UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION

Electronics: It is a study of motion of electrons in a semiconductor Electronic device: A device is made from semiconductor material which can pass a current Electronic circuit: A circuit with at least one electronic device In the 21st century we are enjoying with well developed electronics Every day we deal with the electronic devices Several times from toys of children to highly efficient digital systems electronics made life easier effortless But there is some drawbacks of these products which comes under E waste how it wil be ?

BATHTUB CURVE: The cuve gives the relation between failure rate and time It consists of 3 periods It can be shown in curve i.e figure 1.1

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Figure1 :Bath tub curve X -axis indicates failure rate Y-axis indicates time 1.Early life time period or burn in period. 2.constant life period /useful period 3.wear out period But we need to concentrate on wear out period In this period the failure rate increases with time .fault causes failures in the system. After long time usage of electronic products the aging of components is increases and hence a fault is frequently to occur which causes a failure in the system .if the failure rate is increases then the reliability of the system will be decreases and hence the efficiency of the device to work will be decreases then we will discard our electronic products we will buy a new product ,then the discard products comes under the category of e waste . E-waste is a electronic waste or electrical and electronics waste ,which is explained in next unit

UNIT-2

EWASTE

Fi2:E waste 2.1 INTRODUCTION: Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale, reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to a product that cannot be used for its intended purpose. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though these countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. All electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants suchas lead, cadmium, beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in recycling operations

and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be managed with caution. Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usables (working and repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", and reserve the term "waste" for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good, recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term "e-waste" broadly to all surplus electronics. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. 2.2 Sources of E-Waste:

FIG3:Sources of e waste

IT & Telecom Equipment's Large Household Appliances Small Household Appliances Consumer & Lighting Equipment's Electrical & Electronic Tools Toys, Leisure & Sports Equipment Medical Devices Monitoring & Control Instruments

2.3

Amount of Electronic waste world-wide:

According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India. The United States is the world leader in producing electronic waste, tossing away about 3 million tons each year. China already produces about 2.3 million tons (2010 estimate) domestically, second only to the United States. And, despite having banned e-waste imports, China remains a major e-waste dumping ground for developed countries

An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year The USA discards 30 million computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled The rest of these electronics go directly into landfills and incinerators

2.4

Indian E-WASTE:
According to Indian e -waste report the following states producing most easte compared all states

Maharashtra 20270.6 Tamil Nadu 13486.29(tn/yr) Andhra Pradesh 12780.3 West Bengal 10059.4 Uttar Pradesh 10381.1 Total in India is about 146180.7(tns/yr) Mercury: found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats) and flat screen monitors Sulphur: found in lead-acid batteries. BFRs: Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. Cadmium: Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. Lead: solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.

 Beryllium oxide: filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and powertransistors magnetrons,X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers.

2.5

HAZARDS OF E WASTE:
systems, blood

LEAD - Lead causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous

systems, kidney and reproductive system in humans. It was first banned from gasoline in the 1970s. Cadmium - The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the European Union except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage. Cadmium is also associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children Mercury - Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal deficits in motor function, attention and verbal domains Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, slower growth and development. Barium- Barium is a soft silvery-white metal that is used in computers in the front panel of a CRT, to protect users from radiation. Studies have shown that short-term exposure to barium has caused brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver, and spleen.

 Sulphur- Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released into the environment, it can create sulphuric acid. Beryllium - Beryllium is a steel-grey metal that is extremely lightweight, hard, a good conductor of electricity and heat, and is non-magnetic. It produces skin disorders and lung disease. Toners - Is the plastic printer cartridge containing black and colour toners. It can cause cancer after prolonged exposure. Phosphor and additives - Phosphor is an inorganic chemical compound that is applied as a coat on the interior of the CRT faceplate. Highly toxic it cause skin disorders and eye problems By seeing below figure we can understood clearly how the human is effected to various diseases due to the hazard components used in the electronic manufacturing and then it comes under e waste after some time.

Fig4: Human effected with e waste toxic components

2.6

Why lead is used in electronic components..?

Eventhough lead is causing various diseases to human beings and it will causes environment to be polluted, then also we are using in manufacturing .

