Christian, Shirley. 1985. Nicaragua: Revolution in the family. New York: Random House.

7r list of major figures in Nicaragua

Ch. 1: Baggage of the Past 3 she begins with account of man who participated in the murder of Sandino.... as someone who sheds light on history... father of Jorge Salazar. Family farm was Santa Mara de Ostuma! 5 Liberal-Conservative war was personalist: US in general did not favour one party or the other? decisions based on personalities! 7 on US invasion in 1912 [?]: by oct, 2,700 marines in the country 8 US nervous about Zelayas relation with Mexico 9 Sandino rejected Moncadas pact, though he was offered governership of Jinotega again, S willing to lay down arms if US would administer country until the next elections on an American who owned La Fundadora 10 Sandino as bandit 12 battle of Ocotal; S at El Chipote 13 S as darling of Communist Front groups in late 20's 14 S goes to Mex in 1929 seeking support; after Turcios abandons him and goes to work for Hond govt 15 back in Segovias by May 1930, after Mex president rejected him reference here to a letter of Ss that said that the extreme left was helpful in makign him think about certain social questoins: yet rejection of class warfare 16 S takes no part in military actions after wounding in June 1930? For author, Hoover wanted to get out of Nica... almost independent of Ss struggle! 18 but US only stays to keep Europeans from intervening? 19 Ss deal with Sacasa gave him control of almost 1/4 of country??? 20 but late 1933, S challenging the constitutionality of the guardia 21 US not part of plot to kill S 22 GQ from defender of Somoza: He never stole any properties. The properties were sold to him, sometimes for nothing. Ch. 2: The Years of the Dynasty 24 Somoza a specialist in manipulation of the U.S. government S engaged in selective cruelty govt interfered little in the lives of most Nicaraguans 25 Pedro Joaqun Chamorro: jailed in 1944 for anti-S demonstrations 26 sought Castros help in 1959; rejected; but received help from Venezuela 27 founding of FSLN military disaster in 1962, in first military action 28 begin operation in Pancasn in Dec 66; give in up in aug 67: guardia at that point kills 20 of 35 rebels; rest to Cuba At this point, S announces that the Frente no longer exists a dozen Nicas in mid-60's at Patrice Lumumba: Central American students were critical of Soviet foreign policy? [ie Czech; conflict with China--this is relevant, no? Fonseca was open to Mao... this will later change] by end of 60's, Nicas leave Moscow [apparently because they favoured insurrection] 29 Fonseca a simplistic thinker? Simple use of Marxism. Most of his writings concerned with problem of seizing power... cf authors evaluation of his use of Marxism Ruiz was at Patrice Lumumba [was it NACLA that wrote the article on Nica-USSR relationship??? Dealt with Nicas in Moscow. Good to find again. See also Edelman, Nueva Sociedad #88]

30 31 32

early 70's, most serious opposition to S is La Prensa and businessmen impact of INCAE graduates -- formed COSIP, which organizes large meeting in March 74 Dec 74 raid Wheelocks criticism of the raid: had been studying in West Germany; W had a deeper study of Marxism than Fonseca organizers of X-mas raid become terceristas??? [remember Borge to Mara: on who organized the Palace raid; the december attack, etc...] plot to kill Wheelock split in FSLN leads Fonseca to return: had been in Cuba since 1970 release from Costa Rican prison: Fonseca will criticize Wheelock, for long absence in Chile and Europe. Also criticizes Humberto, then living a comfortable existence in Costa Rica. Thus, F came down on side of GPP?

