If air flow moves attached to car body , air drag is lower.

Page 9 A Wolkwagen vehicle ,, Low drag :Page 10

Aero effect i.e. Lift is more on rear wheels Less the ground clearance more downward aero force . One of the major limitations from aero pt. of view is that cars lower surface stays in its stock form , filled with exhaust,drive gear etc.. This limits the smooth flow of air under car , and idea of using ground effect has to be dropped. In drafting i.e. when car 1 approach car 2 from back.. drag on 1 will be less thus better speed and fuel economy Aerodynamic lift ( negative y dirn.) : Wings in front , Ground effect [Page 12] {imp.} Big tyre- More drag force But reduce downforce Bottom of body behind rear axle should remain flat Pick up trucks have large drag force , we got to reduce it [ page 15] Good fuel economy requires low drag High speed stability and turns at high speed require as little aerodynamic lift as possible. We require front:rear lift ratio ..if its close to 1 then balance of car wont change much at high speeds Aero Front spoiler , sculpted side skirts , Rear wing Small frontal area to achieve low drag Front air dam reduces front lift Page 19 ..Curved streamlined indicate lift If you need high speed , you neeed high aero downforce Front/rear downforce ratio is independent of ground clearance. Ferrari reduces lift by using underbody diffusers Page 21 : IMPORTANT Didnt understand DRAG- Friction like forces contribute to vehicle drag and bcz of pressure of air When air moves around the body the pressure changes slightly , this creates an uneven pressure distribution and when its added up it creates lift and drag. By Bernoulli we can calculate pressure when air speed is known. By this eqn. when vehicle speed doubles ..air drag inc. 4 times. Air speed depends on shape of body When car moves at const. speed the air surrounding it will follow streamlines. Pg 24,25 Attached Flow and separated flow. Attached fields are imp. For reducing aero drag and inc. downforce When a vehicle moves through air , its shape disturb the vel. Of air particles so their vel. Is not equal finally. [assume no wind so before vehicle came, the air was at rest] Air velocity near the surface comes to halt , NO SLIP CONDITION pg 26 ,,, Vel. Inc. away from the surfaces Stopping the flow of air leads to frictional drag Laminar and turbulent ..Pg 26