Why? Becauses of various properties i.e Natural Properties: Low Melting Point High Strength Ductility(easily moulded) Fatigue Resistance Malleability Long Life

Fig5:Lead

2.7

Facts of Lead..!
90% of all Electronic goods and products are made up of LEAD. Semiconductors are the basis of all the electronic components and lead is the glue that binds all the semiconductor devices to make them work efficiently. Lead alloy solders help to transfer data from your computer. Earlier, lead was even used in paints, ceramic glazes and plumbing solders. But now its been discarded due to its poisoning effects.

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So at the end of this session it can be inferred that though Lead is an important element for the electronic industry, but its replacement is quite difficult for the researchers and engineers

2.8

DISPOSAL OF E-WASTE:

E-Waste can be disposed in three ways: A. Incineration B. Land filling C. Recycling

A. Incineration:

Fig6: Incineration of E waste Incineration basically entails to destroying the e-waste including computers and other electronic devices and components by burning. Incineration is particularly dangerous because of the variety of different substances found together in electro scrap. The burning of these components results into high concentrations of metals, including heavy metals in the slag, fly ash, flue gas and filter cake. 90%of cadmium results into fly ash and 70% of mercury results into filter cake.

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B. LAND FILLING:

Fig7: Land filling A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatmen of chemical and metal leaching does occur. Mercury leaches when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers, are destroyed. The same is true for PCBs from condensers. When brominated flame--retarded plastic or cadmium are landfilled, both PBDE and cadmium may leach into the soil and groundwater. 80 to 85 percent of electronic products were discarded in landfills or incinerators, which can release certain toxics into the air

C. Recycling :
The waste amount from electrical and electronic equipment is rapidly increasing, partly because of the growing demand, and partly because of the still shorter life-cycle of equipment. Landfill and Incineration are not complete solutions. To minimize waste the solutions are: 1. Extended life of equipment (repair/upgrade) 2. Re-use 3. Recycling

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 Advantages of Recycling: Recycling e-waste saves energy, and can prevent toxins found in electronics like mercury, lead, and cadmium from entering the air or the water supply in landfill burnsmoke or runoff. By recycling e-waste you're being a responsible custodian of the planet's limited resources, and you're helping ensure e-waste toxins don't cause health problems for people and ecosystems. Metal extracted from e- waste:

Fig 8 : Metal extracted from a material 1. Only 12.5 percent of e-waste is currently recycled. 2. For every 1 million cell phones that are recycled, 35,274 pounds of copper, 772 pounds of silver, 75 pounds of gold, and 33 pounds of palladium can be recovered. 3. E-waste is still the fastest growing municipal waste stream in America, according to the EP Recycling of hazardous products has little environmental benefit -it simply moves the hazards into secondary products that eventually have to be disposed of. Unless the goal is to redesign the product to use non- hazardous materials, such recycling is a false solution

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What is the solution?

You can see in the next unit about green electronics

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Unit -3 Green electronics

3.1 WHAT IS GREEN ELECTRONICS?
Green electronics refers to recycle or reuse their electronics products once they have reached end-of-life. It was designed by The Consumer Electronics Association to empower consumers to make what some people consider "responsible choices" throughout their products life cycle (purchasing, use, reuse, and recycling), but does not specifically endorse any one company or business practice, and is meant to be an objective source. There is a growing desire by governmental and private institutional purchasers to reduce the environmental impact of the electronic products they buy. To date, however, institutional purchasers have not been able to easily distinguish environmentally preferable products among all those in the marketplace. There was no consensus on what environmental aspects of a product should be evaluated, how they should be weighted, and how those aspects could be incorporated into the purchasing process. Current ecolabels are either not well known, or the range of certified products is too limited for large purchasers. Governmental purchasers also lack the expertise to evaluatecomplex environmental issues. No environmentally harmful materials Green electronics is a Eco-efficient manufacturing process Consume less power Fully recyclable, no hazardous waste New electronics applications that enable sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions both in industrial and consumer sectors

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3.2

History of green electronics:

In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, a voluntary labelling program which is designed to promote and recognize energy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and other technologies. The term "green electronics" was probably coined shortly after the Energy Star program began.

