Futuristic SC

Dear Delegates, It is with great excitement that I welcome you to Harvard National Model United Nations 2011!
My name is Ricky Hanzich, and I am humbled by the opportunity to serve as your Secretary-General for the 57th Session of HNMUN. I am currently a senior at Harvard University, concentrating in Government with a secondary field in Global Health and Health Policy and a language citation in Spanish. Last year, I had the privilege of serving as the Under-Secretary-General for the Specialized Agencies. And during HNMUN 2009, I directed the United Nations Security Council. From being a page for an MUN conference in Southern California, to Chairing the Security Council at WorldMUN 2010 in Taipei, I have committed myself to exploring international relations and diplomacy through experiential education for over eight years. HNMUN 2011 will be my thirtieth MUN conference, and I am honored to share this incredible experience with all of you. This document will provide you with Welcome Letters from your Under-Secretary-General and your Director, the Study Guide for your committee, and the Rules of Parliamentary Procedure. The entire Secretariat and Senior Staff have committed countless hours to ensure that the substance and presentation of this document are of the highest quality, and that you are provided with the most useful tools to succeed at conference. Each Director has worked over the past eight months to provide you with the foundation necessary to continue your own exploration of the topic areas. We look forward to working with you to continue HNMUNs tradition of substantive excellence. Apart from this document, you will also be able to access a number of additional documents that will aid in your preparations for conference. Our Guide to Delegate Preparation reviews the substantive side of HNMUN, highlights differences between our session and other MUN conferences, and explains our policies on substantive matters, such as the award selection process and position papers. It also includes our updated Rules of Parliamentary Procedure, which are also found at the end of this document. Our Guide to First Time Delegations provides information regarding substantive and logistical issues for those new to HNMUN, and includes a timeline for delegate preparation. And the Guide to Starting an MUN Team outlines the steps necessary to establish and expand a universitys MUN organization. Finally, Update Papers to committee Study Guides will be posted in mid-November to provide further exploration and/or recent news developments concerning the topic areas. If you have any questions about this document, the other Guides, or your committee in general, please do not hesitate to contact your Director or your Under-Secretary-General. They are truly excited to meet you all and are eager to address any concerns you may have before, during, or after the conference. I hope you enjoy reading the following Study Guide, and I cannot wait to see your solutions come February! Sincerely,
Ricky J. Hanzich Secretary-General Harvard National Model United Nations 2011
Harvard National Model United Nations 2011
Specialized Agencies
Dear Delegates, I extend to you a sincere welcome to the Specialized Agencies of Harvard National Model United Nations 2011. My name is Jaymin Kim and I am honored to serve as your Under-Secretary-General. This coming February, we will be gathering together at one time and one place to partake in rigorous debate, inspiring diplomacy, and thrilling crises. It is my hope that we will carry forth the spirit of international community realized at HNMUN into the real world. I am a junior living in fair Eliot House, concentrating in Social Studies with a language citation in French. My passion for international relations derives from my life experiences. I grew up in Korea, spent most of my life in New Zealand, and finished high school in Canada. I have been involved in Model United Nations since high school. When I am not immersed in HNMUN, Harvard Model United Nations (our sister high school conference), and Harvard WorldMUN, I am also an enthusiast for parliamentary debating. I enjoy twentieth-century literature, exotic fruits and cheese, and writing. I also love traveling, exploring, and discovering. The Specialized Agencies is the organ that allows not only for argumentative discourse about real issues affecting the world, but also for spontaneous crises that simulate the critical challenges leaders of the world must actually face in reality. This year the Specialized Agencies offers some of the most innovative Model United Nations committees with ideas and frameworks that to date remain unprecedented. We have past, present, and future Security Councils. The Truth and Reconciliation Committee challenges delegates with dramatic crises that beg the question of what justice entails. Delegates have the chance to experience the first ever bilingual Joint Cabinet Crisis, set in the Mexican-American War. The South African State Security Council, the Taipei Convention of 2025, and the Committee for State Security: KGB challenge delegates to come to terms with crises upon crises in worlds that are as fast paced, controversial, and dangerous as the real world. The contents of the Ad-Hoc committee are Classified. I have no doubt that you will be both exceptionally challenged and rewarded in each one of these ten Specialized Agencies committees staffed by truly brilliant staff members. Your Directors have put countless hours and extensive efforts into making their groundbreaking ideas behind your committees come into reality. Your Crisis Directors have planned innovative crises that will make your committee experience truly thrilling. Your Assistant Directors have worked persistently to ensure that the Specialized Agencies springs to life. The staff members of each of the ten committees are extremely motivated, knowledgeable, and passionate about the Specialized Agencies. They continue to work tirelessly to bring you unforgettable four days of HNMUN. I cannot wait to meet you all in person next February in Boston. If you have any questions at any time, please do not hesitate to contact me. In the spirit of HNMUN and the Specialized Agencies, I leave you to dwell upon your exciting committees. Best of luck. Sincerely,
Jaymin Kim
Jaymin Kim Under-Secretary-General Specialized Agencies Harvard National Model United Nations 2011
Powers of the Committee Staff
POWERS OF THE COMMITTEE STAFF

The staff of Harvard National Model United Nations have distinct roles and responsibilities at conference. Delegates may find that the substantive staff at HNMUN takes on a more active role than what they have been accustomed to at other Model United Nations conferences. The primary job of the staff is to work with the delegates in achieving the goals of the committee in particular and the conference as a whole. The staff of each committee includes a Director, a Crisis Director, and Assistant Directors. At HNMUN, the Director is the substantive expert and guides debate in the committee room, while the Crisis Director responds to the decisions of the delegates in order to develop a historically plausible scenario for the committee, and the Moderator is the procedural expert; together, they coordinate the progression of the crisis.
does not mean that they have a specific endgame for the crisis in mind: rather, they work to respond to the delegates reactions to the major topics in the committee. The Director oversees all responses to documents submitted to the crisis room: all directives, communiqus, and other documents are submitted to the Crisis Director through Assistant Directors in order for the Crisis Director to determine the proper response to this document. The Crisis Director also develops crises independent of the delegates which help to further debate in committee and respond historically to what may have happened in history.
Moderators
The Moderator performs the procedural role for which the traditional chair at other Model UN conferences would be responsible. While the Director is the substantive expert, the Moderator is the procedural expert who runs the committee when it is in formal session. The Moderator has a full understanding of the rules of procedure, and it is his or her responsibility to facilitate the committees work by ensuring that the sessions run smoothly. However, the Director retains the ultimate power to rule any motions dilatory. In some smaller committees, the moderator may also field some of the substantive issues that Directors typically handle. Under certain extreme situations, the Moderator is allowed to suspend certain rules of procedure to streamline debate. Any questions about procedural issues should be raised with the Moderator.
Directors
The committee Director is the substantive expert of the committee. At HNMUN, the Directors choose their committees topic areas, prepare the study guides, and do extensive amounts of other pre-conference substantive preparation. The Director oversees submission of all documents to be discussed. All draft resolutions and amendments in committee must be approved and signed by the Director to be presented to the committee as a whole. Before accepting working papers and draft resolutions, the Director is allowed to suggest changes if he or she feels that the Questions a Resolution Must Answer (QARMAs) are not sufficiently addressed or if it is similar in content to other submissions. Please note that the Director may not approve of all written submissions and may suggest appropriate changes before accepting any draft documents. Another important role of the Director is to oversee debate. As the substantive leader of the committee, the Director also has the discretion to rule on all points and motions brought before the committee. The Director may periodically comment on the direction of debate and suggest alternative courses of action. Committees sometimes overlook important issues within a topic area, and Directors are encouraged to bring these to the attention of the delegates. As for committees with crises, the direction of crises is determined entirely by the course of debate. Statements made by Directors are not meant to steer debate along a predetermined crisis plan, although Directors are encouraged to guide delegates when debate appears to have strayed from the topic at hand. Any questions about substantive issues should be raised with the Director.
Assistant Directors
Before the conference, the Assistant Directors prepare the updates to the committee study guide. During the simulation, their job is to aid the Director by answering delegates questions, monitoring blocs during caucus, and by providing sounding boards for delegate ideas, solutions, and concerns. If the committee is producing a large amount of paperwork at some point in the course of debate, Directors will rely on the Assistant Directors to work directly with delegates on preparing and suggesting revisions to draft resolutions. The Assistant Directors also help keep track of the Speakers List, votes, and other procedural matters. Delegates should feel free to approach the Assistant Directors at any time with questions about the substance or procedure of the committee.
Secretariat
The nine members of the Secretariat, headed by the SecretaryGeneral, are the principal organizers of the conference and supervise all other members of the HNMUN staff. They will be available throughout the conference to answer any questions or address any issues that delegates may have with their committee or with the conference as a whole. All modifications to the Rules of Procedure will be provided by the Secretariat before the conference, and any member of the Secretariat may address any committee at any time.
Crisis Directors
The committee Crisis Director works to shape and respond to the decisions of the committee in order to further the crisis. At HNMUN, the Crisis Directors help choose their committees crisis plan, working with the Director and Assistant Directors in order to determine the general outline of the committee. This
United Nations Futuristic Security Council
Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Futuristic Security Council 2030. I am excited to be directing this committee at Harvard Model United Nations 2011, and I hope that you are also looking forward to working with your fellow delegates to confront tomorrows problems today. I am a sophomore at Harvard College, with a concentration in Environmental Science and Public Policy and a possible secondary field in Government. I did Model UN only occasionally in high school, but I have rediscovered the joys of the committee at Harvard. I am a member of Harvards Intercollegiate Model UN team, where I have had the opportunity to enjoy and learn from other fine conferences on the MUN circuit. I have also staffed both of Harvards Model UN conferences last year, assistant directing for last years Futuristic Security Council. Many may doubt the academic and intellectual value of a Futuristic Security Council, with rational basis. However, we have decided to create Security Council 2030 despite this because we firmly believe that looking to the future provides a uniquely suitable lens for thinking about the present. Rather than analyzing the decisions of the past or simulating those of the present, we encourage you to confront a world that has been shaped by events we see today. The year 2030 is also a time when you and I, our whole generation, could plausibly be major decision-makers in dealing with real crises. So, paradoxically, the Futuristic Security Council 2030 is in a way the most practical of committees. We have done our best to make this years FSC as realistic as possible, drawing from international relations theory and current science to make predictions as to the structure and environment of the world of 2030. You will get the chance to experience the results of current crises: a world plagued by climate change refugees and natural disasters, and with a changing structure of power and alliances. I look forward to meeting you at the conference. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me at wlatham@ college.harvard.edu.
Sincerely,
Willow Latham
Willow Latham 305 Pforzheimer Mail Center Cambridge, MA 02138 wlatham@college.harvard.edu
POSITION PAPERS
Your position papers will serve as a guide to the topics we will be discussing over the course of the conference. The papers should contain three main sections. First, you should explain what three issues you would like to see debated in committee, and why they are of importance to your country. Your topic choices should be indicated clearly and concisely, though you can make the topic as broad or as precise as you wish. The second aspect of your position paper should deal with the policies of your countries as the issues presented in this guide affect them. You will need to keep in mind that many nations priorities will change in the next twenty years. Your position paper should outline the impetus for those changes, as well as clearly explain your countrys priority for the weekends debate. This section of the position paper should incorporate specific challenges that your country is facing, whether those challenges are the result of changing priorities or are simply due to the passage of time. The third, and final, section of your position paper should present proposed solutions to the challenges you identified in the second section. You solutions should take into account the positions and challenges of other nations, particularly the other nations on the Security Council. You must identify the ultimate goal of your proposal, as well as detailing the scope of your solution, how it will be funded and which nations will take part. You must also keep in mind the changes made to the voting structure of the UNSC while crafting your solutions. Your position papers should be written in Times New Roman, 12 point font and should be two, double-spaced pages in length. The deadline for your position paper is February 1, 2011.
As countries rise, however, others must fall. Taxed with several economic recessions and the quagmires of several war and military engagements, the United States is no longer the worlds sole superpower. While it certainly enjoys a powerful status, it, too, must come to the bargaining table ready to negotiate and make concessions. Several countries have been almost entirely destroyed by freak storms, particularly Typhoon Mebok, all of which were the disastrous results of climate policies that have changed little since 2010. Drought still plagues the northwest corner of Africa, while too much rain has had a negative effect on the farms of South America. The council will be faced with the task of ensuring that the situations around the world, particularly in areas of poverty and hunger, do not spiral into war. Having been successful in keeping the peace over the past twenty years only a handful of times, the UNSC is charged once more with the increasingly daunting task of maintaining the fragile peace in which the world exists.
HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

Though it made an admirable attempt to steer the international system towards negotiation and diplomacy following World War I, the League of Nations failed in its mission to impose international peace. The carnage and incredible loss of life that followed occurred during World War II convinced the international community, including the formerly recalcitrant United States that the time for isolationism was long over. It was clear that the world needed an international body whose strength was much greater than that of the League and one whose actions could conceivably prevent a Third World War. On 26 June 1945, such an international body was founded, with the purpose of saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war, whichhas brought untold sorrow to mankind.1 Fifty nations signed the original Charter, and today the United Nations has 193 members, with the latest admission of Kosovo in 2019. Those nations are still committed to the belief that in the future, diplomacy ought to take the place of war, especially in an increasingly nuclear world. The smallest and most powerful body of the United Nations is the Security Council. Charged with the task of maintaining international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations,2 the UNSC is a truly representative body, with members from every inhabited continent on Earth. Each member is dedicated to preserving peace in the world and using negotiations and diplomacy to help solve some the worlds most pressing problems. To assist in the maintenance of peace, the UNSC has the power to establish whatever subcommittees it sees fit.3 The UNSC has three standing committees: Security Council Committee of Experts, Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members and the Security Council
INTRODUCTION
With a rapidly expanding population and climate change severely diminishing the worlds food supply, ethnic tensions dividing people across nations and the threat of nuclear war, the world in 2030 is somewhat a depressing place. But, with the creation of several new states, a new hope for curing breast cancer, and the spread of free markets and democracy, the world has also made great changes for the better. This is the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and the year is 2030. China and India have risen to the forefront in technological development and both have accumulated incredible economic wealth. Together, the two powerhouses are home to roughly 40% of the worlds population. Both states have fully functional nuclear weapons, though neither has come close to using them in the past twenty years. Brazil, a united European Union and Japan have also become economic powerhouses, using their alliances to their advantages to pass resolutions and treaties that would have seemed impossible even twenty years ago.

Committee on Council meetings away from Headquarters. Each committee has a representative from every member of the UNSC. There are also three Ad Hoc committees and a Sanctions committee that consists of its own subcommittees, designed to meet and mitigate immediate challenges that are faced by the international community.4 In 2023, the United Kingdom petitioned the UNSC to consider adding some of the worlds rising powers to the UNSC, in a proposal known as Wide World, World Peace. While the proposal did not result in any new admittance to the UNSC, it did garner much international support. At the founding of the United Nations, the Security Council consisted of five permanent members China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and six rotating members. In 1965, the number of rotating members was increased to ten with the amendment of Article 23 to the U.N. Charter. Since 1965, there had been no changes to the structure of the UNSC until the amendments of Article 23 and 27, which came into force 24 January 2026. On 24 January 2026, the combined strength of the European Union, the African Union and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) convinced the United States and China to abstain from an amendment to the Charter that would invite Brazil, Japan and India onto the council as permanent members. In addition to adding these three members, the international pressure to make the UNSC more equal also changed the veto structure. While the original five permanent members still retained their individual veto power, India, Brazil and Japan could together override any single veto vote by the permanent members. The three nations, known as the Plus Three, also gained the power to veto a resolution with a combined vote. In late 2026, however, the failure of the UNSC to place any sanctions on the United States for their North Korean counterstrike campaign made many states doubt the ability of these three nations to avoid undue outside influence. After years of campaigning from many blocs, the United for World Equality campaign finally gained the support of the European Union and the Russian Federation, and, after much international pressure, was grudgingly accepted by the United States and China in 2028. The new amendment to Article 27 called for the election of two rotating members of the Security Council who could, together, block a single veto from any member of the Security Council, including one put forth by the Plus Three. The new amendment called for: Two states among the members of the United Nations Security Council are to be elected as veto blockers by the General Assembly. These states shall have the power to vote together to override any single veto from any other state on the Council.
The United Nations was formed in 1945 with the purpose of creating a forum for international discussion and cooperation. Since 1945, over 140 countries have joined the UN.

