
+ +
When phosphoric acid is heated, initially pyrophosphoric acid is
formed, which upon further heating gives triphsophoric acid.
Properties: Pentabasic;
Na
5
P
3
O
10
sodiumtripolyphosphate is used in sulfonate
detergents as sequestering agent for Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions. (softens
water)

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H
4
P
2
O
6
Hypophosphoric acid
P
O
O H
O H
P
O
OH
OH

Preparation: Red P +NaOCl gives Na
2
H
2
P
2
O
6
which upon acidification
yields hypophosphoric acid.
Properties: Tetrabasic;
There is a P-P bond.
Acid is thermodynamically unstable and disproportionates to
phosphorus and phosphoric acids.

53.9) Discuss the structure of N
2
O
5
in the solid and gas phases.
Ans:- In solid phase it exists as a salt [NO
2
+
][NO
3
-
]
Cation is linear nitronium ion-[NO
2
+
], wheras anion is planar [NO
3
-
] ion.
In gas phase, as well as when dissolved in non polar solvents like CCl
4
, it exists as non polar
molecule shown below.
N
O
N
O
O O
O
Do you know?: It is a good nitrating agent. It was used to nitrate benzene to nitrobenzene.
But nowadays it is completely replaced by NO
2
BF
4
.
53.10) Explain why AlBr
3
dimerises to Al
2
Br
6
. while BCl
3
is monomeric.
Ans:- Aluminium cannot form a -back bond with bromine (of same molecule) due to poor
sidewise overlapping of p-orbital of Br and that of Al. But it can form a -bond with a
bromine atom of another molecule and can accept an electron pair from it. As a result, it can
dimerize.
Al
Br
Br
Br
Al
Br
Br
Br
Whereas, boron can form - bond due to back donation from halogen (of same mol-
ecule). Hence BCl
3
cannot dimerize.
B
Cl Cl
Cl
53.11) Using the VSEPR theory, predict the number of lone pairs and draw the structures of
PCl
5
, IF
5
, SOF
4
and XeOF
4
.
Ans:- No. of lone pairs in the central atonm can be calculated by using following logic.
No. of electrons that are not participating the bonding =valence electrons in the central
atom - no. of bonds (
&
) formed by it.
Hence the formula is:
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v-b
No. of lone pairs =
2
where
v =no. of valence electrons in the central atom.
b =no. of (
&
) bonds formed by central atom.
The structure and hybridization are decided by no. of lone pairs and no. of atoms around the
central atom.
For e.g. if this number is 5, then the hybridization is sp
3
d and the shape is based on trigonal
bipyramidal structure.
For PCl
5
v-b 5-5
No. of lone pairs = = 0
2 2
=
No. of lone pairs +no. of ligand atoms =0 +5 =5
Hence the hybridization is sp
3
d and the shape is trigonal bipyramidal. No lone pair and no
distortion.
For IF
5
v-b 7-5
2 2
=
No. of lone pairs +no. of ligand atoms =1 +5 =6.
3
d
2
and the shape is based on octahedral structure. As there is
one lone pair, the shape is square pyramidal.
For SOF
4
v-b 6-6
2 2
=
3
d and the shape is trigonal bipyramidal. No lone pair and no
distortion.
Note: Less electronegative and bulky O occupies equitorial position.
For XeOF
4
v-b 8-6
2 2
=
3
d
2
and the shape is based on octahedral structure. As there is
one lone pair, the shape is square pyramidal.
53.12) Write the strutures of the following compounds
A) 1,2-B
4
C
2
H
6
B) H
3
CPF
4
C) SF
4
CH
2
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A)
B B
B
B C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
l,2-dicarba-closo-hexaborane(6).
B)
P
F
F
F
F
H
H
H tetrafluoro(methyl)-
5
-phosphane
Note:The more electropositive (less electronegative) -CH
3
group occupies the equitorial
position.
C)
S C
H
H
F
F
F
F
(tetrafluoro-
6
-sulfanylidene)methane
or
methylene sulfurhexafluoride
Practice questions:
1) The hybridization in SF
6
molecule is :
a) sp
3
d
2
b) sp
2
d
3
c) sp
3
d
3
d) sp
3
2) Match the compounds / species given in List - I with the structures in List - II
List I List II
XeF
4
A. Angular
Ni(CN)
5
3-
B. Linear
NO
2
+
C. Square pyramid
Zn(CN)
4
2-
E. Tetrahedral
F. Square planar