Ch. 3: The Dynasty weakened 34 consensus in US in early 1977 that nothing was about to occur in Central America 35 impact of Carter statements on Nicaragua 36 Calero tells Somoza he is going to lose his gringo friends S thought he had defeated the FSLN after the X-mas raid... but the terceristas had saved themselves by living abroad this group now seeks out the Nicaraguan establishment 37 strategy hatched by Sergio and Humberto? Humberto: lower middle-class family; father once jailed H wounded in Costa Rica in 1969, trying to free Fonseca the 1977 general platform building the 12: some listed here 38 July 77 heart attack of S 39 Arturo Cruz: jailed several times under Somoza? 40 promises allegedly made to Cruz lifting of state of siege: worries HOS, who decides to speed up insurrection plans Fernando Cardenal: linked with the prominent old families of Granada 41 weakness of the 1977 fighting force suicidal attack on guardia post in Masaya: cost 6 of 12 lives now the Doce makes its first statement non-Frente members of the Doce did not know of the connections of the others 42 the Doce visits Torrijos and Lopez Portillo, promising Frente will be pluralist DEscoto told Robert Pastor that Frente was not Marxist Felipe Mantica visited Carlos Andres Perez in VENE 43 around same time, O+B starts committee of national dialogue: in which PJCh and Robelo are involved (indirectly, at this point) private enterprise concerned that guerilla attacks were hurting business 44 Mauricio Solaun arrives in Aug 77 as US ambassador: comes to decide that Somoza must be eased from power 45 yet state dept specialists rejected his plea Ch. 4: The Catalysts 46 PJCh murder 47 by Jan 24, COSIP calling for general strike; strike committee led by Robelo author suggests S not involved in killing 48 PJChs death handicapped the middle-of-the-road opposition leads to cancelling of O+Bs dialogue plans a strong sense of fear swept businessmen 49 S could no longer provide the one thing that made strongmen attractive: public order strike gradually petered out in its 3rd week

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51 52 53 54 55 56 59 60 61 64 65 67 68

but business sector now aware the Frente could step into a void: sense Leonel Poveda to San Jose to meet with them: Poveda asks for arms! GQ on the illusions the business people gave themselves about the terceristas: being taken over by people like themselves leader of internal front: Joaqun Cuadra Lacayo: son of Cuadra who was in the Doce --other leaders of front: Ferretti, Oscar Perez, Ral Venerio (?) late Feb 78, Somoza promises to leave power in 1981 Monimb uprising: HOS would later say that this event led frente to create a 40-man group that could take over leadership of any uprisings that occurred May 1978, Rodrigo Carazo comes to power in Costa Rica: gives frente more freedom of movement. Frees Plutarco Hernndez --bio note on him here at same time, CAP in Vene commits himself on the ambiguous relation between Torrijos and Somoza: S had helped Torrijos take power in 1968 were they both competing to be Washingtons man in the Caribbean? T adopts a nationalist rhetoric at this time, suggests that S resign on Carters summer 78 letter to S: text of letter -- actually quite carefully worded Doce [now down to 11] return to Managua on july 5: thousands greet them July-aug 78: FAO formed Doce takes a hard line within the FAO.... and preempts it again, HOS fearful of losing momentum: plans palace action Pastora: quick bio Nicho Marenco part of Povedas cell of businessmen: raid launched from his house Pastora announces during raid that he is a good catholic S forced to print communiques from the terceristas: signed by the 3 future members of DN Pastora goes to meet Torrijos and CAP: establishes close relations with them new insurrection: little impact in Managua most fighters in Managua seek asylum: 200 in Columbian embassy alone perhaps the entire Frente fighting force showed up at embassies at this time?

Ch. 5: Mediation 70 late aug 78, CAP and Torrijos begin to aid Frente, believing it is dominated by Pastora (!) FAO names 3 people to speak for 16-member groups as a whole: Sergio, Robelo, and Crdova Rivas 72 international commission formed by US, with GUAT and DR [!] 73 late oct 78, Doce pulls out of FAO: complain that FAO was accepting continunace of Guardia. 7 members of Doce still in Nica seek refuge in Mexican embassy 74 soon after, frente forms MPU, and Frente Patritico 75 claims that the distinction between terceristas and MDN was growing fuzzy. That many of those who went to CR to fight with Frente were affliated with the MDN [liar?] 79 Torrijos sends Noriega to discuss things with Fidel 80 this leads to arrangement to get arms to frente from Cuba, via Panama and CR Dec 78 CR govt decides to go all out in support of Frente 81 Alfredo Cesar arrives in CR at this point: sugar mill executive many of those arriving in CR go to Cuba for artillery training 83 Dec 26, 78, Cubans announce reunification of Frente: Castro had made this a condition for resumed aid? CAP at this point tells Ss cousin that Pastora has approved idea of a fake golpe which will install a national unity govt [cf 85] Ch. 6: The Insurrection Begins 87 critiques US for having no contingency plan for event that S resisted their efforts to sack him Panama Canal issue was intruding here