Concurrently, the Swedish organization TCO Development launched the TCO Certification program to promote low magnetic and electrical emissions from CRT-based computer displays

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3.3

Comparison of green electronics with earlier electronics:

Earlier electronics
CRT monitors and desktop computers were used, which consume a lot more electricity and energy usage. A desktop model uses 200-400 watts. In fact, most computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to higher electrical bills. 90% of all Electronic goods and products are made up of LEAD. Lead causes damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, blood systems, kidney and reproductive system in humans. Cost of electronics equipment's were high. The components were more heavy and bulkier. Efficiency of electronic components are very less. It is hazardous and environmentally harmful materials

Green electronics
Green electronics refers to recycle or reuse their electronics products once they have reached end-of-life. They focus on elimination of harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, mercury , etc. Manufacture electronic components, computers, and other associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment. It produces electronics products that consume less energy such as LED lightning low power electronics portable device.

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It non-toxic, eco-efficient products and manufacturing processes, Environmentally friendly electronics solutions .It is fully recyclable.

The cost is low, electronic components are more flexible and user friendly. Few examples - Printed (disposable) sensors, Water taps with optical sensors, sensor technologies for monitoring industrial processes.

3.4 What is required to be done?

By Government Regulation Laws & Administrative procedures. Encourage reuse. Educate e-waste Mgt. R&D. Antidumping measures. Support to NGOs. By Industry Proper disposal by generators Label recycling material. Easy disassembly of components. Encourage green procurement.

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 Green packaging. Customers to be educated for disposal. Buy back options By Citizens Donate products. No disposal through households. Recycle containers. Energy efficient products. Use minimum packaging. Buy certified goods

3.5 Environmental labels towards green marketing: Eco Mark

Is a certification mark issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The marking scheme was started in 1991. One of the purposes of the mark is increasing awareness among the consumers towards reducing environment impact

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 Eco Logo

A Private, for profit eco-label organization under a partnership with Environment Canada It develops standards , certifies products, helps market

EPEAT:

EPEAT is a comprehensive environmental rating that helps identify greener computers and other electronic equipment.

3.6 Non hazard substances:

Tin: solder, coatings on component leads. Copper: copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads. Aluminium: nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power (heatsinks), electrolytic capacitors. Iron: steel chassis, cases, and fixings. Germanium: 1950s1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors).

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Silicon: glass transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards. Nickel: nickel-cadmium batteries. Lithium: lithium-ion batteries. Zinc: plating for steel parts. Gold: connector plating, primarily in computer equipment.

3.7 REDUCE ENERGY USE:

Design with automatic power-down and stand-by functions Switch off parts of the circuit, which are not in use all the time Change clock-frequencies dependant on the need for speed Consider power consumption when choosing components and component-families Priorities high efficiency in power supplies

3.8 USE LESS MATERIAL:

Minimize the equipment weight Specify materials with established recycling systems (steel, aluminium, pure thermoplastics etc.) Specify the use of recycled materials (primarily polymers) Consider alternatives to materials listed as limited resources Minimize material waste during production

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3.9 TIME TO REMBER:

FIG9:Flow chart for lowpower consumption

3.10 Future focus area of green electronics! Electronics products with minimized power consumption Low-power electronics and LED lighting

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Optical user interfaces backlighting low power illumination.

Decentralized energy production Printable solar cells Energy harvesting solutions New battery technologies Green computing represents a responsible way to address the issue of global warming.

3.11 Few tips towards going green:

Only buy Green label PCs and hardware that can be completely recycled Only connect to the internet when you know you will use the connection Take that CRT monitor to the recycling centre Switch off the monitor, printer, scanner and other peripherals when not in use. And use natural ventilation in the computer room Always switch off speakers, modem, monitor at the wall socket if not using. Disable your screen saver it can prevent your monitor and computer from going into idle/sleep mode.

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UNIT 4

Conclusion
Green electronics deals with creating awareness about the electronic wastes that are being introduced very rapidly. Green computing represents a responsible way to address the issue of global warming. The knowledge of green electronics is essential for a good electronics engineer for good future. By adopting green computing practices, business leaders can contribute positively to protect the environment while also reducing energy and paper costs. It focuses on disposal, recycling, designing products that are less hazardous, etc.

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UNIT-5 REFERENCES

1.Rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/EWaste_in_india.pdf 2 www.wikipedia.com 3.www.greenpeaceelectronics.com 4.http://www.ewasteindia.com 5.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Ag ency

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