These states shall come from different continents, to be defined according to the U.N. Composition of Macro Geographical (Continental) Regions and one state shall be chosen each year to serve a two-year term as a rotating member on the Council. Currently, Venezuela and Laos hold these seats on the Council. The United Nations Security Council is designed to help solve some of the most pressing problems that face the world by finding innovative and creative solutions that are structured in such a way that they can be applied to every nation. Through dedication to the tenants of the United Nations and the purpose of the Security Council, this body will craft solutions that will preserve peace, dignity and justice in the world. offered generous aid packages to both nations if they agreed to peace. In the final peace agreement, the El Obeid Accords, the North Sudanese government agreed to cease fighting with the South Sudanese, on the condition that there be free trade between the two countries and that travel between the two nations be unrestricted. In 2010, the United States had announced that it had found a vast area in Afghanistan that was filled with mineral deposits most importantly critical industrial metals like lithium. American experts claimed that the previously undiscovered veins of mineral wealth had the potential to turn Afghanistan into an economic and industrial powerhouse, and many investors most from North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries decided to help fund the growth of industry in the region.7 Unfortunately, the rumors of vast wealth never panned out. While there were some lithium mines present, for the most part the mines consisted of less valuable materials and in much smaller amounts than reported by the US government. By December 2011, it was clear that reports had been grossly exaggerated, and leading US economists predicted that the economies of the United States and its allies most especially the United Kingdom would enter into a downward spiral. Earlier in 2011, in what many pundits charged as an attempt to secure re-election, US President Obama declared victory in the War on Terror in Iraq. Along with top military leaders, Obama revised the troop withdrawal plans that had been made in February 2009.8 By May 2011, only about 1500 US troops remained, seven months before the estimated withdrawal timelines, despite wide spread low-level violence. The withdrawal offered a brief boost to international cooperation, with several countries pledging their support to help Iraq become a working democracy. Despite the brief escalation of international approval ratings, matters came to a head when President Obama ordered another troop surge in March 2012. The announcement was followed quickly by a declaration that the US intended to build a military base comparable to Ramstein Air Base in Germany, the headquarters of the US Air Force in Europe and home to about 53000 troops.9 President Obamas speech outlined his intentions to establish a headquarters for the air force in the Middle East. The surge coupled with an expanded US presence in the Middle East did not sit well with many Arab countries, especially Iran. In July 2012, US President Barack Obama announced that the government would bail out 14 Fortune 500 companies that had been deemed too big to fail.10 While this term was most often applied to banks in the financial crisis of the late 2000s, this time the US government declared that several companies were so integral to the nations financial situation that they could not be allowed to go into bankruptcy. The recession in the United States quickly affected other countries across the world, though none to the same extent
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 20112030

After the end of civil war in Sudan in 2005 with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the largely Arab, Muslim north and the Christian south agreed that the southern region of Sudan would be an autonomous region for six years; after those six years, the people would hold a referendum, in order to decide whether or not to remain a part of the country of Sudan as a whole, or to break off and form an independent country. Though the referendum was scheduled for January 2011, many outside observers believed that the election would be difficult to structure, especially considering the high likelihood of fraud. The United States promised, however, that it was dedicated to seeing the referendum occur and its results carried out faithfully.5 Though it occurred two months late, with the help of funding from the United Statesas well as several international organizations, the referendum enjoyed record participation, with 78% voting in favor of the division. Under the leadership of Salva Kiir Mayardit, the southern Sudanese formed a government under the name South Sudan. Despite having agreed to the elections, the leaders in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum threatened war. Following through on their promise to help train the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army, the United States urged the Security Council to send peacekeeping troops to the capital of Juba. In October 2011, the Sudanese government mobilized its troops, sending a force of 20,000 towards Juba.6 A coalition of Southern Sudanese, Ethiopian and Kenyan forces formed to meet the threat. South Sudan and its allies declared war on North Sudan, causing the Security Council to recall the peacekeeping troops. By September, guerilla fighting had spread from the embattled Darfur region of western North Sudan into South Sudan. Violence continued for the most part unchecked in this region, with some organizations estimating that over 17,000 people had been killed by the wars end in 2018. The war ended through the intervention of China, who

that the US was affected. One country emerged from the financial disaster with its economy not only intact but actually strengthened: China. Much like the Soviet economy during the Great Depression, China had enough funds and a strong enough domestic infrastructure to avoid the recession.11 With companies failing and the government forced to provide more and more funds in bail out plans, coupled with the failure of the surge in Afghanistan, the 2012 election was watched closely by the entire world. In one of the closest elections ever, Mike Huckabee edged out Barack Obama to win the US presidency. With a new president in office, world leaders sought to determine what changes the Republican would make. In February, Mexican president Heriberto Flix Guerra, whose leadership many people considered nothing more than an extension of Felipe Calderons government, requested assistance from the United States in ending the extreme violence caused by the drug war. The current drug war began in December 2006 when then-president Felipe Calderon declared an end to the official government position of passiveness in regards to the actions of drug cartels.12 Though the government made some gains, catching several high-profile drug lords, they all came at heavy prices, especially when drug cartels implemented a system of alliances in late 2011. Long before the alliance was created, however, the widespread violence created concern throughout Mexico and even into the United States. Ciudad Juarez, a city that lies just minutes across the border from El Paso, was a hotbed of drug-related violence. In 2013, looking to solidify his presidency and end cross-border violence, US President Mike Huckabee sent his Secretary of State, Mitt Romney, to work with Guerra and find a solution. Drawing on precedent from the Vietnam War and the ongoing War on Terror in Afghanistan, the two decided on the Mexico City Agreement. On February 26, 2013, Huckabee ordered members of the Army Special Forces better known as the Green Berets to Mexico, in order to help quell drug-related violence. Huckabee and Romney cited the counter-drug activities that are a part of the Special Forces handbook as part of their reasoning for the intervention. While in Mexico, the troops helped train Mexican federal police on best practices for dealing with drug related violence, as well as how to detect, monitor, and counter the cultivation, production, and trafficking of illegal drugs.13 With the help of the extra 4000 troops, the levels of violence
Following the March 2011 elections in Southern Sudan, North Sudanese troops began massing in regional capitals, including Geneina in West Darfur. Ethiopian and Kenyan forces respond in kind, while calls for UN intervention went unanswered.

began to decrease over time. Even the presence of American troops could not entirely end the violence, particularly in the countryside where organizations like the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia had taken hold. Nonetheless, rates of drug-related violence dropped significantly, and by August Guerra declared success in the war on drugs. Before the end of the War on Drugs in Mexico, around the world, another group of victims was fighting another kind of war. In March 2013, the leaders of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Palestinian Authority (PA) began making calls for renewed peace talks, though unlike the previous ones at Camp David II, they demanded that the host of the talks be a more neutral one, with no ties to either side.14 In an article in the Jerusalem Post, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called the demands impossible to meet, saying in order to discuss the situation, the leaders of the PLO must come to the table willing to negotiate. We have seen no sign that they are willing. The release of the article created great international fervor, with only the United States offering tentative support of Israels position. It was later revealed that while the US was willing to sponsor its allys position, Secretary of State Mitt Romney also encouraged the Israeli government to begin considering opening negotiations with the Palestinian leadership. Contrary to the position of the United States, the European Union called Netanyahus decision preposterous. Despite Israels denial of the claim, the Swiss government offered to host a peace conference in April of 2014, declaring that they were a neutral country whose only interest in the matter lay in making sure that the conflict between the two parties had ended. Despite the offer, Netanyahu maintained his hard-line position.15 The tide started to change by May, however, when the EU issued an official condemnation of Israels policy. The condemnation was quickly followed by several others from Russia and South Africa, and, most surprisingly, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, who demanded that the rights of the Palestinian refugees be considered above the petty politics of Israels government. By late July, international opinion of Israel was extremely low, even in the United States. By August, Prime Minister Netanyahu declared that he was unable to hold together the coalition government, and was forced to resign. Following an election, Tzipi Livni, a strong proponent of peace talks and a two-state solution,16 was sworn into office as Israels second female prime minister. The following April, Livni and PLO leader Mahmoud Abbas met in Zurich to discuss a settlement. Though the United States boycotted the talks on the grounds that they were not impartial, they were met with great approval by most of the international community. Though the proceedings remain secret to this day, by all accounts the meeting was cordial and productive. The two parties reached no final agreement, but both agreed that it was a very positive first step and promised to meet again in 2016 to continue negotiations. True to their word, the Federal Council of Switzerland held another summit in 2016. This time the summit had the support of the United States, though many international observers accused Huckabee of making an attempt to salvage his political standing for the November elections. As with the first summit, neither country came to a final agreement, particularly on the tough sticking points of the division of Jerusalem and the position of Arabs in the Jewish state. However, the two groups did produce the Zurich Accords, which called for an immediate cessation of Israeli expansion and demanded an end to systemic and localized violence. Despite widespread approval for the actions taken by the Israeli government, no further summits were planned. The Zurich Accords, while a symbol of good will, were never strictly enforced, and low-level violence continued.
US soldiers assisted Mexican troops beginning in 2013 in their efforts to quell drug-related violence in northern Mexico as well as exert greater control on international drug cartels. One method that is often used to destroy recovered drugs is burning.