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91 93 94 95 96 97

Feb 79: military aid program formally ended appears at this point that Pastora was trying to break into the 3-man leadership of the terceristas: Oscar Perez Cassar in particular blocked him Ortegas make Pastora military leader of the Southern Front notes that Arce spent virtually all of the war months inside Nicaragua; hence not in Cuba to sign the joint declaratoin change in govt in Vene means no more weaponry from there in HOND, small # of people getting reader, lead by Henry April 7, column takes Estel: withdraw a week later after heavy fighting Ss bombardment of Estel further hurt his image did this action signal a race for Managua between the factions? end of April. Robelo and Cordova Rivas jailed MEx breaks off relations on May 20 note here on Noriegas relation to the CIA later CR estimates that 1M lbs of materiel entered CR from Cuba in 6-8 weeks May 24, Povedas forces begin long attack on Peas Blancas

Ch. 7: Defeat and Triumph 100 June 11, guardia destroy La Prensa role of Nicho in forming the junta Robelo notes that the Frente never expected a total military victory 101 Hassan: university dean with doctorate in math from U North Carolina 102 at this point, US thinking of junta with Robelo, Calero (!), O+B, and Pastora [june 12] S willing to resign under OAS auspices author holds that the FSLN was not winning, but the perception that they were doing so was important 103 Brzezinski: pushes creation of OAS force to enter Nica 104 S seemed to ease up his pressures on the National Guard to retake towns (!) Nuez at this point at a safe house in El Dorado: says Southern Front a diversionary tactic 105 400 fighters died on that front? on Pastoras attempted treason at this point: key passage 106 meeting of future junta with US officials in Panama: US seeking to expand the junta (and keep Ortega out?) 107 sought also to keep guardia together 108 Castro had urged ORtega and Borge to allow expansion of junta, but Chamorro protested (!!!) GQ of author on proposal to combine guardia and frente 109 S states publicly on July 6 that he is willing to resign Pezullo tries to get Ismael Reyes to be interim president on the Punta Arenas meeting: frente allegedly agrees to hold free elections. But authors wording here concedes that Frente had made no such promise to the OAS 110 July 14: junta announces name of 12 out of 18 cabinet members: Borge the only man known publicly to be a Sandinista 111 problem that the non-sandinista opposition inside Nica was cut off from these discussions O+B to Caracas on July 15: still seeking expanded junta 112 still hope in the guardia to work a deal with Pastora congress meets on July 17 in the Inter: Urcuyo takes power.... and calls on rebels to lay down their arms 113 Ortega, Borge leave for Len... junta stuck in San Jose 115 accuses Sandinistas of perfidy: broke an understanding around a cease-fire in place 116 surrender on the night of July 19 on work of Ismael Reyes to save guardia officers (!) 117 July 20 celebration in the plaza: greatest applause for Pastora 118 within a week or so, Robelo already concerned... [but look at his speech in Cuba!]

Ch. 8: Troubled Honeymoon 119 Authority seemed up for grabs... 120 No one knew just where the comandantes fit into things. 121 Robelo claims that at time he was disturbed by things... though he did not say so publicly [why not???] 122 at this point many high level positions were filled by people who identified with Robelos political party Arturo Cruz on going into meeting with junta, and finding Luis Carrin [his nephew], and Ruz: suddenly aware that DN would run the country 3 person military command set up w.o. Larios, the min. of defense: Borge, Humberto, Luis Carrin 123 HOS named commander-in-chief on August 18 at this point, Pastora could still have resisted, as his Frente Sur army was still partly intact 124 Arce on supporting freedom of press that supports the revolution 125 on influx of internationalist academics to teach political education firing of 17 UNAN professors, including Adan Fletes postponement of CS opening: Robelo agreed with this? 126 actions against CUS 127 comandantes appear in public using the rhetoric and logic learned only by careful study of Marx and Lenin [contradicts her earlier points?] 128 leadership neither proclaimed themselves marxists nor denied this 129 diff. within DN on how far to honour the San Jose commitments on the Sep meeting that created the Asamblea Sandinista (27 members from each faction!): meeting that generated the 72 hours document? 131 again, Robelo did not oppose all this, since he was keenly aware of who held the guns 134 FSLN attack on the human rights commission 135 purge in dec 79: Larios no longer defense minister; Ruiz takes planning Ruiz brings in team of Bulgarian advisors now 6 of DN held key govt jobs: 2 from each faction [lets see: Daniel + HOS Ruiz and Borge Wheelock and ??] Ch. 9: Cubans etc. 136 hundres of Cuban doctors etc begin to arrive in 1st week of revolu military and security advisors also arrived 137 Cuba creates schools for 1200 nicas on the Isle of Youth 138 Panamanian training of police force [Noriega played key role] 139 but Panamanians leave after just one course: problem of interference from Cubans? 140 141 142 143 144 Pezzullo had good relations with all of DN except Borge and Tirado? US officials surprised by outbreak of gringo-baiting after the insurrection Pezzullo frustrated by US red tape, which weakened his ability to act with timely aid Daniels early foreign policy speeches in Cuba and UN: strongly anti-US late Nove, State Dept presents $75M aid request to Congress COSEP leaders visit Washington to support aid Pezzullo also tried to get military assistance out of US

