Trigonometric Sum and Difference Theorems 1.

Prove the Basic Formula (The Formula for Cosine of a Difference)

(cos, sin ) A A O (0, 0) B (cos , sin )

Consider any 2 points, A and B, on the unit circle. The radius segments to these points form angles of measure and measure as shown in the figure. Point O(0, 0) is at the origin and the center of the unit circle. Since points A and B are on the unit circle, we know their coordinates to be: A(cos , sin ) and B(cos , sin ) In the triangle OB = OA = 1, since the radius of the unit circle is 1. By the Distance Formula: AB = (cos - cos )2 + (sin - sin )2

(AB)2 = (cos - cos )2 + (sin - sin )2 (AB)2 = cos2 - 2 cos cos + cos2 + sin2 - 2 sin sin + sin2 (AB)2 = 2 - 2(cos cos + sin sin ) By the Law of Cosines: (AB)2 = (OA)2 + (OB)2 - 2(OA)(OB) cos( - ) (AB)2 = 1 + 1 - 2 1 1 cos( - ) (AB)2 = 2 - 2 cos( - ) Since both of the above equations have (AB)2 on the left, then we can say: 2 - 2 cos( - ) = 2 - 2(cos cos + sin sin ) Subtracting 2 from both sides, then dividing both sides by -2, we get: cos( - ) = cos cos + sin sin Q.E.D.

2. Prove that cosine is an even function: ie cos(-x) = cos x

cos(-x) = cos(0 - x) = cos 0 cos x + sin 0 sin x = 1 * cos x + 0 * sin x = cos x + 0 = cos x Q.E.D.

3. Prove the formula regarding the cosine cos ( /2 - x) = cos ( /2) cos x + sin ( /2) sin x of a compliment. = 0 * cos x + 1 * sin x = 0 + sin x = sin x Q.E.D. 4. Prove the formula regarding the sine of a complement. sin ( /2 - x) = cos [ /2 - ( /2 - x)] = cos [( /2 - /2) + x] = cos x Q. E. D. sin (-x) = cos [ /2 - (-x)] = cos ( /2 + x) = cos (- /2 - x) = cos (- /2) cos x + sin (- /2) sin x = 0 cos x - 1 sin x = - sin x Q. E. D. cos (x + y) = cos (x - -y) = cos x cos (-y) + sin x sin (-y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y Q. E. D. 7. Prove the formula for sine of a sum. sin (x + y) = cos [ /2 - (x + y)] = cos [( /2 - x) - y] = cos ( /2 - x) cos y + sin ( /2 - x) sin y = sin x cos y + cos x sin y Q. E. D. 8. Prove the formula for the sine of a difference. sin (x - y) = sin [x + (-y)] = sin x cos (-y) + cos x sin (-y) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y Q. E. D.

5. Prove that sine is an odd function.

6. Prove the formula for cosine of a sum.

9. Prove the formula for tangent of a sum.

10 Prove the formula for tangent of a . difference.

sin(x + y) tan(x + y) = cos(x + y) sin x cos y + cos x sin y = cos x cos y - sin x sin y sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos x cos y = cos x cos y - sin x sin y cos x cos y tan x + tan y = 1 - tan x tan y Q.E.D. sin(x - y) tan(x - y) = cos(x - y) sin x cos y - cos x sin y = cos x cos y + sin x sin y sin x cos y - cos x sin y cos x cos y = cos x cos y + sin x sin y cos x cos y tan x - tan y = 1 + tan x tan y Q.E.D. sin(-x) tan(-x) = cos(-x) - sin x = cos x = -tan x Q.E.D.

11 Prove that tangent is an odd . function.