Through the dissolution of the Livni government in 2018, Israeli leadership continued to promote peace with the Palestinians, but no group ever called for stricter enforcement of the Zurich Accords. While some systemic oppression decreased, levels of localized violence continued, with some observers making comparisons to the Mexican drug war of the late 2000s. By November 2027, following a particularly provocative statement in the HaAretz newspaper by a twostate solution proponent, many Israelis began calling for a peaceful and immediate solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In late November, Israelis took to the polls in a first of its kind referendum that asked voters to choose a solution to the conflict. The results showed a slight majority in favor of a two-state solution, with a little over 40% of the population in favor of a contiguous Palestinian state. In February 2028, Palestinian and Israeli leadership met in Brussels to discuss the matter, and for the first time since 2016, the two groups sat down for negotiations with a mandate from their people: make a sustainable peace. Building on the agreements set forth in the Camp David II negotiations, in terms of territory, the division of Jerusalem, the refugee problem and Israeli security concerns. Palestine was established as a contiguous state, but the Palestinians conceded to the Israeli demands that Israel maintain a large portion of the West Bank. The Brussels Agreements also detailed that the Palestinians should be allowed to raise and maintain an army and air force, with the status of a navy to be determined. Jerusalem was divided in West and East, with the eastern portion going to the Israelis and the western portion to the Palestinians. The Arabs living in East Jerusalem, whose status had been the topic of great debate in the 2000 negotiations, were given the choice of staying and submitting to Israeli, and therefore Jewish law, or were offered the equivalent of US$350 to help them make a new start in the newly established Palestine. Finally, Palestinian refugees who had claims to the land that the Israelis had conquered were given the same options as the Arab citizens in East Jerusalem; unlike the Arabs in East Jerusalem, however, they were offered US$1000 from the Israeli government, plus the purchase price of their land. With these issues resolved, the Brussels Agreements were signed in 2028 and the State of Israel recognized Palestine as an independent state; the recognition was quickly followed by most of the nations of the European Union. By March, a string of North and South American nations had also extended recognition to the state. In April, in a surprise move, Egypt became the first member of the Middle Eastern bloc to offer recognition to Palestine, citing its lasting peace agreement with Israel as the impetus for its acceptance. Following Egypts lead was Saudi Arabia and Iraq, though Syria continued to deny Israels right to exist, as well as the existence of an independent Palestine. In August, the UN General Assembly voted to make Palestine a full member of the UN.17 While Palestinian-Israeli relations took a turn for the better in the late 2010s, Lebanon became increasingly distant from the rest of the international community. The 2013 general elections put Hezbollah firmly in control of the country, exacerbating existing tensions between the Muslim majority and Christian minority in the country. Some international Christian organizations began to accuse to government of corruption and election fraud, but the accusations were met with steely denial by the Lebanese government. Meanwhile, while international groups debated the validity of a Hezbollah win, the European Union shocked the world in 2014 when it announced that its member nations would be entirely nuclear weapon free by 2020.18 Marked by a history of distaste for nuclear weapons, with the exception of the United Kingdom and France, most European Union members had stated as early as the late 1980s that they would work towards a nuclear free world.19 Looking to benefit from the goodwill that the Nuclear Disarmament Treaty of Brussels created, the United States and Russia met in September of 2014 to discuss disarmament. While neither state was ready to entirely denounce nuclear weapons, particularly the United States, both agreed to reduce their weapons stockpiles by 10%, following a similar treaty that was signed by the two in 2010 called the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)20. The Romney-Lavrov Treaty was touted by many to be the next step towards global zero, following the EUs announcement. Pessimists over the world predicted that this era of goodfeeling would come to an end sooner or later, and they were right. Scientists had been warning us and, even today are still presenting new evidence to warn about the troubles of climate change about the effects of global warming for decades. In 2015, the warnings came to unfortunate fruition for the people of Bangladesh. In February, an out-of-season storm hit the Bangladeshi capital of Dhaka. The storm, whose strength and levels of destruction led many meteorologists to compare it to 2005s Hurricane Katrina in the United States, destroyed much of the capital city. The surrounding countryside was severely flooded, making it impossible to plant the subsistence rice that the people depend on to survive. Beyond the cost of the clean-up, the death toll was high: the Center for International Disaster Information estimated that the storm killed at least 34000 people, many of them from the Karail neighborhood of Dhaka, a rapidly growing slum area of the city. The death toll was rivaled only by the numbers of refugees who sought land and work in the already overcrowded slums of India. The refugees began to pour into the Indian cities of Calcutta and Asansol, but by March they had spread across the country, competing with Indians for jobs, housing and food. Even before the storm, the Indian people were particularly suspicious of and xenophobic towards the Bangladeshis.21 Responding to increasing unrest throughout the country, the Indian government ordered its soldiers to disrupt gatherings
10
An increasing number of out-of-season storms culminated in the 2015 storm which saw tens of thousands of refugees from Dhaka slums seeking work in already overcrowded Indian cities. Climate change is becoming increasingly evident in daily international relations negotiations.
of more than ten people and gave them the right to enter the homes of suspected illegal immigrants and to demand that its occupants present proper identification. Despite the stringent restrictions, refugees continued to flock to Indian cities, inciting increased ethnic violence between the Bangladeshi refugees and the native Indians. The tensions reached catastrophic levels when US President Mike Huckabee commented that the actions of the Indian government were the first steps towards ethnic cleansing and called for an emergency session of the UNSC in April 2015. With the support of the European Union and NATO, together the US, the UK, and France forced a condemnation of Indias actions through the council, as well as issuing condemnations of their own. China vetoed their efforts, however, to place sanctions on India, a move many considered to be a means of avoiding international scrutiny for their own accusations of ethnic violence. Despite its own domestic turmoil, India accused the United States of trying to turn international opinion against
them for their own gains. Over the period of two months, increasingly inflammatory remarks were made public, through both official and unofficial communications. In July, India decided to show its displeasure with the US by cutting diplomatic representation. While threatening to cut official ties to the US, many staff members were recalled from the San Francisco and Chicago consulates general, with the Houston branch being closed all together for an indefinite period. For many countries, cutting diplomatic representation to another country is one of the most drastic steps a government can take. While India threatened to cut ties with the United States, the past twenty years have been marked by greater international integration for countries of Central Asia, both economically and politically. In November 2016, Kyrgyz leaders announced that they were hoping to open the country to international speculation and investment. A member state of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which monitors its members for human rights abuses
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and the fairness of their elections, Kyrgyzstan had long been under the suspicion human rights abuses and widespread government corruption. In the Tulip Revolution of 2005, Kurmanbek Bakiyev took power in a bloodless coup and was eventually elected as President in the subsequent elections. In 2009, he was elected again, with 78% of the votes, though the OSCE declared the elections to be fraught with corruption.22 Bakiyev was elected again in 2013, with a large percentage of the vote. This time, however, his opponent did not drop out of the race, as Almaz Atambayev did in 2009. Though the elections were far from fair, according to the OSCE, they had made a great improvement over the 2009 elections, in which the distinction between the ruling party and the State was blurred.23 In 2016, Bakiyev announced his intention to work more closely with the OSCE and other groups to create a government that is receptive to free and democratic elections. In order to do so, Bakiyev invited investment from outside nations, drawing the attention of both the Western and Eastern worlds. For the most part, investors from the Central and Eastern European nations participated in the privatization of the Kyrgyz economy, especially investors from Germany. China was unhappy with the developments, seeing it as evidence of continued Western expansionism, particularly after Kyrgyzstan began taking a larger role in the Organization for Cooperation and Security in Europe. Seeing the growth of the Kyrgyz economy, Uzbek leaders began discussion of similar tactics. In 2018, Uzbek President Islam Karimov announced his intention to open the market to further foreign investment and to begin instituting a more capitalist system. Both countries prospered under the increased investment, entering the mainstream international system. The changes were met with enthusiasm by the majority of the Krygyz and Uzbek populations, as it provided greater opportunity to gain economic sustainability and created a wider system of economic mobility. Despite Russias international accord, the nation was still wracked with domestic discord. The Chechen region, whose autonomy and sovereignty had been long contested, finally declared independence from Russia. The struggle between the two states began in 1991 with the imminent fall of the Soviet Union. The Chechen people saw the Baltic and Central Asian states receive independence from the Russian Federation, but not its own. The First Chechen War was fought from 1994 to 1996, and despite its military superiority, the Russians were unable to establish a firm hold on the region due mostly to the strength of Chechen guerilla fighters. Though there was a brief, fiveyear interwar period, the war started up again in 1999.24 This time, despite widespread use of guerilla tactics by the Chechens, the Russian military was able to establish control over the region. Russian troops used extreme amounts of force, and Chechen terrorists were known over the world for their attacks on Russian civilians. The war was marked by particularly violent skirmished between the two groups, with Russia refusing, for the most part to negotiate.25 Outright violence ended with the tentative ceasefire agreement established in 2009. On April 21, 2017, Chechen leaders issued a declaration of independence, proclaiming a democratic republic and setting a date for free elections. The Russian government under President Dmitry Medvedev declared war on the secessionists, and the Russian state was plunged into violent civil war. By June, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovenia had offered Chechnya recognition as an independent nation and Poland, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina followed suit in July. Fighting continued sporadically for the next sixteen months, with a ceasefire called for the winter of 2017. By March, however, fighting had erupted again along the Chechen border. Marked by guerilla warfare, the fighting was violent and often bloody, amassing serious casualties on both sides of the civil war. By December 2018, the two sides agreed to an indefinite ceasefire, promising to meet in Mozdok in the spring to discuss a permanent peace agreement. The two sides met amicably, but the peace process took more time to negotiate than most experts had anticipated. In November 2019, they presented the Mozdok Agreements, in which Chechnya agreed to establish free trade and military alliances with Russia in exchange for recognition as an independent nation. In addition, Chechnya promised that it would not seek admission to the European Union. Following Russian recognition of the fledgling nation, the United Kingdom and most North American countries, including the United States, Mexico and Canada also extended official recognition of the new state. The United States continued on their path of international cooperation in 2017, following the 2016 elections. Nancy Pelosi was elected with a wide margin, running on a campaign for change and greater international partnerships, and in 2017, with a Democratic House and Senate on her side, the Senate ratified the Rome Statute after much debate. This placed the United States under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC), a step 110 states had already taken. Despite widespread conservative dissatisfaction with the step, many Americans did support the treatys ratification, part of an emerging trend of greater American interest in the establishment of a global community. President Pelosi instructed Secretary of State John Kerry to urge the remaining 37 signatories to ratify the treaty.26 By 2021, an additional 4 states had ratified the treaty, expanding the jurisdiction of the ICC to a greater number of states. Despite the increase in international approval of the USs actions in regards to the Rome Statute, many disagreed with the countrys actions in Afghanistan in 2018. In her State of the Union address, President Pelosi called an end to the War in Afghanistan, echoing her Democratic predecessors words that we had met all of the obtainable goals.27 Nonetheless, the withdrawal
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Though Kyrgyz leaders sought close ties to European economic powerhouses like Germany, many credit US Ambassador Tatiana Gfoeller for her work with Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev to help modernize and open the government and economy of Kyrgyzstan.
left an extremely large US presence in the area, with the establishment of 3 large military bases in Afghanistan proper, two for the Army and one for the Marines. Coupled with the base in Iraq, the strength of the USs presence in the Middle East was second only to their presence in Europe. Like the base they built in Iraq, these three bases made Iranian officials balk at further US influence in the region. By this time, rumors of Iranian attempts to build a nuclear weapon had been flourishing for over a decade and there was a marked increase in US interest in the secret experiments of Iranian scientists, particularly when Iran announced its intentions to withdraw from the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) on July 1, 2019. In October 2019, Iranian scientists announced that they had successfully designed and tested a nuclear weapon. The announcement, which came just after the requisite three-month notice period for withdrawal from the NPT,28 caused speculation that Iranian scientists had been working on the weapon design for far longer than three months. In response to the communiqu, the US announced its intentions to begin placement of its own nuclear cache throughout the lands of its NATO allies in December. The announcement was met with extreme hostility, especially from Russia and China, who feared the presence of even more
American weapons so close to its own borders. Tensions rose between United States and Iran, causing more than one observer to liken the situation to the Cold War of the 1960s. A telephone line, similar to the one that ran from the White House to the Kremlin during the Cold War, was even installed in the Oval Office, linking the American president to the office of Ahmadinejad. On December 27, 2019, an Israeli newspaper reported the death of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. While governments around the world scrambled to react to the news, the new Iranian government, headed by Ahmadinejads foreign minister, Manouchehr Mottaki, continued to fund the development of more advanced nuclear weapons. Finally, in January 2020, the European Union hosted in a summit in Brussels, with the support of the African Union, China and Russia. Both the United States and Iran were in attendance, with the US represented by Secretary of State John Kerry and Iran represented by its acting president, former Foreign Minister Mottaki.29 In the Paix Bruxelloise of 2020, both Iran and the United States agreed to end all aggressive overtures, and, in a subsequent treaty signed by Iran, Iran agreed to destroy all weapons of mass destruction, though it reserved the right to the peaceful use of nuclear technology. In exchange for the signing and
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ratification of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the Paix Bruxelloise, Iran received generous aid packages from China, India and the member states of the EU, as well as the promise from the United Nations Security Council to review the sanctions placed on the country. With peace finally secured between the United States and Iran, the Canadian press announced the discovery of untapped oil sources in the northern regions of Alberta. First discovered in March 2020, a farmer was plowing in acreage recently purchased from the Canadian government when he struck oil. The surrounding lands still owned by the Canadian government, Prime Minister Jose Verner ordered further investigation of the region, particularly the vast swaths of uninhabited federal lands.30 Upon investigation, the report concluded that the northern Alberta region contained enough oil to rival the stores of nations like Saudi Arabia. The Canadian government ordered drilling to begin immediately, much to the chagrin of the OPEC countries, and the United States, who had just concluded negotiations with Saudi Arabia for oil supplies. In April, following a closed-door meeting of the OPEC members, oil prices dropped, flooding the market with cheap oil and preventing the Canadians from gaining a real handle on the oil trade, especially with the American consumers tied to Saudi oil until 2023. When July of 2023 finally arrived, President Pelosi authorized the negotiations of a new oil deal, one that shifted the oil dependency of US consumers to Canadian suppliers, rather than Middle Eastern ones. The following summer, Saudi Arabia negotiated a longterm deal with China for supplying oil. Later that month, Canada responded with an announcement that they had negotiated a deal with India, one that expanded in future years. As dictated by the Paix Bruxelloise, the UNSC reviewed that status of the myriad of economic sanctions that had been placed on Iran. As a sign of goodwill, and in response to Irans acceptance of international law, the UNSC decided to remove all the sanctions, opening the nation to trade and great economic expansion in the decade following the treaty. With its restrictions removed, Iran was free to apply for entry to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), an organization dedicated to strengthening relations, both political and economic, between its member states, as well as promoting the exchange of information and relying on each other to promote peace and stability in the region, providing counterbalance to the NATO. Its ultimate goal is the creation of a free and democratic, as well as rational and sustainable international system.31 Founded in 2001, its founders forbade the entrance of any state that had been placed under UN sanctions. Upon entry in 2021, Iran enjoyed an increased international recognition, particularly among the states of Central Asia. Its reputation as a location for the purchase of high-quality but cheap technology continues to grow. More chaos entered the Western Hemisphere in 2021, when rumors of the death of Fidel Castro began spreading once more through the US media. Despite widespread speculation on the part of the press, it was not until late April, when the Cuban government returned an official inquiry by the US State Department. Signed by Raul Castro, the missive confirmed that Fidel Castro had died of natural causes on April 13, 2021. While Fidel Castro had been outside of the public eye for a least a decade at this point, the confirmation of his death revitalized Cuban dissidents, both domestically and internationally. In February 2022, the US received intelligence suggesting that right-wing extremists who opposed Cubas communist regime had assassinated Raul Castro. The rumor was later confirmed, when a series of weak governments rose and fell in the severe leadership vacuum left by the leaders deaths. By May, when violence and bloodshed had reached its high point, a coalition of Cuban citizens marched on Havana, assisted by students at the University of Havana, who had been living with the presence of troops still loyal to the former government for over two months. The soldiers quelled the protests, using more violence than peaceful means. In October, responding to the requests of Cuban Americans, US President Nancy Pelosi sent National Guard troops to Cuba to help quell violence and assist in the establishment of a democratic government. Many pundits suggested that her actions were a last-ditch attempt to garner more votes for her Democratic successor. Regardless, the National Guard troops did help keep the peace for long enough to design and implement a constitution. In January 2024, Cuba held free elections, voting in Elisa Tamayo, the daughter of famous Cuban dissident Orlando Zapata Tamayo, as its next President. Though some Cuban citizens accused the government of fraud, most international organizations agreed that the elections had been fair, if overwhelmingly in favor of the pro-American party. Climate change, long a topic of debate in the international community, was blamed for the Western Sahara War of 2021. In September of that year, the worst drought in decades hit northwestern Africa. While most countries saw through the drought with their resources intact, the region of Western Sahara did not. With the lack of a strong government in the region, the Polisario Front took advantage of the drought to restart violence with Morocco. The region came to the forefront of international attention in 1975, when the International Court of Justice declared that neither Morocco nor Mauritania, the two neighboring countries, had claims to the land of Western Sahara, recognizing the native peoples right to self-determination.32 Despite that, the Moroccans continued to lay claim to the lands, sending in groups of soldiers. The Polisario Front, the group who laid claim to the region, fought a guerilla war with the Moroccan forces until 1991, when the region came under UN control.33 The UN established the United Nations Mission for a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), with orders to implement a referendum for the people of the region, in order to
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determine whether to integrate with Morocco or to remain independent. The plan failed, and the troops were withdrawn in 1996.34 Despite several attempts to entice both groups to peace talks, no final peace agreement has been made, leaving the people of Western Sahara more or less without a country. In September 2022, with people and crops dying without access to water, the Polisario Front took advantage of the situation to restart guerilla fighting with Morocco, citing the Moroccans inability to provide necessary supplies for its people. Fighting began anew. In November 2022, the UNSC met in an emergency meeting and decided to send peacekeeping troops to the regions only city: Layoune. With the presence of peacekeepers, neither group wanted to continue a formal war, so no official battles have been fought. However, the ceasefire is tenuous and certainly not formal; no treaty of any sort has been signed between the two groups, and fighting could erupt at any time. Despite the changing sociopolitical and economic positions of the member states of the UN, few changes had ever been made to the UN Charter. In 2023, the United Kingdom made a proposal to change that. With the argument that more than just the permanent five members should have a permanent say in world affairs, the UK introduced the
Though the Western Sahara region consists mainly of arid and inhospitable land, drought in 2021 hit northwestern Africa particularly hard, drying up what little fertile land existed around the capital city of Layoune.
Wide World, World Peace proposal to the General Assembly. Citing past efforts to place sanctions on certain nations that had been overturned by a single veto vote, the proposal would have added Brazil, Japan and India to the council as permanent members, as well as giving them the collective power to override a veto vote or to cast a collective veto of their own. The proposal gained a great deal of international support, though France and Russia maintained a position of neutrality on the issue. Both China and the United States vetoed the proposal, causing any observers to say that neither party would ever allow any changes to the council. Despite the pessimism of the international press, the proposal was introduced again in 2026 by Ireland, which had finally gained the support of both France and Russia. With the full backing of the European Union, the African Union and OPEC, both the United States and China abstained from voting, an amendment was made to the UN Charter. In July 2024, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan formed the Union of Central Asian Republics (UCAR), an organization styled upon the European Union model of international cooperation and free trade. Though the organization never became as tightly woven as the European Union, the vast lands they control and the natural
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resources they command make them a formidable force in international debates. In 2027, Afghanistan applied for UCAR membership. Faced with the first real test of their union, the organization turned to their constitution. They offered Afghanistan a provisional membership, which meant that the newest member was allowed to attend and participate in all meetings of the organization, as well as enjoy the benefits. Afghanistan is expected to receive full membership later this year. Tragedy struck the United States in April 2025, when North Korea launched an attack on the city of Los Angeles. Accused terrorists Bae and Chun Hae Kim were suspected of poisoning the citys water supply, releasing a new strain of smallpox one that the standard smallpox vaccination could not stop into the water. The results were disastrous, with over a million people dead as a result of the infection. It later was revealed that it had been common knowledge among US government officials that North Korean soldiers were always inoculated against smallpox, despite its apparent eradication.35 Despite the widespread domestic anger at the US government for its actions, the country whole-heartedly supported its declaration of war on North Korea. Though NATO did not offer troop support, the US did have the full support of the international community, even a grudging acknowledgement of support from the Chinese, whose disapproval of American influence within their sphere was well known. Though troops had been massing along the border of South Korea and in the American bases in Japan, no real battles had been fought when the American forces implemented Operation Los Angeles in March 2026. Despite its abhorrence for such missions in the past, American pilots were forced to recall the days of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as the United States embarked on a strategic bombing campaign. While none of the weapons used were nuclear, the results were nonetheless devastating: rather than target weapons stockpiles and army bases, the US shocked the world by targeting cities and towns. By April, over 10000 civilians had been killed. In an emergency session of the UN Security Council, China, which had been the recipient of thousands of North Koreans refugees, tried to force a condemnation of the United States actions through the Security Council, as well as impose economic sanctions on the nation. Despite the passage of the Wide World, Wide Peace proposal earlier that same year, the United States was able to veto both those actions. Unable to stop the US from encroachment on its territory through an international body, Chinese forces mobilized and had occupied North Korean territory by the end of May, ostensibly in order to help the US control the enemy forces in the region. Unwilling to risk war with a nuclear equal, the US acquiesced to Chinese control of the region. Following the USs counter-strike attacks on North Korea, China tried unsuccessfully to force a condemnation through the UNSC. It was, of course, vetoed by the United States, and, despite the institution of Brazil, India and Japan to the council just a few months before and their power to veto, none of them chose to override the USs vote. Much speculation arose over the ability of those three countries in particular to remain above the influence of outside forces especially those of the United States. China, still smarting from its inability to work within international law to achieve its goals, turned to the United Kingdom, who had helped to lead the campaign for the Wide World, World Peace proposal two years earlier. In 2028, the UK again presented a proposal to the General Assembly, called United for World Equality. Sponsored by the UK, France and Russia, the proposal called for the addition of two members to the council, who could collectively override any veto, including that of the Plus Three, as Brazil, India and Japan had come to be known. Faced with the solid front of the entire European Union, Russia and China, the United States was forced to acquiesce to the proposal. The vote was passed, with an abstention by the United States. With its most powerful nations finally at peace, even if a tenuous one, North America then looked towards greater economic integration. In 2027, following a meeting of the Heads of State of the United States, Mexico and Canada, Nicaragua, Panama and El Salvador were invited to become members of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Citing their desire to eventually open trade across the continent, the three leaders said that they wanted part of their legacy to include assisting the countries closest to home in whatever ways possible even including them in a free trade agreement. In 2029, the six states agreed to invite three more states: Belize, Costa Rica and Guatemala. There is speculation that the next country to be invited to join will be Brazil, despite its location in South America.