Ch. 10: Rupture 147 April 1980: Robelo and Chamorro leaves junta; and La Prensa dispute 148 on the change in the CS 152 attacks within the Chamorro family upon Xavier, for being pro-FSLN 154 Pedro jr. admits that only 1/4 of staff supported him! 155 negotitiations with COSEP

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Pezzullo at this time saying no US aid unless junta re-composed HOS even asked Carlos Pellas to join the junta COSEP agreed to take seats in CS, accepting Pezzullos argument that in any case it was an interim body, and elections would be announced in July at this time, Jose Fransisco Cardenal goes to US and begins to seek support for overthrow May 18: Cruz and Cordova Rivas appointed to junta

Ch. 11: First Anniversary 162 Pastora at this point approached Calero, offering to be the Conservatives man inside the FSLN did Castro make several secret trips to Nica during the 1st yr? 163 Castro comes to anniversary celebration, but many others stay away: Carazo of CR, Torrijos 165 during this time, Castro suggests to US that they work together for Nica 168 Salvadoran guerrilla leaders also in town at this time? Ch. 12: Jorge Salazar and Elections 170 DN annouces election decision on Aug 23 173 on the radical priests with their large dose of guilt 173f 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 183 184 185 Salazar was successful in organizing small farmers before the FSLN could on Wheelocks angry meeting with Matagalpa growers begins to plot, with one Nestor Moncada travelling abroad, meets with Enrique Bermdez, Cardenal, etc. this group goes to ES govt in search of arms (!): received commitments assassination of Somoza in Paraguay restrictions on MDN political activity attack on MDN headquarters Nove 12, COSEP walks out of CS [no mention here of Reagan!] death of Salazar author equates this with death of PJCh [but no one else did, of course] on a stormy meeting between Daniel and COSEP members FSLN and private sector like frog and scorpion crossing the river

Ch. 13: The Vanguard 186 bitter opening paragraph 187 HOS: the definitive voice among the nine at this time? Borge: control of MINT 188 ARCE: power came closest to matching that of Humberto Ortega and Borge [?] Nuez: the diplomat among the nine Ruiz: only one to have studied in USSR: had most direct link to Moscow? Daniel: his power dependent upon HOS? Carrion: most prepared to argue and expound upon social and political theory [?] 189 Tirado: accessible and able to get along with everybody Wheelock: the most pragmatic other pragmatists: Ortegas+ Nuez hard-liners: GPP+ Carrin Did HOS shift to the hard-line faction over time? 190 only important non-member of the DN was Sergio: but not clear whether he exerted real influence slowly, the 1969 historic program supplants the Plan of Govt in speeches 191 HOSs june 81 secret speech