Note: NO
2
+
is angular; Ni(CN)
5
3-
is square pyramidal;
3) Which one of the following statements is correct for XeO
2
F
2
?
a) It has a square planar structure.
b) It has a trigonal bipyramid based structure.
c) It is isostructural with XeF
4
.
d) It has a tetrahedral structure.
4) Which among the following pairs is square pyramidal in shape?
a) BrF
5
, XeOF
4
2) PCl
5
, XeO
2
F
2
3) AsF
5
, BrF
5
4) IF
7
, XeF
6
5) The square pyramidal molecular shape is adopted by
1) SOF
4
2) XeOF
4
3) ScOCl
4
4) PF
5
H.W: What are the structures of molecules given under other options?
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6) The structure of XeO
2
F
2
based on VSEPR theory is best described as
1) A square planar structure with the fluorines trans to each other.
2) See-saw structure with F-Xe-F bond angle close to 120
o
.
3) A perfect tetrahedral arrangement of substituents around Xe.
4) See-saw structure with O-Xe-O bond angle close to 120
o
.
Note: F-Xe-F bond angle close to 90
o
.
7) The B-F bond distance in
3 3
H N BF is much _____ than in BF
3
. (ans: longer)
8) The molecule ClF
3
has ____ non-bonded electron pairs. (ans: 2)
9) The planar structure of N(SiH
3
)
3
is due to ______ bonding. (ans: pi-back bonding;
from nitrogen to silicon)
10) The hybridization of the central carbon atom in an alkene is ___ . (ans: sp
2
)
11) Which of the following pair is linear in shape and with three lone pairs?
1) CO
2
, SO
2
2) XeF
2
, SCl
2
3) HgCl
2
, BeF
2
4) XeF
2
, I
3
-
Note: All, except SCl
2
, are linear.
12) The minimum number of electrons needed to form a chemical bond between two atoms
is:
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
13) The pair of compounds having the same hybridization for the central atom is
a) XeF
4
and [SiF
4
]
2-
b) [NiCl
4
]
2-
and [PtCl
4
]
2-
c) Ni(CO)
4
and XeO
2
F
2
d) [Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
and [Co(H
2
O)
6
]
3+
14) The number of hydroxy (-OH) groups present in phosphorus acid is:
a) one b) two c) three d) four
15) [XeO
6
]
4-
is octahedral whereas XeF
6
is a disordered one, because:
a) Fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen.
b) Xe has a lone pair in XeF
6
.
c) XeF
6
is neutral whereas [XeO
6
]
4-
is anionic.
d) Xe-F bond has more ionic character.
Note: Shape of perxenate ion ---- [XeO
6
]
4-
Xe
O
O
O
-
O
-
O
-
O
-
16) The series with the correct order of decreasing ionic size is
a) K
+
>Ca
2+
>S
2-
>Cl
-
b) S
2-
> Cl
-
> K
+
> Ca
2+
c) K
+
>Cl
-
>Ca
2+
>S
2-
d) Cl
-
>K
+
>S
2-
>Ca
2+
17) The structure of SF
4
is:
V
.
A
D
I
T
Y
A

V
A
R
D
H
A
N
W
W
W
.
A
D
I
C
H
E
M
A
D
I
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C
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M
113
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a) Trigonal bipyramidal b) tetrahedral
c) Octahedral d) square planar
Note: According to some authors structure and shape are different terms. In above case,
structure includes the lone pairs along with bond pairs. Whereas, shape includes only bond
pairs and hence its shape is see-saw.
18) The structures of N(CH
3
)
3
and N(SiH
3
)
3
are respectively:
a) Pyramidal & trigonal planar b) Trigonal planar & pyramidal
c) Both pyramidal d) Both trigonal planar
Note: Trisilyl amine, N(SiH
3
)
3
is trigonal planar due to sp
2
hybridization of central nitrogen
atom. There is a p d bond formed due to overlapping of p-orbital with lone pair on
nitrogen with empty d-orbital on silicon. Hence not only it is planar and also less basic. Its
Lewi basicity is decreased due to involvement of lone pair on nitrogen in -bonding.
This kind of -bonding is not possible with carbon as there are no available d-orbitals.
19) The xenon compounds that are isostructural with IBr
2
-
and BrO
3
-
respectively are:
a) linear XeF
2
and pyramidal XeO
3
b) bent XeF
2
and pyramidal XeO
3
c) bent XeF
2
and planar XeO
3
d) linear XeF
2
and tetrahedral XeO
3
20) The chemical formula for hypophosphoric acid
A) H
3
PO
4
B) H
3
PO
3
C) H
4
P
2
O
5
D) H
4
P
2
O
6
21) Which one of the following is a monobasic acid?
a) H
4
P
2
O
7
b) H
3
PO
4
c) H
3
PO
3
d) H
3
PO
2
22) In a molecule of phosphorus (V) oxide there are:
A) 4 P-P, 10 P-O and 4P =O bonds B) 12 P-O and 4P = O bonds
C) 2 P-O and 4P =O bonds D) 6 P-P, 12 P-O and 4P =O bonds
Structure:
O
O
P
P
O
P
P
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
23) Among the following isostructural compounds, identify the compound which has the
highest lattice energy.
A) LiF B) LiCl C) NaCl D) MgO
Hint: Lattice energy is proportional to the product of charges on either ions and inversely
related to the distance between them. Greater the charge and small the size, greater is the
lattice energy.
Related question: Which among the above has least lattice energy? (ans: NaCl)
23) Which of the following species/molecules has a planar geometry?
a) Ni(CO)
4
b) SF
4
c) CoCl
2
4
d) XeF
4
V
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Y
A