COUNTRY PROFILES
France France has been a leader of the European Union since its inception, dedicated to expanding the principles of free trade and international cooperation across the continent. France has directly influenced many of the decisions and actions of the past twenty years, especially on the part of EU. Working closely with Germany, France has sought to create an international force out of the EU, and it has worked.36 When Germany began calling for a nuclear free Europe in 2014, France was the first of the two nuclear states to agree, albeit reluctantly, to finish dismantling their nuclear weapons. Following the election of Dominique de Villepin37 in 2012, a member of the same party of Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy, France began emphasizing continued privatization of businesses as well as investing millions of dollars in increasing the tourist industry.38 While France weathered the Recession of 2012 better than some European nations, it was hit hard by the economic decline. Relying increasingly on its alliance
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Despite reports from economists on the negative role NAFTA has played in the lives of Mexican farmers, many other North and Central American countries began clamoring for entrance into NAFTA. NAFTA leaders met in 2027 to discuss the invitation of other nations into the free trade agreement.
with Germany, by 2023 France once again had regained economic equilibrium through increasing free trade, especially in cooperation with the Francophone world. In 2020, France led the EU in demanding that the US and Iran commit to peace talks and led a coalition of nations in contributing to Iranian aid packages. In 2021, unlike many of the EUs member states, France sided with the Polisario Front in the Western Sahara War, straining some relations in the EU. Since then, under the leadership of de Villepin and his successor, the current president of France, Xavier Bertrand France has generally taken somewhat of a back seat to Germany and the United Kingdom as they jostle for political power in the EU, offering its support for the UKs plans for expanded Security Council representation, but not producing many changes of its own.39 Despite that, France still retains veto power on the Council and it is not certain that France will vote with the rest of the EU. United Kingdom The UK was hit hard during the Recession of 2012, having invested billions of dollars in the supposed Afghani lithium mines. The coalition government under David Cameron fell apart, and the UK was forced to hold new elections. With the Labour party back in power and Harriet
Harman at the helm, the UK looked to strengthen its ties to the other EU countries, particularly ones that had been overlooked by the French and the Germans, usually those in Eastern Europe. While it maintained its entente cordiale with the French, until the 2020s, the UK and France continued to fight for political power in the EU.40 Though it approved the condemnation reluctantly, the UK joined the rest of the EU in condemning Israels actions in 2013 and assisting the Swiss in creating a neutral environment for peace talks. It joined France in 2020 in calling for peace between the US and Iran, especially given that it had itself finished disarmament only months before. With the rest of the EU, the UK spearheaded a meeting between Israel and Palestinian officials in 2028 and became the first European nation to recognize Palestinian sovereignty. Despite maintaining its traditional alliance with the United States, the United Kingdom began to strengthen alliances with the EU following the Indian-American Crisis. In an effort to increase its international credibility, the UK introduced a proposal entitled Wide World, World Peace in 2024 designed to increase representation on the UNSC, and forced it through the Council in 2026. While they are certainly still allies, friends and trading partners with the US and other Western powers, the UK is much more likely to vote in favor of European interests than North American
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ones, particularly under the leadership of the Liberal Democrats and Prime Minister Nick Clegg.41 China Out of all the countries in the world, China emerged the least scathed by the Recession of 2012. With a growing economy, a stabilized population, and strengthening alliances with the Pacific nations as well as Central Asia and the Middle East, China emerged in the last twenty years as the most powerful nation in the region. Though some states did attempt to balance against it, notably a coalition headed by Laos, most East Asian states began making moves to tighten alliances with the huge nation. China has spent the past twenty years making strategic alliances and building up its infrastructure and economy. In 2018, China stepped in to negotiate a ceasefire and peace agreement between the North and South Sudanese, in an effort to bolster its international credibility and cement its position as one of the worlds superpowers. Its efforts to bolster credibility continued in 2020, when it offered generous aid packages to Iran in order to head off nuclear war with the US. It worked closely with Iran to complete its application for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and applauded its entrance in 2021. In 2023, China vetoed the UKs Wide World, World Peace proposal, but acquiesced to international pressures in 2026 to pass the proposal, and again in 2028 when the United for World Equality campaign gained international support and prestige. Though China did not offer its support to the establishment of UCAR, neither did it actively try and stop it. In 2029, Indian newspapers began to speculate that China would seek admission to UCAR in the near future. China is currently under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and its Secretary-General, Xi Jinping. 42 United States of America In early 2011, as Vice President Biden had promised a few years earlier, the United States dedicated US$2.5 billion to help insure that the Sudanese elections occurred. While the Presidents approval ratings were already low, conservatives accused him of frivolous spending, and his approval ratings dropped even lower. In what many pundits called an attempt to bolster his swiftly falling ratings, in March President Obama declared the War on Terror in Iraq to be over, announcing that they had completed all their achievable goals.43 Though he lost reelection in 2012 to Mike Huckabee, Obama did try to institute a legacy of helping developing countries to achieve full potential, regardless of their location or strategic value. Huckabee continued this legacy in 2013 in the Mexican Drug War, but most Americans lamented this action, wanting to focus on the economic and social problems at home. Though Nancy Pelosi and her successor, Patrick Murphy, attempted to help solve these problems, they focused more on international policy, with the goal of changing foreign policy.44 Domestically, the United States began to fall apart, with constant filibustering in Congress that made it almost impossible for anyone to pass laws. Unemployment rates skyrocketed and more and more people began to accuse the government of violating its civil liberties in exchange for international prowess. Things came to a head in 2025, when North Korea launched a bioweapon attack on the US. President Murphy was forced to send National Guard troops to several Western cities to quell riots in the streets. In the election of 2028, the Democrats, who had held the White House by a slim margin for sixteen years,
The above map highlights (plesae see shaded parts in red) the countries that partake in the current United N;ations Security Council, 2030.
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lost in a landslide vote for Republican candidate Eric Cantor, who promised a return to fiscal responsibility. Though the US economy is strengthening, it still hasnt recovered from the recessions of the early 2000s. Nonetheless, they retain the veto vote, have allies all over the world and are very influential in international politics. Russia While the nation made just as many overtures about ending global warming as its neighbors, for the Russian Federation global warming nearly doubled the size of its farmland. With the melting of the layer of permafrost, releasing unprecedented levels of methane gas into the atmosphere.45 While Russian president Dmitry Medvedev lamented the event, millions of new immigrants flooded into Russia from the surrounding countries, looking for the fertile farmland that Siberia offered. Though relations between the immigrants and native Russians have not led to trouble so far, tensions do exist. In 2014, Medvedev and US president Huckabee agreed to a new nuclear treaty, similar to the START treaty of 2010.46 In 2017, Chechnya declared independence, erupting in civil war. Despite clamors for a ceasefire that began in late 2017, the two sides did not agree to a ceasefire until 2018. With elections coming up and the people demanding a solution, in 2019, Medvedev and Chechen leaders came to an agreement that ended a decades old conflict. With Medvedev fulfilling his second term in 2020, Russians elected Sergey Naryshkin, considered an extension of Medvedev and Putins governments, in 2020 and again in 2026.47 An economics major and experienced financial leader, Naryshkin led the Russian Federation to economic success following the worldwide Recession of 2012. Nominally a supporter of greater international cooperation and expanded free trade, Naryshkin did not support the 2024 formation of UCAR, though he did encourage Irans 2021 entrance to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Russia has continued to be something of a wild card in international politics: with the greatest land mass in the world, a growing population with access to vast natural resources and increasingly lucrative trade alliances with the European Union, Russia has the funds and the potential to be a strong force in international affairs. India In 2015, a freak storm hit Bangladesh, Indias neighbor to the east. Within days, hundreds of thousands of refugees began pouring into India, crowding the nations already overpopulated slums with more people looking to find jobs. When the Indian government began cracking down on immigrants, forming laws that would forbid illegal immigrants from finding work and shelter, Indian citizens rejoiced, though the US and many Western nations were shocked at their callous treatment of refugees. Arguably the boldest move on Indias part in the last twenty years, in 2015 India entered a period of cold relations with the United States, upping tariffs and severely cutting down on the number of visas issued for tourists. Despite these cold relations with one of Indias biggest consumers, the Indian economy continued to grow. Entrepreneurs began looking to expand in the growing South American markets, selling goods at a much lower cost than American companies. India also began to gather allies, concluding a tenuous peace agreement with Pakistan that acknowledged their differences and agreed to halt all violent overtures and begin taking steps to begin negotiating firm boundaries for the Kashmir region. India is a strong ally of the South American nations, particularly Venezuela, with whom current Prime Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia continuously seeks greater friendship. In 2027, the US and India entered a period of dtente, in order to oppose the rising power of China, so while neither India nor the US would call themselves allies, Indias loyalty lies with the US over China. Japan A country dedicated to world peace, Japan has become a strong supporter of continued expansion of free trade and the global market. An advocate of national self-determination a change in Japans post-World War II mentality Japan supported the creation of Kosovo, Palestine and Chechnya and still calls for the establishment of a state in Western Sahara. Japan has risen to the forefront of the technology trade, as well as the pharmaceutical trade. Working with Iran to produce affordable and luxury technology, Japans economy grew immensely in the 2020s, as it began capitalizing on established trade networks, especially with South America and Australia. In 2026, Japan was brought to the UNSC as a permanent member, and their strong alliance with the US was one of the reasons that the US agreed to the Wide World, World Peace proposal. With the Democratic Party of Japan in power and Seiji Maehara as Prime Minister, Japan remains a
As early as the 2010s, India and Venezuela began strengthening their economic and diplomatic ties, particularly as players in the influential Group of 15.
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strong ally of the United States, despite beginning to explore alliances with Pacific nations. Brazil Brazil began to pursue greater international power in the mid 2010s, asserting its influence in international organizations like the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Organization of American States. Though Brazils participation in UNASUR did not create great economic change, it did cement Brazils position as a South American leader. 48 Through the strategic creation of alliances and dedicating billions of dollars to improving infrastructure and industry domestically under the government of current president Helosa Helena, Brazil emerged as an economic superpower, securing its spot as a permanent member of the UNSC in 2026. Brazil is seen as a staunch ally of the United States and willing to follow the USs lead on matters of international importance, particularly after US media sources began speculating in late 2029 that Brazil would be the next nation to receive an invitation to NAFTA. Brazil is also considered a leader among Central and South American countries, many of whom look to the large nation as a leader in international politics. Even Mexico has begun to look to Brazil as a powerful neighbor that rivals the strength of the US. Germany Though the euro went through a weak period in 2010, it spelled long-term economic successes for Germany. The cost of exports, Germanys main source of income, dropped lower, which meant Germany could sell more goods, especially luxury goods that were now available to a wider population. While the falling euro in the short term meant severe repercussions for the German economy Germany suffered considerably in the Recession of 2012 by 2015 the German economy had become one of the strongest in the world.49 Under Chancellor Angela Merkel, who remained in power until 2017, Germany began working with the European Union to strengthen ties and create a supranational superpower to rival the United States and China. Germany led the argument for nuclear disarmament in 2014, saying that a nuclear free Europe would lead to greater international cooperation and it did. Though the Christian Democratic Union was unable to form a coalition in 2017 and the Social Democratic Party (SDP) took power under Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the SDP had learned from its 2009 defeat and was actively engaged in continuing economic policies that had worked.50 Germany was one of
Despite talks between former US President Barack Obama and Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas in 2010, US-Palestinian relations cooled in the 2010s as the US threw its support behind Israeli hardliner Benjamin Netanyahu. Mahmoud and other Palestinian leaders late appealed to European supporters in their quest for a Palestinian state.
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the first nations to offer its support to the United Kingdom when it proposed its Wide World, World Peace plan for the United Nations and actively lobbied with long-time allies to get it passed. Germany, along with the United Kingdom and France, is an unofficial leader of the EU, particularly since the coalition led by the Christian Democratic Union of Germany under Chancellor Norbert Rttgen took power. With unprecedented economic successes, Germanys economy is the second strongest in Europe, just behind the UKs and they are certainly a force in international politics. Mexico With the United States as its neighbor to the north, Mexico began strengthening its alliance with the US in 2011, calling for a new era of cooperation and commitment. This commitment was solidified in 2013 with the Romney-Calderon Treaty, which promised Mexican President Heriberto Felix Guerra aid in quelling the ongoing drug war.51 Under the leadership of Beatriz Paredes Rangel, the leader of the Institutional Revolutionary Party and current President of Mexico, opponents of the National Action Party, who had held the office since Vincente Fox took office in 2000, Mexico entered a new era of corporatism following the 2024 election. Allying strongly first with US President Mike Huckabee and then his Democratic successor Nancy Pelosi, Mexico demonstrated its commitment to working closely with the US. Despite many problems with its farmers and NAFTA, Mexico agreed to its expansion to other Central American countries in 2027 after years of working closely with the US and Canada on lucrative oil deals, citing its wishes to expand free trade to a new market. Though Mexico is not an international powerhouse, it is a staunch ally of the United States and formidable leader of the Hispanophone world, rivaling Brazil for leading Central and South America. Saudi Arabia Since the late 1930s, the US and Saudi Arabia have been strong allies, particularly when the US began importing oil from the Middle East. In March 2020, the Canadian government announced that it would begin selling the oil it had found in northern Alberta. For the OPEC countries, the announcement meant that countries that had formerly relied on OPEC oil now had other options. With Saudi Arabia at the helm, the OPEC countries agreed to drop oil prices. Domestically, Saudi Arabia is a welfare state, and when they were forced to drop prices in 2020, they found it difficult to continue to support the population, leading to high rates of unemployment. Despite traditional ties to the United States, Saudi Arabia began to spend millions of dollars on improving relations with China and India, in an attempt to begin cultivating new oil deals. When the US brokered a huge oil deal with Canada, Saudi Arabia was forced to look to other markets, particularly among countries that had weaker relations with the US. In 2024, Saudi Arabia negotiated a huge oil deal with China that placed Chinese oil dependency firmly in the Middle East. At this point, Saudi Arabia and its leader, King Khalid al-Faisal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud is a firm ally of the Peoples Republic of China and its allies. Ukraine Though not an official member of the European Union, for many years Ukraine considered applying for membership and it has built several strong relationships with member states, especially the United Kingdom and Spain. A leader of Eastern Europe, Ukraine is second only to Russia in its military capacity in Europe. With a large, standing military, Ukraine is an international military power. Ukraine played a large role in mediating the Chechen War of 2017, urging both Russian and Chechen leaders to come to the negotiating table with an open mind. Ukraine was also the first Eastern European country to recognize Chechnya as an independent state and was influential in urging Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania and Belarus to do the same. As a result of its involvement in peace negotiations, Ukraine secured lucrative trade deals with both Russia and the fledgling Chechen nation. It is believed that Ukraine is contemplating seeking admission to some free trade agreement, but analysts cannot predict if that will be the EU or UCAR. On that front, Ukrainian investors as well as the Ukrainian government under current President Viktor Viktorovych Yanukovych have increasingly begun exploring the central Asian republics as places for valuable trading partnerships, as well as diplomatic alliances. With one foot in Asia and the other in Europe, Ukraine has historically voted in favor of European interests, but the growing influence of UCAR may persuade them to stand in favor of other interests. Egypt Egypt held its elections in 2011, re-electing Hosni Mubalek. When the pro-peace sentiment that flooded the world reached Egypt, the world watched as Egypt ignored
The discovery of Canadian oil placed great pressure on Middle Eastern nations to find new buyers for their oil. Despite Chinese attempts to establish their own oil wells, Saudi Arabia and China concluded a ten-year deal in 2024.
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the debates occurring in Israel and the Palestinian Authority, maintaining a position of scrupulous neutrality. When it looked as though other states were beginning to advocate for a two-state solution, particularly the growing powerhouse of the European Union, that neutrality begin to shift. When Israel recognized the state of Palestine in late March 2028, Egypt became the first Arab nation in the Middle East to recognize Palestine. Like Iran following the 2020 conference, Egypt reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining a place in world affairs. Despite siding with the OPEC states in the 2020 and its growing connection to the EU, Egypt also reaffirmed its commitment to working with the US and its allies in North America. Egypt was brought to the forefront in 2022, when it urged the UN Security Council to send peacekeeping troops to Layoune, but after a failed attempt at making peace, they withdrew their support of the Polisario Front and sided instead with Morocco. In 2027, Egypt elected Gamal Mubarek, which brought censure and accusations of a family dictatorship. Despite that, by 2030, Egypt was much closer to its Western allies than ever before, leading some its African and Middle Eastern allies to accuse Egypt of being too Western. Venezuela In the late 2010s, Venezuela reached out to the Caribbean states, with the idea to form a free trade region based on the European Union model. Though Cuba seemed interested, the remaining Caribbean states were deemed too close to the American government, particularly Haiti, which still received large amounts of aid from the United States. Through a number of election cycles, Hugo Chavez was reelected several times. Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez condemned the actions of the US government in 2023, though he praised the election of Elisa Tomayo, calling her a voice of for the people. Despite long-standing tensions with the United States, Venezuela condemned the actions of North Korea in 2025, entering a tentative period of improved relations with the US. Like its large neighbor, Venezuela is considered a leader among the Spanish-speaking nations of Central and South America. Though it is not strongly allied with the United States or its NATO allies, Venezuela has expressed interest in joining NAFTA in the future, if the Brazilian connection works out. Kenya Kenya is one of the fastest-growing states in Africa, with an expanding population, a growing infrastructure and a progressive, innovative education system based on experiential and developmental learning. In the Sudanese War, Kenya allied with the Southern Sudanese, joining a coalition with the Southern Sudanese and Ethiopia. Despite sending troops, money and supplies to South Sudan, the Kenyan government continued to succeed economically. A strong Chinese ally, Kenya requested Chinese involvement in the final peace settlement and gladly accepted Chinese aid in funding continued off-shore oil drilling. Over the past twenty years, Kenyas alliance with China had grown increasingly solid, with several Chinese companies investing in oil prospecting. While there were small oil wells off the coast of Kenya, China was still forced to broker a deal with Saudi Arabia for oil. In the Western Sahara War, Kenya supported Morocco, increasing its trade partnerships with the other country, though it did not offer to send troops or supplies. Today, Kenya has grown economically under the leadership of current president William Ruto, with progressive education programs in its universities designed on a developmental, rather than academic, model that trains students in agriculture and business techniques that are designed to help further development. Finland Finland has been a strong supporter of a strengthened European Union, especially since the late 2010s. While the country did not necessarily support a common defense plan under the Halonen government, since then they have become strong supporters of a system of common defense. Finland is staunch member of the EU, and has consistently agreed with official EU policy since the mid2010s. Domestically, Finland is beginning to have problems with urbanization. While Finland is an industrialized state, it was a latecomer, remaining largely agrarian until the 1950s. The industries it does have cannot be greatly expanded, which means that cities cannot grow much larger then they already are. Finland has been a traditional ally of the other Nordic nations, and, since the 2000s has grown much closer to Germany, and, by default, France.
Since concluding a tentative peace agreement with the Israelis in 1979 with the first Camp David Accords, Egypt has led the Arab world in finding viable solutions to problems in the Middle East. They were the first Arab nation to recognize the state of Palestine in 2028.
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While they do support many British proposals, Finlands strongest ally in the EU remains Germany. Olli Rehn is the current Prime Minister of Finland. Australia A mostly neutral nation with great economic resources, Australia is something of an international wild card. With the ANZUS pact firmly in place, the United States and Australia have remained staunch allies for the past twenty years. However, in the past ten years under the leadership of the Australian Labor Party, Australia began making overtures to China, Japan and India, hoping to create greater economic and diplomatic cooperation in the Pacific region. Like its neighbor New Zealand, Australia also recently began trying to build diplomatic relationships with the smaller Pacific nations while strengthening ties to the United Kingdom. On issues of international importance over the past two decades, Australia has begun to maintain positions of neutrality, particularly when they concerned the increasingly important relationship with the Peoples Republic of China.52 Under the leadership of Stephen Smith, though Australia is still considered a de facto part of the Western world, its growing relationship with China and India make it something of a mystery. Laos Laos held elections in 2011, with Choummaly Sayasone voted in again as President, increasing the number of seats in the legislature from 115 to 117. With the advice of the United States, Laos strengthened their ties to Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, in order to balance against the rising Chinese power. Like its neighbor, Laos was largely unaffected by the recession of 2012, instead concentrating on attracting large numbers of Chinese and Japanese tourists to supplement their growing tourist industry. During the Indian-American Crisis of 2015, the Lao government had an official policy of neutrality, though the majority of its people were more sympathetic to the Indians than the Americans. Sayasone was elected for a third term in 2016, but his sudden death in 2020 brought Douangchay Phichith to power. Known for his willingness to work closely with other governments for the benefit of Laos, he was re-elected for his own term in 2021, and again in 2026. When North Korea launched a bioweapon attack on the United States in 2025, Laos offered its full support to the US, calling the attack unprovoked and a shot to the efforts of peacemakers around the world.
TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS (20112030)

