ENB212 Strength of Materials Assignment 1 Report

Deflection of Curved member

Group Number: 3

Submitted through Assignment Minder to Dr. G. Chadwick on

/2011

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Table of Contents Introduction . 3 Aim 4 Theory .4 Method 5 Result .6,7,8,9 Method calculation .10 Discussion Conclusion .. Appendix .

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Introduction
Stress analysis is a civil or mechanical term that determines the stress in the materials and structures subjected to loads. The worlds progressing technology plays an important part in the stress analysis to make the calculations and experiments much more accurate and decent which in the real world means that less errors in the calculation as well as in construction, more stable designs and more variety in making of any material strong or ductile depending on the usage. Stress analysis can also be applied to a design that does not exist yet, which means that even before constructing the object, it can be found out that will the material be able to resist the load or not. A simple definition is: Stresses mainly depends on the materials ability to carry load. This statement of stress is directly related to our report. In this report our group will focus on the calculations of a curved beam, its stress when loads are put.

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Aim
The object of this experiment was to determine the deflections of a loaded curved member in the horizontal and vertical directions under loading of a semicircular beam which requires the loads to be experiment by suspending and lowering the load and compare the experimental values of deflection to calculated theoretical values.

Theory

2 PR3 EI PR3 V 2 EI

Where:

W = Load (N) L = Distance from support to position of loading m E = Youngs modulus for cantilever material N m 2 I = Second moment of area of the cantilever m 4 R = Radius of curvature (150mm) P = Load (N) = mass gravity

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Method
Equipment: Hi-Tech Scientific Deflection of Curved Beams Apparatus Weights in Half Pound Increments up to 500g Procedure: 1. Load hangers are positioned to the empty load hangers on the semi-circular beam of the testing apparatus (Figure 1 above). 2. The testing apparatus indicators are dial at Zero 3. 100g weight was placed on the hanger. 4. Both the horizontal and vertical deflection of the beam was recorded. 5. 100 g additional weight was added to the weight hanger. The horizontal and vertical deflection of the beam was recorded again. 6) Step 5 was repeated until total weight were applied to the weight hanger was equal to 500g. 7. Steps 1 were repeated until to step 6 for a total of three trials.

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Results
The following values were used as the base on measured data and calculate our Theoretical Calculations. Width and Depth measured from our physical curved aluminium beam during the practical using a millimeter. Material Elastic Modulus Width, b: Depth, d: Radius, r: SMA, I: Aluminum 69 GPa 19 mm 3.35 mm 150 mm 59.53m4
Table 1

The following Table (Table 2) represents our values obtained for deflection of the curved beam in only the horizontal plane under varying loads. Force (N) Horizontal Measured Average Theoretical Horizontal Measured 1,2,3 1.71,1.68,1.83 1.34 1.61 3.42,3.41,3.32 2.76 3.22 5.12,5.18,5.07 4.18 4.83 6.72,6.74,6.71 5.61 6.44 8.87,8.97,9 7.32 8.05
Table 2

Load (g) 100 200 300 400 500

0.981 1.962 2.943 3.924 4.905

The following Table (Table 3) represents our values obtained for deflection of the curved beam in only the vertical plane under varying loads. Vertical Deflection (mm) Measured Average 1,2,3 measured Theoretical 1.36,1.34,1.33 1.34 1.26 2.77,2.77,2.75 2.76 2.53 4.18,4.20,4.16 4.18 3.79 5.61,5.51,5.56 5.61 5.06 7.31,7.31,7.33 7.32 6.32
Table 3

Load (g) 100 200 300 400 500

Force (N) 0.981 1.962 2.943 3.924 4.905

Please note that the values for Theoretical Deflection for both Horizontal and Vertical Deflection were obtained as outlined in Appendix 1.
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Percentage Error of Theoretical Values and Measured Values Load (g) Horizontal error Vertical Error 100 8.07% 6.35% 200 4.97% 9.09% 300 6% 10.29% 400 4.34% 10.87% 500 11.18% 15.82%

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Horizontal Deflection of Curved member graph

Figure 1 is a graphical representation of the data given in Table 2. It illustrates the deflection of the curved member in the horizontal plane as determined by each of the two methods, under each of the five different loads. It can be seen that, as expected the measured average value and theoretical Calculations both provide linear results. It can also be seen, as also is to be expected, that the results obtained from actual measurements are not linear, and that some slight variation is experienced when physically performing the experiment.

Horizontal Deflection of Curved member Under Varying Loads Deflection (mm)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0 200 400 600 Theoretical Average Measured

Load (g)
Figure 1: Horizontal Deflection of Curved member Under Varying Loads

Vertical Deflection of Curved member

Figure 2 is a graphical representation of the data given in Table 3. It provides the same information as Figure 1, except for the fact that it represents deflections taken in the vertical plane. All the same observations can be noted.