Ch. 14: The contra 194 US the main donor to Nica in early yrs: by time of aid suspension, $118M had been disbursed 195 US intelligence said arms flow to Salvador had ended by March 81 196 aid from MEX, Lybia; 30 Soviet T-55's (early 1981?) 197 ex-guardia link up with ARG officers: 70-80 guardia, including Bermdez, go there in late 1980 [again, author presents this as all the doing of contras... US had nothing to do with this convenient relation] 198 Feb 81, small contra actions begun by UDN 199 alleged demands by Enders on Nicas: above all end of aid to FMLN FDN formed in Aug 81 200 3-way agreement reached between govts of ARG, HOND, US to aid contra cf fn here on the aims of contra, vs US govt statement of those aims 201 blowing up of bridges in March 82 leads to state of emergency: prior censorship instituted Ch. 15: Church 203 GQ on the cynical manipulation of religion by the opposition! 204 note on the FSLN es inmortal slogan! 207 on the transfer of Fr Arias 209 on Fonsecas first relation with Arias, in mid-60's, when he was recovering in Managua from wound: suggests that Silvio Mayorga at this time was teaching at a local school run by church? 212 Uriel Molina Victor Tirado moved in with his group in 1972: yr later, many members of his group join the frente, among them Carrion Cruz 214 tensions within the Frente around the first X-mas: internal document published in Sep 80 in LP? [Do we have this???] 216 Frentes Oct 80 document on religion 217 on the priests who held office 221 on Pablo Vega: educated in Canada! 223 note that Nica priests, most of whom supported the bishops, represented only 1/3 of those working in Managua parishes (1983)! 225 O+B: a combination of movie star and religious caudillo--quite arrogant. GQs here 226 good statement on the Barrio Riguero circus! 228 Bismark Carballo incident 229 Borge was sent on a long tour of the Soviet Union and Bulgaria after these events: author links this with Frente being chagrined 230 Popes visit 231 note the dishonesty here: mentions that La Semana Cmica published a first anniversary paper in honour of CArballo... fail to mention that paper was shut for a month for doing this! 232 attempts by Giulio Girardi to equate Sandino, Marx, Christ Ch. 16: The market vendors 236 first big action against vendors: excluding them from selling sugar in early 1982 237 by mid-84, most private retailers excluded from almost 20 products lesson from Chile was that opposition should not control food distribution! 240 merchant complaints about efforts to get them involved in CDS activities 243 chain link fence in the Mercado Oriental: for safety reasons? Or to make it harder to get contraband into the market? [another ex. of market reformation?... but difficult, given lack of legitimacy for this type of action at this time] Ch. 17: Workers and Peasants 249 The Sandinistas made clear they would have liked to have taken all of the land 250 agrarian reform officials insist granting of land to individual farmers simply an expedient

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measure forced upon them by contra Borge once promised to destroy the other workers federations like cockroaches

Ch. 18: Miskitos 256 1973: ALPROMISU 257 military influx after the triumph 258 did Cuban doctors replace X-ian ones who were willing to stay? Sep 80, protest against Cubans breaks out 259 Arce believed US wanted a new Guantnamo on the Coast? 260 Jan 81, MISURISATA, with Fagoth, declares open political war on the govt Luis Carrion on the ideological backwardness of the Miskitos: GQ here... tends to place them in the pre-class communal era! 261 1500-3000 flee the coast in early 81 262 FSLN attempts at compromise 263 alleged Leimus massacre forced relocation of 8.5T miskitos: Jan 82; another 7-8T at end of 82 brought to work on state coffee farms 265 Schlaefers Dec 83 journey 266 as many as 20T relocated in all? Ch. 19: Those who left 268 Pastora leaves in July 81 had been trying to force realignment of power within army 269 met in Panama with 2 who were still govt officials: Poveda and Carlos Coronel Kautz (fisheries minister) death of Torrijos at this time (July 31) P goes to Cuba: part prisoner, part guest 271 arrest of Poveda... and Borges pardon of him! Haroldo Montealegre: min of reconstruction finance, and brother of Jaime, of the COSEP. Early 1981, he warns junta that Nica could run out of hard currency in August. Recommends law on foreign I, negotiations wtih IMF, and X incentives 272 he believed at this time that only opposition to this would be from Ruz and Borge: AND that there was a quasi coup detat going on against those 2 to reduce their influence But on July 19, Daniel announces new confiscations etc. appears that here HOS had shifted to the hard line 273 274 275 276 277 P leaves Cuba in Sep-Oct 81 Nove 81, Cruz finally breaks with regime [had been ambassador to US] HOSs hanging from the lampposts quote of Oct 81. COSEP reacts with strong letter, and some members are arrested Robelo leaves March 82 This is when Pastora goes public in opposition GQ here: Ps estimation of the combat experience of the various commandantes even at this point, P believed he had support from 70-80% of middle and upper levels of army, mostly Southern Front veterans: actually believed he could provoke a mutiny June 82, P announces military campaign Pastora, Robelo, Jose Cardenal had been classmates [at Jesuit school] Jose Esteban Gonzalez: becomes exile in Sep 82 had been arrested in Feb 81 after meeting with Pope in Rome list of the FDNs directorate as of Dec 82

279 280 281 286

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author claims bombing of Corinto was contra action!

Ch. 21: Nove 84 299 Arce on the facade of pluralism 304 Nica people would go whichever way the wind blew??? Epilogue 305 Criticizes the Carter admin for either forcing a moderate regime upon Nica in 1978 or supporting Somoza decisively 308 defense of contra activity: placed limits on FSLN repression, and forced its agrarian policy away from state farms 310 Part of the problem is the pejorative connotation to the word intervention. (!!!) * * *