Some sections of this timeline will be bolded for easy reference. This does not indicate greater importance. 2011 March: The Southern Sudanese referendum is held, with funding from the United States, two months late; the results are announced two days later, with 78% of the people in favor of secession; the country forms a government under Salva Kiir Mayardit known as South Sudan; the Sudanese government in Khartoum threatens war April: The UN Security Council authorizes peacekeeping troops to be sent to Juba October: The Sudanese government sends 20,000 troops into South Sudan; a coalition of Southern Sudanese, Ethiopian and Kenyan forces forms May: Violence breaks out between the two forces, but there are surprisingly low levels of noncombatant violence. March: Obama declares the War on Terror in Iraq to have been won, and following an extensive revision of troop withdrawal plans, only a token force of American soldiers remain in Iraq August: The UN Security Council calls the peacekeeping troops out of Juba, and urges the feuding governments to make peace September: Guerilla fighting spreads from the Darfur region into Southern Sudan; fighting continues between the South Sudanese coalition forces and the north December: Lithium deposits in Afghanistan are less profitable than expected, sending the Afghani economy into a downward spiral; US economists predict that the US and its coalition members in Afghanistan will also experience a downturn 2012 March: Obama authorizes another troop surge in Afghanistan June: Obama announces the United States intention to build a military base in Iraq
The Australian government has traditionally held ties to the United Kingdom, and, through them, the rest of the Western world. Australia has increasingly sought to strengthen diplomatic and economic ties to China and India, worrying some Western governments.
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July: The US economy stagnates, with the US government forced to step in to bail out 14 more Fortune 500 companies that were deemed too big to fail; while much of the world follows in the recession, the Chinese economy continues to grow November: Obama loses re-election to Mike Huckabee, following the failure of the surge 2013 February: Heriberto Flix Guerra invites US Army Special Forces into Mexico to quell the drugrelated violence; Huckabee authorizes 4,000 troops to be deployed immediately; while minor unrest continues in the countryside, by August Guerra declares the drug war to be over March: Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Palestinian Authority (PA) leaders call for a neutral conference to discuss a peace settlement; Prime Minister Netanyahu calls such demands impossible and refuses to consider it; the US offers its support of Israels position, though Secretary of State Romney does urge Israel to begin consideration of Palestinian demands; the EU calls Netanyahus denial preposterous; Switzerland offers to host a conference in April of 2014 May: The EU issues an official condemnation of Israels policy; Russia, South Africa, Egypt and Saudi Arabia follow suit June: Lebanese general elections result in a Hezbollahcontrolled government; several international Christian groups accuse the government of corruption and election fraud August: The Israeli coalition government dissolves and Netanyahu is forced to resign; following an election, Tzipi Livni is sworn in as Prime Minister 2014 April: The Federal Council of Switzerland hosts peace talks between Palestinian and Israeli leadership in Zurich; the US boycotts the talks; no peace agreement is settled, but Livni and Abbas agree to meet again in 2016 to continue talks June: The EU announces that all of its members will be entirely nuclear weapon free by 2020 September: The US and Russia sign the RomneyLavrov Treaty, agreeing to reduce their nuclear weapons stores by 10% 2015 February: A freak, out-of-season storm hits Bangladesh, destroying the capital city of Dhaka and much of the countryside; the Center for International Disaster Information estimates that the storm killed at least 34,000 people April: Huckabee issues a statement condemning the actions of the Indian government; with the support of the EU, the US, Great Britain and France force an official condemnation of India through the UN Security Council July: Following a series of increasingly tension-filled talks, the Indian government threatens to cut official ties with the United States; India begins to remove diplomatic representation and implements the closure of one of its consulates general 2016 April: The Federal Council of Switzerland holds another peace summit in Zurich; again, no final settlement is made, but both sides agree to an immediate cessation of violence in the Zurich Accords November: Kyrgyz leaders announce their decision to open the country to international speculation, in an effort to improve their international standing and perceived level of corruption 2017 April: Chechnya announces its independence from Russia; civil war begins between the two groups July: Several Eastern and Central European states recognize Chechnya as an independent nation November: The United States Senate ratifies the Rome Statute; President Pelosi instructs the State Department to encourage the remaining signatories to ratify the Statute 2018 February: President Pelosi declares an end to the War on Terror in Afghanistan, leaving a strong US presence in 3 large military bases April: Uzbek leaders announce their intention to open the economy to foreign investment and to open their markets to a capitalist system October: A peace treaty is negotiated between North and South Sudan, with China standing in to help negotiations; low-level violence continues along the borders December: Russia and Chechnya agree to a ceasefire 2019 October: Iranian scientists announce that they are close to developing a nuclear weapon November: Russia agrees to recognize Chechnya as an independent state; the United Kingdom and most North American nations follow suit December: The United States announces that it will use its bases in NATO allies territory to hold nuclear weapons
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March: An influx of refugees starts to pour into India, inciting increased ethnic violence; the Indian government uses extreme military force to quell the violence April: Huckabee issues a statement condemning the actions of the Indian government; with the support of the EU, the US, Great Britain and France force an official condemnation of India through the UN Security Council July: Following a series of increasingly tension-filled talks, the Indian government threatens to cut official ties with the United States; India begins to remove diplomatic representation and implements the closure of one of its consulates general 2016 April: The Federal Council of Switzerland holds another peace summit in Zurich; again, no final settlement is made, but both sides agree to an immediate cessation of violence in the Zurich Accords November: Kyrgyz leaders announce their decision to open the country to international speculation, in an effort to improve their international standing and perceived level of corruption 2017 April: Chechnya announces its independence from Russia; civil war begins between the two groups July: Several Eastern and Central European states recognize Chechnya as an independent nation November: The United States Senate ratifies the Rome Statute; President Pelosi instructs the State Department to encourage the remaining signatories to ratify the Statute 2018 February: President Pelosi declares an end to the War on Terror in Afghanistan, leaving a strong US presence in 3 large military bases April: Uzbek leaders announce their intention to open the economy to foreign investment and to open their markets to a capitalist system October: A peace treaty is negotiated between North and South Sudan, with China standing in to help negotiations; low-level violence continues along the borders December: Russia and Chechnya agree to a ceasefire 2019 October: Iranian scientists announce that they are close to developing a nuclear weapon November: Russia agrees to recognize Chechnya as an independent state; the United Kingdom and most North American nations follow suit December: The United States announces that it will use its bases in NATO allies territory to hold nuclear weapons 2020 January: The European Union hosts a summit in Brussels; both Iran and the United States agree to end aggressive overtures; Iran receives generous aid packages from China, India and the member states of the EU; the United Nations Security Council agrees to remove sanctions from Iran March: A Canadian farmer discovers oil on his northern Alberta property; further investigation reveals that northern Canada is home to vast deposits of oil; the discovery triggers a bidding war April: OPEC agrees to drop oil prices, flooding the market with cheap oil
The city of Los Angeles just days before the devastating North Korean smallpox attack. Following the attack, the US Department of Health and Human Services estimated a million dead.
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2021 February: Irans entrance into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is approved, following the removal of UN sanctions; Iran quickly becomes an international contender as a location for the purchase of cheap technology April: Rumors of the death of Fidel Castro spread throughout US media sources; following an official inquiry by the State Department, the Cuban government issued a confirmation that Fidel Castro had died of natural causes on April 13, 2021 September: Drought hits northwestern Africa; the Polisario Front in Western Sahara use the drought to restart violence with Morocco 2022 February: Raul Castro is assassinated by right-wing extremists, leaving a leadership vacuum in Cuba May: Cuban rebels march on Havana, assisted by students at the University of Havana; the city enters martial law November: The UN Security Council authorizes peacekeeping troops to be sent to Layoune, in Western Sahara 2023 March: The United Kingdom introduces a proposal called Wide World, World Peace to the General Assembly; while the proposal to add Brazil, Japan and India to the council as permanent members gained much international support, both China and the United States vetoed the measure July: The US negotiates new oil deals with Canada; the USs oil dependency shifts from the Middle East to Canada October: President Pelosi sends National Guard troops into Cuba to quell violence and help establish a democratic government 2024 January: Elisa Tamayo, daughter of a former Cuban dissident, is elected President amidst accusations of election fraud August: Saudi Arabia negotiates an oil deal with China; Canada responds by negotiating a deal with India July: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan form the Union of Central Asian Republics (UCAR) modeled after the European Union style of international cooperation and free trade 2025 April: North Korea launches a bio-weapon attack on Los Angeles, releasing a new strain smallpox on the city May: More than 1 million of the citys population of 13 million have died from the new strain September: The United States declares war on North Korea; though NATO does not offer troop support, it does not oppose this decision 2026 February: The Wide World, World Peace proposal is again suggested by the United Kingdom, this time with the full backing of the European Union, the African Union and OPEC; both the United States and China abstain from voting March: The United States launches a strategic bombing campaign against North Korea, targeting counterstrike locations; by April, over 10,000 civilians have been killed April: China tries to force a condemnation of the United States actions through the UN Security Council and tries to impose economic sanctions; the United States vetoes both actions May: Chinese forces occupy North Korea 2027 March: Nicaragua, Panama and El Salvador are invited to join the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) member states June: Afghanistan applies for UCAR membership November: Israeli citizens begin calling for a peaceful solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; a referendum is held that reveals a slight majority of the population would be in favor of a two-state solution 2028 February: Palestinian and Israeli leadership meet at Brussels to discuss the possibility of a two-state solution; Palestine becomes an independent state and is recognized by Europe; a string of North and South American nations quickly follow suit April: In a surprise move, Egypt is the first member of the Middle Eastern bloc to extend recognition to Palestine; Syria continues to deny Israels right to exist, as well as the existence of an independent Palestine May: The United for World Equality campaign, spearheaded by the delegations of the United Kingdom, France and Russia offers a proposal to again amend the UN Charter; faced with the solid front, the United States and China again abstain from voting against the measure 2029 January: Belize, Costa Rica and Guatemala join NAFTA
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July: Scientists and doctors at the Institute for Cancer Research announce the development of a drug that could help to turn metastatic breast cancer into a chronic disease instead of a fatal one August: The UN General Assembly votes to make Palestine a full member of the UN With many new countries created over the past twenty years, what effects will the increase in the occurrences of national self-determination have on the stability of nations around the world and how can the Council ensure that its decisions are carried out around the world? What powers does the United Nations Security Council have to deal with these issues? Is a Security Council resolution that addresses the problems of global security an important step in crafting a sustainable solution? Weapons Security What immediate threats do the proliferation and continued development of biological and chemical weapons pose to the world? How important is global security compared to issues of national sovereignty and how can a solution be crafted that addresses both issues?
QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER