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Vertical Deflection (mm)

Vertical Deflection of Curved member Under Varying Loads

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 200 400 600

Theoretical Average measured

Load (g)
Figure 2: Vertical Deflection of Curved member Under Varying Loads

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Method of calculation
First calculated moment of area using this formula: I= Second calculated average value on the vertical and horizontal using the number of times deflection is measured

Third calculated the deflection in the horizontal and vertical planes can be theoretically calculated using the following equations:
H

= =

Fourth the calculated theoretical error using this formula and method. Throughout the experiment the theoretical value are assume to be the most accurate value, so the next step will show observed errors of the experiment. For each individual load the following formula is used: % error Theory Horizontal = e.g. 100g, Horizontal = = 8.07%

% error =8.07% % % error Theory Vertical =

e.g. 100g, Vertical

= = 6.35%

% error = 6.35%

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Discussion
It was noted that the calculation and experimental values of the horizontal and vertical deflections for the semicircular beam were not in complete agreement. Due to the percentage error analysis was performed to determine the degree of this difference. Upon reviewing the results of the error analysis, it was determined that the initial loading of the beam is where the highest percentage of error occurred. This was due to the fact that a small difference of values of one order of magnitude yields a high percentage of error. It was noted that as the loading increased, the percentage of error trended downwards and the theoretical and experimental results were more in agreement. It was observed that the experimental values of horizontal and vertical deflection for both beam specimens are lower in value than the theoretical values for each. This was due to error in the experiment. One source of error in this experiment is due to faulty deflection indicators. It can be seen in Figures 5 and 6 that the experimental deflections as a function of loading force form a linear line but inaccurate, where as the theoretical values of deflection form a linear function. The error in the experimental values was caused by the deflection indicators of the apparatus sticking and exerting a force on the beam, thereby preventing the beam from deflecting to the full extend the loading force would cause. It can be seen in Figures 5 and 6 that the experimental data took the shape of a linear function resembling the theoretical data. After it was noted that the indicators were inhibiting the deflection of the beam, a new experimental technique was adopted. This technique consisted of lightly hitting the table the apparatus was placed upon so as to vibrate the beam and counteract the friction present inside the deflection indicators. This technique seemed to allow for more accurate values of deflection to be recorded as the percentage error analysis and graphs show. Improvements to this experiment are in order. One such improvement would be to use digital deflection indicators. The deflection indicators currently on the test apparatus are clearly faulty and require mental math on the fly to determine the actual values. The use of digital equipment would remove a lot of the guesswork in dealing with this particular testing apparatus.

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Conclusion
As stress analysis is a very vast topic as well as the studies of its contents are still being learnt and progressing time to time too, there is yet to be precision and accuracy of calculations in the real world structures and constructions. As technology progresses more are the calculations accurate. As for the report, the practical and the understanding of loads in the section of stress analysis, is directly related to the real world situations. But on the other side theoretical and measured are also to be acknowledged as all humans arent the same, so different people may have different values and they maybe more accurate. However on the other side, the beam also plays an important role on the accuracy of a calculation. Older the beam less the accuracy as the beam would also have a certain percentage of permanent deflection in it and new the beam, more accurate calculations.

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Appendices
Appendix 1: Theoretical Calculations for Deflection of a Curved Member Under Load
Material: Elastic Modulus: Width b: Depth d: Radius r: S.M.A. I: Aluminum 69 103 Mpa 19 mm 3.35 mm 150 mm 59.53 mm4

Where:

I= I= I = 59.53 mm4

Deflection in the horizontal and vertical planes can be theoretically calculated using the following equations:
H

= =

Where:

P = Load (N) = mass gravity

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Firstly we shall calculate the deflection in the horizontal.

H

For mass 0.1kg:

= = 1.61 mm

For mass 0.2 kg:

= = 3.22 mm

For mass 0.3 kg:

= = 4.83 mm

For mass 0.4 kg:

= = 6.44 mm

For mass 0.5 kg:

= = 8.05 mm

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Now we shall calculate the deflection in the vertical.

V

For mass 0.1 kg:

= = 1.26 mm

For mass 0.2 kg:

= = 2.53 mm

For mass 0.3 kg:

= = 3.79 mm

For mass 0.4 kg:

= = 5.06 mm

For mass 0.5 kg:

= = 6.32 mm

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Therefore our theoretical results for deflection of a curved member under an applied load are as follows: Horizontal Deflection (mm) 1.61 3.22 4.83 6.44 8.05 Vertical Deflection (mm) 1.26 2.53 3.79 5.06 6.32

Load (g) 100 200 300 400 500

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