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W
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H.W: What are the structures of other species?
24) Which of the following will have the molecular shape of a trigonal bipyramid?
a) PF
3
Cl
2
b) IF
5
c) BrF
5
d) SbF
5
2-
Followup question: Theoretically how many isomeric forms are possible for PF
3
Cl
2
. Which
among them is stable?
Ans: Three isomers are possible. Among them, the isomer which has two Cl atoms present on
equatorial position is more stable.
Usually the electron pairs with larger volume tend to occupy equatorial positions. As Cl is
bigger in size and less electronegative when compared to F, they tend to occupy two equato-
rial positions.
P F
F
F
Cl
Cl
P F
Cl
Cl
F
F
P F
F
Cl
F
Cl
More stable
25) Which statement best describes the polarity of SF
4
Cl
2
?
a. Always polar
b. Always nonpolar
c. Depending on the arrangement of outer atoms, this molecule could be polar or
non polar.
26) The compound (SiH
3
)
3
N is expected to be
a) pyramidal and more basic than (CH
3
)
3
N
b) planar and less basic than (CH
3
)
3
N
c) pyramidal and less basic than (CH
3
)
3
N
d) planar and more basic than (CH
3
)
3
N
27) The nature of -bond present in perchlorate ion is
A) ( ) ( ) O C p l p B) ( ) ( ) O C d l p
C) ( ) ( ) O p - Cl d D) ( ) ( ) O C d l d
Cl
O
O
-
O
O
Perchlorate ion
28) The hybrid orbitals used by bromine atom in BrF
3
are
a) sp
2
b) sp
3
c) sp
3
d d) sp
3
d
3
29) Which of the following species has two nonbonded electron pairs on the central atom?
a) TeCl
4
b) CIF
3
c) ICl
2
-
d) PCl
3
V
.
A
D
I
T
Y
A

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A
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D
H
A
N
W
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.
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30) The species which has a square planar structure is
a) BF
4
b) FeCl
4
c) SF
4
d) XeF
4
31) In allene, hybridization of the central and terminal carbons, respectively, are
a) sp
2
and sp
2
b) sp
2
and sp
3
c) sp

and sp
2
d) sp and sp
3
32) The structure of O
3
and N
3
are
a) linear and bent, respectively b) both linear
c) both bent d) bent and linear, respectively
33) Among the following molecules, the shortest bond length is to be found in
a) C
2
b) N
2
c) O
2
d) F
2
Note: C
2
1.24 A
o
N
2
1.10 A
o
O
2
1.21 A
o
F
2
1.42 A
o
34) Which ionic solid is expected to have the highest melting point?
a) CaF
2
b) NaCl c) CaO d) KBr
35) Which example below exhibits the largest bond angle?
a) angle ClCCl in CHCl
3
b) angle FBF in BF
3
c) angle HOH in H
2
O d) angle FBeF in BeF
2
36) Match up the correct formula and shape of the central atom. Which pair is correct?
1) [CO
3
]
2
; trigonal pyramidal
2) [SiH
3
]
; trigonal planar
3) CS
2
; bent
4) [CMe
3
]
+
; trigonal planar
37) sp
3
d
2
hybridization is observed in
a) BrF b) ClF
3
c) BrCl
3
d) ICl
5
38) The incorrect combination among following is
a) ICl sp
3
linear
b) BrCl
3
sp
3
d T-shape
c) IF
5
sp
3
d
2
square pyramidal
d) None
39) The shape of ICl
4
-
is:
1) octahedral 2) see saw 3) square planar 4) tetrahedral
40) The electron-domain geometry and molecular geometry of iodine trichloride are ____ and
____, respectively.
A) octahedral, trigonal planar
B) trigonal planar, trigonal planar
C) T-shaped, trigonal planar
D) trigonal bipyramidal, T-shaped
41) Of the following, only ____ has sp
2
hybridization of the central atom.
V
.
A
D
I
T
Y
A

V
A
R
D
H
A
N
W
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.
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A) ICl
3
B) I
3
-
C) PF
5
D) CO
3
2-
42) Which of the following is non-linear according to VSEPR theory?
a) CO
2
b) [ClF
2
]
+
c) [N
3
]
-
d) [I
3
]
-
43) How does the strength of the charge-charge interaction between two ions depend on the
separation, r, in the absence of any other ions?
a)
1/r
b)
2
1/ r
c)
3
1/ r
d)
6
1/ r
Explanation: In the absence of any other ion, relation between the various types of interac-
tions and the distance of separation are given below:
1/r
---- for charge-charge interactions.
2
1/ r
---- for ion dipole interactions.
3
1/ r
---- for dipole dipole interactions.
6
1/ r
---- for dispersion interactions.
44) The structure of XeOF
5
-
ion is:
a) pentagonal bipyramidal b) distorted octahedral
c) pentagonal pyramidal d) octahedral
Note: Another example for pentagonal pyramidal shape is IOF
5
2-

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