Societal Security What are the immediate threats to global security, particularly in the areas of global warming and the proliferation of alternative energy solutions? What other immediate threats exists and how can they be addressed?
Devastating storms continue to hit some of the worlds most vulnerable areas, wrecking economies worldwide and resulting in mounting numbers of dead.
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Is military force a necessary aspect of any solution to the threat of biological and chemical weapons or can successful Security Council action be taken without the use of peacekeeping forces? China, Russia, the United Kingdom and France vote in favor of a resolution, but Japan, Brazil, and India vote against it, then the Plus Three nations have vetoed that resolution. In this event, Laos and Venezuela will have the opportunity to vote to override that veto. That vote must be unanimous. If only two of the Plus Three nations vote against a resolution, then that resolution passes. While delegates will certainly have the power to make requests of their home government, by sending notes to the dais addressed to the pertinent department of the delegates home government, they must also keep in mind that they do not have the capacity to make these decisions themselves and are simply making requests or giving advice.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

As the committee is set in the future, it is obviously impossible to do a significant amount of research on the policies of many countries, particularly given that many of the policies change from their current state in the next twenty years. Given that, your best course for continued research is to examine the study guide for events that suggest the way countries will interact with each other in the future. In doing my research, I have found that the most useful resources are the current events articles. You will find the BBC, The New York Times, The Washington Post and any other reputable publications useful, because any events that occur today could have large consequences in the future. It will also be useful to review past UN action on the issues of societal and weapons security in order to be familiar with the powers and limitations of the UNSC. This will allow you to see viable ideas, as well as make improvements on past actions.
COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS
As the conference comes to an end and we go back to 2011 once more, we hope that you will take some of the experiences you will have and apply them to the real world. Regardless of the issue you care about most, we probably will have touched upon it during the weekend. We hope that youll take the ideas we talk about and use them to inspire you to volunteer. One of the things that we wrote about in this study guide is climate change. There are a lot of organizations dedicated to saving the environment that are active all around the world. One of the great things about these organizations is that there are old, well-established ones and ones that are just getting started, so theres bound to be one that can use your skills and dedication. If youre just looking to volunteer, check out All for Good (http://www.allforgood.org/) to search for opportunities near you. If youre looking for internships, try eco.ORG (http://www.eco.org/) a website that works with organizations like the Nature Conservancy and the Audubon Society to post jobs and internship opportunities.
RULES OF PROCEDURE
The committee will be run according to traditional rules of Security Council procedure, with ample opportunity for moderated and unmoderated caucuses, as well as the use of the Speakers List. Delegates will work together to ultimately produce a resolution addressing the concerns of societal and weapons security. There are several exceptions to traditional procedure that will occur. In the event that a delegate or group of delegates wish for testimony from a witness, government official or other person of interest, then the delegate may write a directive in the form of a note to the dais. The dais will determine whether or not such a directive is possible. The second exception to traditional procedures will occur during voting. If a resolution is blocked by a veto from the United States, China, Russia, the United Kingdom or France and if Japan, Brazil and India have all voted in favor of the resolution, then a second vote will be held. Japan, Brazil and India will vote whether or not to cancel out the veto of one of the other five members. This vote must be unanimous to pass. In the event that they do not pass such a vote, then the rotating members with veto power for the purpose of this committee, Laos and Venezuela will have the opportunity to vote to override the veto. This requires a unanimous vote. Only one veto can be overridden per resolution, including a veto issued by the Plus Three nations. In the event that the United States,
Though the United Nations many governments have begun making efforts to control and mitigate the effects of climate change, through summits like COP15. Still, today, a lot of work remains to be done.
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If youre more interested in some of the other things we wrote about, like the development of international trade organizations, there are multiple internship opportunities with the United Nations (http://www.un.org/Depts/OHRM/ sds/internsh/), as well as its many subsidiary organizations.
CLOSING REMARKS
It is my hope that this guide has given you a good idea of the political, social and economic standing of the world in 2030. The knowledge you bring forth, based on a study of your countrys policies, alliances and interactions will help you to form a solution to many of the problems that we will face in the future, problems that we can help solve today. Every delegate on the Council will need to be prepared to contribute significantly to the debate so that the Council will create a cohesive, comprehensive and sustainable solution that will address the issues presented. While this guide is a broad introduction to the events of the next twenty years, delegates should be aware of current events and keep in mind the consequences that they will have in the future. Be creative and assertive in your writing, dedicated in your research and examination of current events and be bold in your ideas. Please do not hesitate to contact me with questions about the study guide or research, as well as any concerns or comments that you might have. I wish you all the best of luck in researching and forming ideas and look forward to meeting you all in March.
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ENDNOTES
1 2 3 4 5 Charter of the United Nations: Preamble, Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World, 17 May 2010 <http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/preamble.shtml>. UN Security Council: Functions and Powers, Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World, 17 May 2010 <http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_functions.html>. Charter of the United Nations: Article 29, Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World, 17 May 2010 <http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter5.shtml>. UN Security Council, Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World, 16 Aug 2010 <http://www. un.org/Docs/sc/> Kaufman, Stephen. Biden Offers U.S. Support for Peaceful, Credible Sudan Referendum. America.gov. 10 Jun 2010. 27 Jul 2010. <http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2010/June/20100610124028esnamf uak0.2190058.html> 6 7 8 Vuni, Issac. Road to 2011 referendum is full of obstacles South Sudans Kiir. 12 Jul 2007. Sudan Tribune. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article22813> Risen, James. US Identifies Vast Mineral Resources in Afghanistan, Jun 13 2010 New York Times. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?emc=na> DeYoung, Karen. Obama Sets Timetable for Iraq Withdrawal. 28 Feb 2009. Washington Post. 22 Jun 2010 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/27/AR2009022700566.html> 9 Ramstein Air Force Base. United States Air Force. Web. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.ramstein.af.mil/> 10 11 12 13 14 15 Too Big to Fail. Business Dictionary. Businessdictionary.com. Web. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www. businessdictionary.com/definition/too-big-to-fail.html> Country Pages and Key Indicators. World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update 2010, Vol. 1. World Bank (2010), 42-44. Taylor, Alan. Mexicos drug war. 25 Mar 2009. Boston Globe. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.boston.com/ bigpicture/2009/03/mexicos_drug_war.html> Introduction to Special Operations. Special Operations Forces Reference Manual. 1999. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/socom/sof-ref-2-1/index.html> Grieco, Kelly. Review Session: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Government 1732: The Origins of Modern Wars. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 5 May 2010. Ibish, Hussein. While no ones looking, the Palestinians are building a state, 16 Jun 2010. Foreign Policy. 23 Jun 2010. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/16/while_no_ones_looking_the_palestinians_ are_building_a_state> 16 17 18 Harpaz, Shunit. Israel Needs Tzipi Livni. 9 Feb 2009. Huffington Post. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www. huffingtonpost.com/shunit-harpaz/israel-needs-tzipi-livni_b_165287.html> Grieco, Kelly. Review Session: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Government 1732: The Origins of Modern Wars. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 5 May 2010. Vargas, Maria Luisa. Disarmament: Nuclear Weapons Free World by 2020? 9 Dec 2009. Global Perspectives. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.indepthnews.net/news/news.php?key1=2009-09-12%20 17:51:29&key2=1> 19 20 Wittner, Lawrence S. Towards Nuclear Abolition: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971-Present. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, 2003, 157. Kaufman, Stephen. With New START, U.S., Russia Commit to Disarmament. 8 Apr 2010. America.gov. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.america.gov/st/nonprolif-english/2010/April/20100408130409esnamfu ak0.8880274.html> 21 22 2 cr Bangladeshis in India: Fernandes Says proxy war by Pak main challenge. 27 Sept 2003. India Tribune. 27 Jul 2010. <http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/ main1.htm> Kyrgyz presidential election failed to meet key OSCE commitments, despite some positive elements, 24 Jul 2009. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Web. 27 Jul 2010. <http://www.osce.org/ item/39014.html> 23 24 Ibid. Zurcher, Christoph, Pavel Baev and Jan Koehler. Civil Wars in the Caucuses. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2005), 280. 25 26 Meier, Andrew. Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict. W. W. Norton & Company: New York, 2004. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations, 17 Jul 1998. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_ no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&lang=en>. 27 28 29 DeYoung, 1. The Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Department for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations, 27 May 2005. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2005/npttreaty.html>. For more information on Mottaki, visit: Biography of Mottaki, nominee for post of foreign minister. Islamic Republic News Agency. 14 Aug 2005. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/ news/iran/2005/iran-050814-irna03.htm> 30 The Hounourable Jose Verner. Intergovernmental Affairs. Government of Canada Privy Council Office. 3 Aug 2010. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/aia/index.asp?lang=eng&page=min&sub=bio& doc=bio-eng.htm>
31 32 33 34 35 36
Brief introduction to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 2010. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www.sectsco.org/EN/brief.asp>. Regions and territories: Western Sahara . BBC Country Profiles. BBC, 2010. Web. <http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/3466917.stm>. Ibid. Ibid. Smallpox. Vaccines. National Network for Immunization Information, 30 Oct 2007. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www.immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/smallpox>. Germain, Pierre-Louis. Lalliance franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance europenne. 12 Nov 2009. Observatoire franais des Think Tanks. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.oftt.eu/perspectives/article/l-alliancefranco-allemande-au-coeur-de-la-puissance-europeenne>
37 38 39 40
Profile: Diminque de Villepin. BBC. 31 May 2005. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ europe/2768503.stm> France. CIA World Fact Book Online. 24 Jun 2010. Web. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/fr.html>. Xavier Bertrand. LAssemble nationale: les deputes. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.assemblee-nationale. fr/13/tribun/fiches_id/267080.asp> Declaration between the United Kingdom and France Respecting Egypt and Morocco, Together with the Secret Articles Signed at the Same Time. Parliamentary Papers London 1911, Vol. CIII, Cmd. 5969. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Entente_Cordiale_Between_The_United_Kingdom_ and_France>
41 42 43 44 45
Nick Clegg, Leader of the Liberal Democrats. Liberal Democrats. 2010. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www. nickclegg.com/home.aspx> Power Players: Xi Pinjing. The Diplomat. 2010. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://apac2020.the-diplomat.com/ power-players/xi-jinping/> DeYoung 1. Newton-Small, Jay. Five Democrats to Watch. Time. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.time.com/time/ specials/packages/article/0,28804,1834724_1834723_1834710,00.html> Allan, Nicole. Siberian Methane Could Fast-Track Global Warming. 5 Mar 2010. The Atlantic. Web. 12 Jul 2010. <http://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2010/03/siberian-methane-could-fast-track-globalwarming/37107/>
46 47 48 49 50
Kaufman 1. Sergey Naryshkin called Putins third successor. Regnum. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.regnum.ru/ english/786732.html> About Us. Comunidad Andina. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/who.htm> Schmitt-Roschmann, Verena. Weak Euro could help European recovery. 18 May 2010. MSNBC. Web. 14 Jul 2010. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37213985/ns/business-world_business/> Moulson, Geir and Melissa Eddy. Germany Election 2009: Angela Merkel Wins Second Term. 27 Sept 2009. The Huffington Post. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/27/germanyelection-2009-ang_n_301202.html>
51 52
Taylor 1. We Say: Will Gillard set a new Pacificagenda? 11 Jul 2010. Islands Business. Web. 22 Jul 2010. <http:// www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/ focusModuleID=19270/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl>
30
BIBLIOGRAPHY
2 cr Bangladeshis in India: Fernandes Says proxy war by Pak main challenge. 27 Sept 2003. India Tribune. 27 Jul 2010. <http:// www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/ main1.htm>. About Us. Comunidad Andina. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.comunidadandina.org/ingles/who.htm> Allan, Nicole. Siberian Methane Could Fast-Track Global Warming. 5 Mar 2010. The Atlantic. Web. 12 Jul 2010. <http://www. theatlantic.com/science/archive/2010/03/siberian-methane-could-fast-track-global-warming/37107/> Biography of Mottaki, nominee for post of foreign minister. Islamic Republic News Agency. 14 Aug 2005. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2005/iran-050814-irna03.htm> Brief introduction to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 2010. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www.sectsco.org/EN/brief.asp>. Country Pages and Key Indicators. World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update 2010, Vol. 1. World Bank (2010). Declaration between the United Kingdom and France Respecting Egypt and Morocco, Together with the Secret Articles Signed at the Same Time. Parliamentary Papers London 1911, Vol. CIII, Cmd. 5969. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://wwi. lib.byu.edu/index.php/The_Entente_Cordiale_Between_The_United_Kingdom_and_France> DeYoung, Karen. Obama Sets Timetable for Iraq Withdrawal. 28 Feb 2009. Washington Post. 22 Jun 2010 <http://www. washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/27/AR2009022700566.html>. France. CIA World Fact Book Online. 24 Jun 2010. Web. <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ geos/fr.html>. Germain, Pierre-Louis. Lalliance franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance europenne. 12 Nov 2009. Observatoire franais des Think Tanks. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.oftt.eu/perspectives/article/l-alliance-franco-allemande-aucoeur-de-la-puissance-europeenne> Introduction to Special Operations. Special Operations Forces Reference Manual. 1999. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http:// www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/socom/sof-ref-2-1/index.html> Harpaz, Shunit. Israel Needs Tzipi Livni. 9 Feb 2009. Huffington Post. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.huffingtonpost. com/shunit-harpaz/israel-needs-tzipi-livni_b_165287.html> Ibish, Hussein. While no ones looking, the Palestinians are building a state, 16 Jun 2010. Foreign Policy. 23 Jun 2010. <http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/06/16/while_no_ones_looking_the_palestinians_are_building_a_ state>. Kaufman, Stephen. Biden Offers U.S. Support for Peaceful, Credible Sudan Referendum. America.gov. 10 Jun 2010. 19 Jul 2010. <http://www.america.gov/st/peacesec-english/2010/June/20100610124028esnamfuak0.2190058.html> ----With New START, U.S., Russia Commit to Disarmament. 8 Apr 2010. America.gov. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.america. gov/st/nonprolif-english/2010/April/20100408130409esnamfuak0.8880274.html>. Kyrgyz presidential election failed to meet key OSCE commitments, despite some positive elements, 24 Jul 2009. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Web. 27 Jul 2010. <http://www.osce.org/item/39014.html>. Meier, Andrew. Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict. W. W. Norton & Company: New York, 2004. Moulson, Geir and Melissa Eddy. Germany Election 2009: Angela Merkel Wins Second Term. 27 Sept 2009. The Huffington Post. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/27/germany-election-2009-ang_n_301202.html> Newton-Small, Jay. Five Democrats to Watch. Time. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/ article/0,28804,1834724_1834723_1834710,00.html> Nick Clegg, Leader of the Liberal Democrats. Liberal Democrats. 2010. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.nickclegg.com/home. aspx> Power Players: Xi Pinjing. The Diplomat. 2010. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://apac2020.the-diplomat.com/power-players/xijinping/> Profile: Diminque de Villepin. BBC. 31 May 2005. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2768503.stm> Ramstein Air Force Base. United States Air Force. Web. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.ramstein.af.mil> Regions and territories: Western Sahara . BBC Country Profiles. BBC, 2010. Web. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_ profiles/3466917.stm> Risen, James. US Identifies Vast Mineral Resources in Afghanistan, 13 Jun 2010 New York Times. 22 Jun 2010 <http://www. nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?emc=na> Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . United Nations Treaty Collection. United Nations, 17 Jul 1998. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-10&chapter=18&lang=en>. Schmitt-Roschmann, Verena. Weak Euro could help European recovery. 18 May 2010. MSNBC. Web. 14 Jul 2010. <http:// www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37213985/ns/business-world_business/> Sergey Naryshkin called Putins third successor. Regnum. Web. 18 Aug 2010. <http://www.regnum.ru/english/786732.html> Smallpox. Vaccines. National Network for Immunization Information, 30 Oct 2007. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www. immunizationinfo.org/vaccines/smallpox>. Taylor, Alan. Mexicos drug war. 25 Mar 2009. Boston Globe. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/ mexicos_drug_war.html> The Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Department for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations, 27 May 2005. Web. 27 Jun 2010. <http://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2005/npttreaty.html>.
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Too Big to Fail. Business Dictionary. Businessdictionary.com. Web. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ too-big-to-fail.html> Union de Naciones Suramericanas. Comunidad Andina. Web. 20 Jul 2010. <http://www.comunidadandina.org/sudamerica.htm> UN Security Council, Welcome to the United Nations: Its Your World, 16 Aug 2010 <http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/> Vargas, Maria Luisa. Disarmament: Nuclear Weapons Free World by 2020? 9 Dec 2009. Global Perspectives. Web. 22 Jun 2010. <http://www.indepthnews.net/news/news.php?key1=2009-09-12%2017:51:29&key2=1>. Vuni, Issac. Road to 2011 referendum is full of obstacles South Sudans Kiir. 12 Jul 2007. Sudan Tribune. 19 Jun 2010. <http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article22813> We Say: Will Gillard set a new Pacificagenda? 11 Jul 2010. Islands Business. Web. 22 Jul 2010. <http://www.islandsbusiness. com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=19270/ overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl> Wittner, Lawrence S. Towards Nuclear Abolition: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1971-Present. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, 2003 Zurcher, Christoph, Pavel Baev and Jan Koehler. Civil Wars in the Caucuses. Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank (2005), 280.
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Guide to Delegate Preparation and Rules of Parliamentary Procedure

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors, The HNMUN 2011 Secretariat is pleased to present you with the Guide to Delegate Preparation. In this guide, you will find an overview of substantive activities at conference, a list of differences between HNMUN and other MUN conferences in the world, an explanation of the characteristics of our various committees, a listing of the powers of the committee staff, and the updated Rules of Procedure. While this guide contains virtually all information regarding the substantive side of HNMUN, I invite you to consult the following documents as well in your preparation: Guide to Starting an MUN Team: This guide features a step-by-step guide to starting a Model United Nations Team at any college or university. Guide to First Time Delegations: This guide is aimed at familiarizing delegates who are new to MUN, and particularly those new to HNMUN, with the events at conference. Committee Study Guides: Our committees are directed by Harvard undergraduates, who dedicated their summer to researching and writing the most well-informed and comprehensive study guides on the issues of their committee agenda. Study guides contain not only a history and discussion of the problem at hand, but also sections detailing suggestions for further research, questions a resolution must answer, and ways to contribute to solutions in the real world community. Updates to the study guides, covering the latest developments and exploring nuanced aspects of the topic areas will be available online in mid-November. All of these documents and more are available under the Resources tab of www.hnmun.org. Additional resources on our website to assist you in your substantive preparations include links to the UN documents, country policies, and premier news sources. Please do not hesitate to contact any of the HNMUN Secretariat and staff with your questions. Best of luck with your preparation for HNMUN 2011 and we look forward to meeting you in February! Sincerely,

Ricky J. Hanzich Secretary-General Harvard National Model United Nations 2011 info@hnmun.org
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INTRODUCTION General Comments

Welcome to Harvard National Model United Nations (HNMUN) 2011, the worlds largest and most prestigious conference of its kind. We are happy to have you with us. Throughout the conference weekend, you will be working with other highly motivated college students toward the common goals of international awareness and consensusbuilding. This document strives to explain both the philosophy of HNMUN and the substantive details of the conference. Without understanding both the overall goal of HNMUN and how the conference operates, delegates may feel overwhelmed and lost. It is our hope that this document will guide delegates throughout the weekend. Philosophy: The United Nations as an International Forum Our primary goal is to provide students interested in exploring the difficulties and complexities of international relations with the best possible simulation of diplomacy and negotiation. Our committees are designed to enable delegates to arrive at a comprehensive and pragmatic solution to each of the topics while realistically simulating the dynamics of a true United Nations (UN) session. For solutions to be reached in committee, we assume both that compromise is possible and that consensus is a necessary condition for successful negotiation. With these assumptions, we hope that the process of formulating the solutions embodied in a document called a resolution will reveal to the delegates the difficulties and complexities of international relations that our conference hopes to help delegates better understand. One could argue that the process of constructing a solution to international problems in itself does not offer much beyond a simple classroom experience. HNMUN allows delegates to examine current global problems through a wholly different lens. The solutions that any individual proposes to a world problem may technically seem correct, but these solutions are biased by the individuals own political inclinations. Representing a nations interest in the global community complicates the issues and forces delegates to question their prior beliefs and arrive at innovative conclusions on problems in international relations today. It is this process of simulation that ultimately advances our goal of teaching the power and complexity of international relations. It is important to clarify why we have selected the United Nations as the primary organ through which HNMUN operates. The UN is not a world government. The principle of national sovereignty has been consistently upheld, and nations do not relinquish their sovereignty in joining the UN. Through resolutions, the UN can offer solutions to world problems, but it has limited enforcement powers beyond the
force of international opinion that its decisions represent. The decisions must represent a single unified world voice to be effective and must be constructed through a series of compromises by nations with competing ends. Without solidarity, the decisions made by the UN would lack any credibility and, therefore, any force. For the UN, finding a consensus is no easy task. No other body involves 192 countries debating international issues in unison. Each state wants its own voice heard and its own interests represented as solutions are reached on any given issue. Compromise is therefore necessary for anything to be accomplished. Thus, the need to find a consensus is certainly a hurdle to be overcome for both the real UN and for HNMUN, but it is this challenge of using international negotiation and compromise to solve world problems (and sometimes its failure) that makes us believe that the UN is the best body through which to advance the goals of the conference. Structure For both logistical and substantive reasons, HNMUN simulates only certain parts of the real UN. A given college or university attending the conference represents one or more countries, and each country is represented by one or two delegates in each committee. In this way, HNMUN emulates the practices of the UN. Delegates must align themselves with the policy of the represented country to advance the countrys interests in the world community. However, HNMUN extends beyond just the UN itself. The conference incorporates simulations of regional bodies outside of the UN system, such as the African Union, the European Union, and the ASEAN Regional Forum. Debate in these non-UN bodies focuses on two issues of primary importance to the region, as members try to advance the interests of their own countries within the larger context of the regional body. It is important to understand that the central goal of our conference is not only to provide a simulation of the UN, but rather to help delegates understand the complexities of international diplomacy. We do not believe that the UN alone is the ultimate method for learning the nuances of international diplomacy. Rather, the UN in conjunction with other bodies offers delegates a comprehensive simulation of international diplomacy and negotiation. HNMUN also gives delegates the opportunity to further their education in global diplomacy by representing non-state actors in our Non-Governmental Organizations program and our continual crisis committees. Whether they are representing Amnesty International or serving as an Indian rebel leader alongside Mughal Emperor Behadur Shah II Zafar against the British Imperial army, these delegates have the chance to experience the ways in which negotiation and compromise operate in settings that depart from the standard state-centric model of the UN and other international organizations.
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Purpose of this Guide

The main purpose of this guide is to prepare delegates for Model United Nations (MUN) conferences in general and for HNMUN 2011 in particular. Delegates who have experience with MUN should look at the Differences between HNMUN and other Model United Nations conferences section below. For those who have not, here is the general structure of the guide and the purpose of each part: Procedural Preparation In order to perform in committee, delegates must have an understanding of the basic structural elements of MUN. HNMUN emphasizes the useful application of rules to promote the smooth functioning of the committee rather than as the focus of delegate performance. This Guide to Delegate Preparation contains most of this functional information, including details on the rules of debate at HNMUN and the UN system. It is important for delegates to understand the rules, because they enhance the workings of the committee and the learning experience of the delegate. To prevent misunderstandings and delays, a comprehensive understanding of the rules and their use is vital. Additionally, delegates can use an understanding of the rules to advance their own policies in committee. For example, in large General Assembly committees, the speakers list can become quite long, and a delegate may have to wait for an hour or more before it is his or her turn to speak. However, by using the rules governing yielded time, questions, and comments from the floor, a delegate can speak far more frequently. Knowledge of the rules is an important tool to allow you to air your views productively and efficiently. At conference, please do not hesitate to clarify issues of procedure and debate with the committee staff through points of parliamentary inquiry. Substantive Preparation Once delegates understand the rules of committee, they should learn how to contribute substantively to the debate. Substantive preparation, the process by which delegates learn how their ideas can make a difference in the committee, is a three step process. First, delegates should research their committee and its place in the UN system or in the international framework. By knowing the powers and duties of their committee, delegates can get a sense of what types of solution will and will not be possible. Delegates should then master the topics that their committee will discuss. Although the study guide provides a strong foundation of information on the topics, it is essential that delegates build on this foundation with their own research. Each study guide contains a section detailing suggestions for further research to aid with this process. Lastly, delegates should learn their countrys policy on the topics being addressed, so that they can represent their country strongly and accurately. This Guide to Delegate Preparation will walk you through the research you should
do to be prepared in committee. Delegates with a solid grasp of the topics, their countrys positions, and the committees mandate will be leaders in the attempts to find solutions to the problems being addressed and to write resolutions that carry out those solutions. Committee Information This section contains other details about HNMUN that will enable you to better understand how the conference as a whole will run. It will first help delegates understand the different organs at HNMUN and how debate functions in each. It will then introduce the dais staff that will run each committee and describe the roles of each staff member. Lastly, it will discuss our expectations of delegates, both substantively (the criteria used for deciding awards) and sartorially (the dress code at HNMUN).
Differences between HNMUN and other Model United Nations conferences

For the most part, this Guide to Delegate Preparation is written for the delegate who has not been part of a Model United Nations conference before. It provides an introduction to MUN as well as information about HNMUN. Therefore, experienced delegates need not read it all the way through. However, these delegates should be aware that HNMUN is not alike in every respect to other MUN conferences in which you may have participated. In particular, please note the following: Committees at HNMUN, with the exception of the continual crisis committees, may pass only one resolution on each topic area. Because only one resolution can be passed, there is a much greater emphasis on compromise and cooperation at HNMUN than at other MUN conferences. Many procedural rules at HNMUN may differ from those to which you are accustomed. You may want to skim the rules, located at the back of the Guide to Delegate Preparation, to look for such variances so that you are prepared for them in committee. No prewritten working papers or draft resolutions will be permitted at HNMUN. All written material introduced in a committee must be the product of work done at the conference itself. Resolutions at HNMUN do not have sponsors. Instead, draft resolutions require a certain number of signatories to be shown to the Director and listed alphabetically at the top of the document before they are brought onto the floor for debate. Following the Directors approval, any delegate (whether or not that delegate is a signatory of the draft resolution) may move to introduce the draft resolution. Signing a draft resolution does not mean that you wrote it or that you support it; it means only that you believe it should be debated.
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Because there are no sponsors, all amendments are considered unfriendly, requiring the majority vote of the committee to be integrated into the draft resolution on the floor. Only non-substantive typographical amendments may be made without a vote, at the Moderators discretion. Amendments at HNMUN are substantive, not procedural motions. For detailed amendment procedures, please consult the Rules of Parliamentary Procedure at the end of this guide. There are no Chairs at HNMUN. Instead, a Moderator and a Director jointly run each committee; the Moderator oversees debate and is the enforcer of procedure, while the Director prepares the study guide and is the substantive expert. Debate at HNMUN adheres more closely to the study guide than it does at some other conferences. In particular, all draft resolutions must address the issues mentioned in the Questions a Resolution Must Answer section of each study guide. Following a speech in formal debate, if no yields are made, two comments are automatically in order. The possible yields are to questions, to another delegate, or to the chair. If a yield is made, no comments are in order. Comments are never in order during a moderated caucus. or concurrent working papers. Working papers should help advance the committees work, not duplicate it. This means that once a variety of proposals and viewpoints are introduced, the committee should begin to formulate the working papers into comprehensive draft resolutions. Delegates should be aware that working papers are not mini-resolutions in that they do not need to be in any specific format and do not need to cover all the issues raised in the Questions a Resolution Must Answer portion of the study guide. For instance, a working paper may consist of bullet points with compelling ideas that the delegates wish for the committee to debate. Please note that no prewritten working papers are allowed at HNMUN. Additionally, ideas do not have to appear in working papers before they can become draft resolutions. That said, working papers do provide a very useful tool for getting the entire committees feedback on specific ideas before presenting them as formal draft resolutions. Draft Resolutions As in the real UN, the main vehicle of action at HNMUN is the resolution, a formal document in which a committee spells out the action to be taken in order to solve a particular problem (please see the sample resolution included in this guide). Each draft resolution should deal specifically with the topic area currently under discussion by the committee. The following criteria must be met before a draft resolution can be introduced to the committee: It must adequately address the points set out in the Questions a Resolution Must Answer section of the study guide, as well as any other points that have been raised in the course of debate. It must be well-written, concise, and free of grammatical and typographical errors. It must have the minimum number of signatories as stipulated in the Rules of Procedure. HNMUN documents do not have sponsors; instead, they have signatories. It must be typed (for photocopying purposes). It must receive the approval and signature of the Director. Directors have the discretion of suggesting changes to a working paper or draft resolution, or redirecting the submitters to cooperating with delegates with similar papers, prior to approving any documents. It must be completely original work done at the conference; no prewritten draft resolutions will be allowed, and plagiarism will not be tolerated. Because the committee can pass only one resolution on each topic at HNMUN, delegates should expect to be asked to revise draft resolutions several times before they meet the Directors standards. While the Director will not advocate a particular solution, it is his or her responsibility to ensure that the committee has fulfilled its responsibilities and adequately addressed the entire topic before it can be introduced as a
THE PATH TO A RESOLUTION

Before we can discuss the specifics of the debate structure, it is important to note that the purpose of the debate, as stated in our philosophy, is to produce a comprehensive and pragmatic solution to the topic embodied in a document called a resolution. If we are to understand the nuances of the debate, we must first grasp the path towards the resolution. The process for producing a resolution in a committee at HNMUN consists of two main written stages: the working paper and the draft resolution. Working Paper Working papers mainly serve as a point of reference for discussion in committee by putting abstract ideas into a concrete, written form (please see the sample provided later in this guide). Working papers are usually short proposals on one or more aspects of the problem under discussion and serve as a way of breaking down an issue into manageable units. They may contain signatories, listed alphabetically at the top of the document. With the approval of the Director, working papers are copied and distributed so that the committees delegates can learn about the positions and interests of other delegates. As the committees work progresses, new points and ideas should be compiled into new working papers. Amendments cannot be made to working papers. Subsequent working papers must contain ideas that do not appear on any previous
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draft resolution. Our Directors are trained to be very selective in accepting draft resolutions, and delegates should not be surprised or offended if the dais staff sends a proposal for a draft resolution back for revision before approving it. It is the committees responsibility to construct an effective resolution to handle the situation at hand. When a draft resolution is introduced, it is usually not ready for an immediate vote. Much debate, compromise, and revision are involved in the formulation of a resolution that can be agreed upon by the committee. Amendments The amendment process is used to improve draft resolutions as the course of debate evolves to reflect concerns that may not have been addressed in the original document. Amendments can greatly enhance the work of a committee. A clear understanding of the rules of procedure is very important to the process of proposing, debating, and voting on an amendment. At HNMUN, all amendments must be put to a substantive vote of the entire committee. There are no friendly amendments, and all amendments are treated in the same way regardless of the effect they have on the draft resolution in question. To introduce an amendment, delegates will need a number of signatories, as well as the approval of the Director. If an amendment is passed by the body, it is immediately incorporated into the text of the draft resolution for the purposes of debate and voting. Please consult the Rules of Parliamentary Procedure at the end of this document for detailed directions on the introduction and debating of amendments. Voting The final act in the discussion of a topic area is voting on the draft resolution(s) on the floor, as amended throughout the course of debate. A resolution is passed when a majority of the committee votes in its favor, and only one resolution may be passed for a topic area. By adopting a resolution, the committee has agreed, by a majority, that this is the best possible solution to the problem at hand. Discussion of the topic area is completed upon passage of a resolution. The process is then repeated for the second topic area, time permitting.
Understanding the Mandate of the Committee

The first place to look for information is the committee study guide. Each study guide includes a History of the Committee section that gives background on the committee, its responsibilities, and some of its major achievements in the past. However, this section should be only the beginning of ones research. The next step should be to investigate the official mandate of the committee. For most committees within the UN system, this is easy: simply look at the UN Charter. The founding document of the United Nations gives detailed descriptions of the powers and responsibilities of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the Security Council. The websites of the committees of the General Assembly and the commissions of the Economic and Social Council give more specific descriptions of the mandates assigned to them. Similarly, most non-UN international bodies have some sort of charter or treaty that describes how much power the body has. Once delegates are aware of the committees mandate, the next step is to understand what resources it has available and how it will carry out decisions it makes; this will inform the type of resolutions that can be written. One of the best ways of getting a sense of ones committee is to look at some of its past actions. Looking at some resolutions a committee has passed is indicative of the types of solutions it employs. What strategies and formats are generally used by the committee to address international problems? Past resolutions can be accessed on the UN website as reference to the work that the committee has previously done.
Researching the Topic Areas

The committee study guides can serve as an excellent starting point for delegate research. The study guides are a result of extensive research and effort on the part of the Directors and are the foundation of substantive preparation for each of the committees. While reading the study guide, delegates should be conscious of the fact that they must act as policy makers, analyzing and molding the information they have received into solutions and resolutions. The study guide updates will add supplementary information and new angles. Updates will be available on the website in early December. While the study guide and updates will provide a beginning for substantive preparation, it will be necessary and rewarding for delegates to do additional research. Directors have included in their study guides a list of the most useful sources in learning about particular topic areas. It is crucial that participants use these sources and more to focus their preparation and increase the breadth and depth of
SUBSTANTIVE PREPARATION
This section addresses the preparation delegates can make prior to arriving at the conference. Delegates who are new to MUN or HNMUN are encouraged to consult the Guide to First Time Delegations, which provides an introduction to MUN and the events of the conference. The preparation tips outlined below will be most useful when combined with a thorough examination of committee study guides and rules of parliamentary procedure, as well as conduct of independent research.
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their knowledge about the topics. Faculty advisors and head delegates should introduce their students to any resources available in their academic communities to help them learn as much as they can about the topics. Delegates are encouraged to focus particularly on what new action they feel the committee can or should take. The section of the study guide entitled Past UN Action describes some of the attempts taken by the international community in the past to solve the problem being discussed. Participants can use this and their own research as a starting point for possible solutions, but should remember that the reason this topic is still being discussed is that the past solutions have not been entirely successful. As research proceeds, delegates are encouraged to consider why solutions have not been successful and ponder ways of correcting the errors of past attempts that are in line with the mandate of the committee. Coming into the committee with a solid grasp of what has and has not worked in the past will allow the committee members to propose innovative ideas to address the problem. the actions and intentions of non-state actors that have been involved in the issue. In combination with the Bloc Positions and Relevant Partners sections of the study guide, this type of research will inform delegates of potential allies at the conference, with whom they could discuss solutions to the problems posed by the topic areas.
Position Papers
The position papers are the focus of the substantive preparation before the conference. The main purpose of the position paper is to help delegates to express their countrys policy clearly and concisely. A strong position paper will contribute to delegate performance in committee at conference. Each study guide has a section entitled Position Papers that provides guidelines on how to write these papers. Conventionally, position papers begin with a brief history of how a country has been affected by the topic. They then discuss any policies that the country has used to deal with the topic in the past and describe the success or failure of those policies. Lastly, they state what the country believes the best solution to the problem would be, within the limits of what the particular committee can do. Position papers do not typically exceed two double-spaced pages and should address both topic areas. Specific guidelines can be found in the study guide, as format and substantive content may differ depending on the committee structure. Guidelines for submission are emailed to Head Delegates and Faculty Advisors in January. Position papers are due on 1 February 2011. A binder with a copy of each position paper submitted will be available at the dais during the conference.
Researching Country Policy

It is crucial that delegates research their countrys policy on the two topic areas of each committee as well as the states political situation in a larger context. While it is understood that some flexibility in positions is necessary to compromise and negotiate with other countries during debate, participants must maintain the assigned countrys policy as much as possible. Directors will be enforcing this aspect of debate, as it is crucial to the simulation and the overall international education. HNMUN requires delegates to adopt the position of a specific country or character throughout the course of the simulation. This is a key element of the international experience of MUN, as it forces delegates to examine the perspectives, problems, and policies of another country at a very fundamental level. It is also one of the most difficult aspects of MUN because delegates must confront the inherent biases of their own national perspectives and historical understanding. While it may be difficult to find a published account of a countrys position on a particular issue, it may be possible to contact the countrys delegation at the real UN to continue research. Developing a better general understanding of the country - cultural and religious beliefs, political systems, UN voting history, and so forth - will allow committee members to construct a plausible position for each country on each of the topic areas when they are unable to find an explicit, published position by the countrys government. In addition to a countrys policies and cultural traits, it is useful to research traditional allies of a country, other countries that affect the balance of power in the region, and states with which a delegates assigned country has been in conflict in the past. Furthermore, delegates should consider
COMMITTEE INFORMATION
This section explains the differences between the various types of committees offered at HNMUN and describes the staff that will be present in each committee.
Types of Committees at HNMUN 2011

The differences between committees are not limited to differences in mandates or responsibilities. A large committee, like a General Assembly committee, has different features than a small committee like the Security Council. Understanding the idiosyncracies of the organ will enable delegates to contribute more effectively to the debate in their committee. General Assembly (GA) Four of the standard committees of the General Assembly (the Disarmament and International Security Committee, the Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee, the Special Political and Decolonization Committee, and the Legal Committee), together with the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, and the Historical General
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Assembly: 1992 comprise the General Assembly at HNMUN 2011. All members of the United Nations will be represented in these committees, with the exception of the World Trade Organization and the Historical General Assembly. General Assembly committees range in size between 200300 delegates. The Disarmament and International Security Committee, the Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee, the Special Political and Decolonization Committee, the Legal Committee, and the World Health Organization will consist of double delegations, which means that two participants from the same university will represent each country. The World Trade Organization and the Historical General Assembly: 1992 will consist of single delegations. The Historical General Assembly differs from standard GA committees more in goals than in procedure; the study guide for this committee explains in detail how it will be run, and how it will differ from a regular GA committee. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) The committees of the Economic and Social Council consist of the UN Human Rights Council, the UN Educational, Scientific, and Culture Organization, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, the UN High Commission on Refugees, and the International Monetary Fund. These committees range in size from 24 to over 50 member states, depending on their membership. The UN Human Rights Council and the UN High Commission Refugees will consist of double delegations, while the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, and the International Monetary Fund will consist of single delegations. Economic and Social Council committees specialize in a wide range of international issues, from humanitarian to economic in nature. Economic and Social Council committees will call on delegates to occasionally respond to crises as they emerge, in addition to resolving the topics on their respective agendas. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) Program The NGO Program at HNMUN is an innovative arrangement, under the Economic and Social Council, that provides its delegates with the opportunity to debate multiple topic areas in various committees, while greatly enriching those committees discussions. Each delegate in the NGO Program will represent an assigned NGO at the conference, and will have the freedom to travel and represent their organization in one or more committees whose debate directly relates to the mission of their respective NGO. The Amnesty International delegate in the NGO Program, for example, may present or debate issues in committees as diverse as the UN Human Rights Council in the ECOSOC and the Special Political and Decolonization Committee in the GA. After other committees at the conference have chosen their topic areas, NGO delegates will choose the committees in which they would like to work. They are then introduced to their committee of choice, at which time they become analogous to any other delegate in committee. They are subject to the same rules and courtesies, except for rules governing voting power. Though NGO delegates cannot vote on draft resolutions, they may caucus, negotiate, support draft resolutions, and write their own working papers in committees. In this sense, the NGO program is extraordinarily dynamic and flexibleboth in the way that delegates interact and in the topics that delegates choose to undertake at the conference. Delegates involved in the NGO program will have the unique opportunity to see a wide range of committees at HNMUN, and delegates in other committees should take advantage of the resources and insights offered by the NGO delegates participating in their debates. Regional Bodies The Regional Bodies are the African Union, the European Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. These committees will have a delegate size ranging from 25-55 member states. The European Union will consist of double delegations, while the remaining Regional Bodies will consist of single delegations. While most committees at HNMUN include countries from every region of the world, each Regional Body only includes the countries of its region, and thus focuses on issues important to that particular region. The Regional Bodies are often not part of the United Nations system; nevertheless, they are procedurally identical to other HNMUN committees. They are similar to the Economic and Social Council committees in the style of debate and the way in which they address the topics. Like the Economic and Social Council committees, all Regional Bodies may have crises at some point during committee sessions. Specialized Agencies (SA) Besides the Continual Crisis simulations, the Specialized Agencies comprise the Security Council, the Historical Security Council: 1967, the Futuristic Security Council: 2030, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The present and historical Security Council simulations will follow a modified version of the rules of procedure that gives the five permanent members (China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Russian Federation or USSR) a veto in substantive voting. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission will follow special rules of procedure particular to their committee format. The small size of these committees means that debate will be much more informal; there will be a much greater
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emphasis on intimate negotiations between delegates to hammer out the details of resolutions, in both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. All Security Council simulations will have a crisis break at some point during the weekend. Continual Crisis Committees The Continual Crisis committees span a wide array of forums, time periods, and topics, including: the Ad-Hoc Committee, the KGB Committee for State Security, the Taipei Convention of 2025, the South African State Security Council, and the Mexican-American War of 1844. The Ad-Hoc committees nature will remain strictly confidential in nature until conference and will require delegates to improvise quickly and effectively. The Committee for State Security will discuss the Soviet War in Afghanistan and the expansion of socialism abroad. The Taipei Convention of 2025 will examine the issue of Taiwanese independence. The South African State Security Council will discuss matters regarding apartheid and regional crises. The Junta Extraordinaria del Gabinete Mexicano will be run entirely in Spanish. Finally, the Mexican-American War of 1844 will pit the Mexican Cabinet (to be run entirely in Spanish) and the American Cabinet against each other in a struggle over Texan sovereignty. Instead of debating two distinct topic areas laid out in advance in the study guide, these committees will focus on a particular political, social, or military crisis, reacting to its twists and turns throughout the committee session. Each continual crisis committee has a crisis staff in addition to its dais staff, coordinating events to respond to the decisions delegates make and constantly throwing twists and turns at the committee. Delegates in continual crisis committees represent characters instead of countries, by taking on the personas of historical figures, military heroes, or cabinet members. Representing an individual differs greatly from representing a delegate to the United Nations; for instance, if ones character is a real person, it is crucial to research his or her perspective on the conflict as one would research a states policy. Our continual crisis staff will provide delegates with a preliminary biography outlining the characters role in the cabinet and his or her views and tendencies, but participants will greatly benefit from gathering as many personal details as they can. This information will not only guide delegates through their debate but also add personality and flair to the experience. If the assigned character is fictional or only loosely based on a real figure, delegates have the unique and fun opportunity to develop their own personality within the guidelines provided by their biography. Continual crisis committees do not pass resolutions; depending on the committee, they can issue communiqus, press releases, statements, decisions, and military commands, to name only a few. In a militarily-oriented committee, for example, delegates will discuss tactical and strategic as well as political maneuvers. The possibilities are virtually endless; continual crisis leaves the delegates free reign to steer the course of history. In these committees, the Directors play a role similar to those of the delegates, embodying the leader of the cabinet. Unlike traditional committees, continual crises do not operate by the Rules of Procedure. Instead of a speakers list, most of debate will be conducted through modified caucuses, allowing for a free flow of ideas and efficient progress. Voting on decisions and other actions taken by the committee is conducted by the Director, but he or she will be granted greater discretion than in a traditional committee; although the Director entrusts his or her cabinet with making decisions in his or her name, he or she holds ultimate veto power over all actions of the committee. Specific rules are stated in each study guide and are at the discretion of the Director. Perhaps the most important divergence of continual crisis committees from their traditional counterparts is the role of the crisis staff. In addition to voicing concerns verbally in the committee room, individual delegates can also conduct private affairs through liaisons in the crisis room, generating a new and exciting dimension of the crisis. Each delegate has a great deal of agency, and each is responsible for exercising this power through communication with the crisis staff and with the other delegates. Committees set in a different time period The Historical Security Council: 1967, the Futuristic Security Council: 2030, the KGB Committee for State Security, the Taipei Convention of 2025, and the Joint Cabinet Crisis: Mexican-American War of 1844 (consisting of the Mexican Cabinet and the American Cabinet) are set at the time period given in the study guide and on the first day of committee. Delegates will not be allowed to use or to reference any events that happened or information that was gathered after the date in which the committee is set. Anachronistic references will destroy the historical accuracy of the simulation and detract from the enjoyment and overall experience of all delegates. Committees set in a language other than English For the second year, HNMUN is proud to offer a committee set in a language other than English. The Mexican Cabinet of the JCC: Mexican-American War of 1844 will be conducted entirely in Spanish as a continual crisis committee. Delegates in this committee should maintain a high level of proficiency in the language.
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Guide to Delegate Preparation and Rules of Parliamentary Procedure THE SUBSTANTIVE COMMITTEE STAFF
The staff of Harvard National Model United Nations have distinct roles and responsibilities at conference. Delegates may find that the substantive staff at HNMUN takes on a more active role than what they have been accustomed to at other Model United Nations conferences. The primary job of the staff is to work with the delegates in achieving the goals of the committee in particular and the conference as a whole. The staff of each committee includes a Director, a Moderator, and Assistant Directors. At HNMUN, the Director is the substantive expert, and the Moderator is the procedural expert; together, they share the duties of running the committee, rather than being coordinated by only one committee chair. Directors The committee Director is the substantive expert of the committee. At HNMUN, the Directors choose their committees topic areas, prepare the study guides, and do extensive amounts of other pre-conference substantive preparation. The Director oversees submission of all documents to be discussed. All draft resolutions and amendments in committee must be approved and signed by the Director to be presented to the committee as a whole. Before accepting working papers and draft resolutions, the Director is allowed to suggest changes if he or she feels that the Questions a Resolution Must Answer (QARMAs) are not sufficiently addressed or if it is similar in content to other submissions. Please note that the Director may not approve of all written submissions and may suggest appropriate changes before accepting any draft documents. Another important role of the Director is to oversee debate. As the substantive leader of the committee, the Director also has the discretion to rule on all points and motions brought before the committee. The Director may periodically comment on the direction of debate and suggest alternative courses of action. Committees sometimes overlook important issues within a topic area, and Directors are encouraged to bring these to the attention of the delegates. As for committees with crises, the direction of crises is determined entirely by the course of debate. Statements made by Directors are not meant to steer debate along a predetermined crisis plan, although Directors are encouraged to guide delegates when debate appears to have strayed from the topic at hand. Any questions about substantive issues should be raised with the Director. Moderators The Moderator performs the procedural role for which the traditional chair at other MUN conferences would be responsible. While the Director is the substantive expert, the Moderator is the procedural expert who runs the committee when it is in formal session. The Moderator has a full understanding of the rules of procedure, and it is his or her responsibility to facilitate the committees work by ensuring that the sessions run smoothly. However, the Director retains the ultimate power to rule any motions dilatory. In some smaller committees, the moderator may also field some of the substantive issues that Directors typically handle. Under certain extreme situations, the Moderator is allowed to suspend certain rules of procedure to streamline debate. Any questions about procedural issues should be raised with the Moderator. Assistant Directors Before the conference, the Assistant Directors prepare the updates to the committee study guide. During the simulation, their job is to aid the Director by answering delegates questions, monitoring blocs during caucus, and by providing sounding boards for delegate ideas, solutions, and concerns. If the committee is producing a large amount of paperwork at some point in the course of debate, Directors will rely on the Assistant Directors to work directly with delegates on preparing and suggesting revisions to draft resolutions. The Assistant Directors also help keep track of the Speakers List, votes, and other procedural matters. Delegates should feel free to approach the Assistant Directors at any time with questions about the substance or procedure of the committee.
AWARDS
The ultimate goal of being a delegate at HNMUN is to come away with a better understanding of the problems facing the world today and how these problems can be solved. Though awards are certainly not the focus of the simulation, we do feel that certain delegates deserve to be singled out for exceptional diplomatic work in committee. Committee awards will be given at HNMUN 2011 in recognition of superior performances by country delegations; should two delegates jointly represent a specific country in a given committee, the awards will be given to both delegates, based on an evaluation of their overall, combined performance. Keep in mind that awards are not given based on a point system, or based on which delegates write the resolution that gets the most votes; rather, awards are decided by the committee staff based on a holistic view of delegates performance in all aspects throughout the course of the weekend. The following are some of the criteria that are used in evaluating delegates: Attendance at all committee sessions and adherence to the official conference and hotel policies; Quality of position papers; Active participation in the process of working paper, resolution, and amendment writing; Contribution of innovative and pragmatic ideas to substantive debate, both orally and in written form;
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Exhibition of a desire to compromise, while adhering to a countrys policies and interests; Demonstration of co-operation with other delegates in the process of working paper, draft resolution and amendment writing, merging, and substantive debate; Ability to work with and get along with other delegates; Exhibition of an in-depth understanding and research of the intricacies of the topic area. Skill and effectiveness in caucusing, amendment and resolution writing, and debate. Awards will also be given to the schools whose delegates best exemplify the above qualities. In determining these delegation awards, we will take into account both the sheer number of individual awards won by a delegation as well as the ratio of awards won to the size of the delegation. of the members are present. To conduct substantive votes, such as those on resolutions or amendments, a majority of the members must be present. Points: There are three types of points at HNMUN. A delegate may rise to a Point of Personal Privilege. Although they are in order at any time (a delegate may rise to this point even during a speech), delegates should use caution when employing this point; it should only be used when a delegate experiences extreme discomfort which may prevent him or her from engaging in worthwhile debate (for example, if the delegate can not hear the speech being given). A delegate may also rise to a Point of Order. Used to call attention to an instance of improper parliamentary procedure, this point is in order only when the oor is open, unless it interrupts a speech that is itself out of order. Finally, a delegate may rise to a Point of Parliamentary Inquiry. This point is used when a delegate is unclear about a specic aspect of parliamentary procedure and is usually phrased as a question. It is not, however, used to obtain substantive information about a topic and may only be raised when the floor is open. Procedural versus Substantive Motions: A motion is procedural when it concerns the application of these Rules of Parliamentary Procedure. No abstentions are allowed when voting on such motions; all members of the committee must vote, including accredited observers and non-member states. A motion is substantive if it concerns the passage of the content of a draft resolution or amendment. Abstentions are allowed and only members with voting power are allowed to vote. The Rules of Parliamentary Procedure are divided into several sections, described below: General Rules includes rules that govern who is entitled to participate in committees, how delegates will interact with the staff of the conference, and under what circumstances and in what ways committee sessions may be held. Rules Governing Debate includes rules that establish how formal debate runs, how the agenda is set, how debate is closed, and how caucuses work. Rules Governing Speeches includes rules on the speakers list, speeches, yields, comments, and rights of reply. Rules Governing Points describes the points that can be made during committee session. Rules Governing the Path to a Resolution includes rules on working papers, resolutions, and amendments. Rules Governing Voting describe how procedural votes will be taken and how voting procedure will be conducted. If you are still unclear about the Rules of Procedure, the committee staff will be able to explain any ambiguities or answer any questions.
RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE
Introduction
HNMUN strives to simulate the actual procedural process of the United Nations and has thus adopted a series of rules with which to conduct debate. The Rules of Parliamentary Procedure that we use at HNMUN are a synthesis of parliamentary rules from a variety of sources. Do not be discouraged by their length or complexity. Learning the rules is like mastering a new language at rst it is a bit confusing, but after a little practice you learn how to function in the new environment. The rules found in the Conference Handbook supersede all previous versions, including those provided to you in the Study Guides and Guide to Delegate Preparation before conference. In reading over and studying the rules, your goal should be to know the rules so well that you can focus on substantive issues and not be distracted or confused by the procedural aspects of the committee sessions. Often, parliamentary procedure can be employed as a means of diplomatic maneuvering. After you become sufciently adept at parliamentary procedure, you can use the Rules to your advantage. Some aspects of parliamentary procedure are often misunderstood. They include: Precedece: Precedence is the hierarchy established between different motions. Thus, after a Moderator recognizes a motion from the oor, he or she may ask if there are any other motions on the oor. If, for example, another delegate makes a different motion, the Moderator will act on the motion of higher precedence rst. Quorum: A quorum is the minimum number of delegates who must be present for the committee to conduct business. Unless challenged and shown to be absent, a director may permit debate when he or she feels that at least one-quarter
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General Rules
RULE #1 - SCOPE: These rules for the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, the Regional Bodies, and the Security Council simulations are selfsufcient, except for modications provided by the Secretariat, and will be considered adopted in advance of session. No other rules of procedure are applicable. If the Director provides alternate rules based on the nature of the committee, those rules will always take precedence over these in the event of a conflict. RULE #2 - LANGUAGE: English will be the ofcial and working language of the conference. The only exception to this rule are explicitly designated special language committees. The Directors decision on this matter will not be subject to appeal. RULE #3 - DELEGATIONS: Each member will be represented by one or two delegates and one vote on each committee. Observer states are considered non-members (see Rule #5). RULE #4 - CREDENTIALS: The credentials of all delegations have been accepted upon registration. A credential is defined as the permission granted to a delegate or delegates to represent a particular country in a particular committee. Actions relating to the modification of rights, privileges, or credentials of any member may not be initiated without the consent of the Secretary-General. Any representative to whose admission a member objects will provisionally be seated with the same rights as other representatives, pending a decision from the committee staff. RULE #5 - PARTICIPATION OF NON-MEMBERS: Representatives of Accredited Observers and of NonMember States will have the same rights as those of full members, except that they may not vote on any substantive issues. Representatives of Non-Governmental Organizations will also have the same rights as those of full members, except that they may not vote on any issues, both procedural and substantive. RULE #6 - STATEMENTS BY THE SECRETARIAT: The Secretary-General or a member of the Secretariat or Executive staff may at any time make either written or oral statements to the committee. RULE #7 - POWERS OF THE COMMITTEE STAFF: The Moderator of the committee will declare the opening and closing of each meeting. The Moderator will accord the right to speak, announce decisions, rule on
procedural points, and ensure and enforce the observance of these rules. The Moderator may temporarily transfer his or her duties to another member of the committee staff. If the committee does not have an appointed Moderator, the Director will assume the responsibilities of the Moderator. Committee staff members may also advise delegates on the possible course of debate. The Director may interrupt committee proceedings to allow for a presentation, guest speaker, or expert witness. Additionally, the Director or Moderator may allow an NGO delegate to speak upon being introducted to the committee. Ruling on all motions is subject to the discretion of the committee staff. In the exercise of these functions, the committee staff will be at all times subject to these rules and responsible to the Secretary-General. RULE #8 - APPEAL: Any decision of the Moderator or Director, with the exception of those matters that are explicitly stated to be unappealable, may be appealed by a delegate. Appeals only refer to procedural motions, not substantive decisions. A motion to appeal must be made immediately after the decision of the committee staff is made. The delegate will be recognized for thirty seconds to explain his motion and there will be no further debate on this matter. The Moderator or Director may speak briefly in defense of the ruling. The appeal will then be put to a vote, and the decision of the dais will stand unless overruled by two-thirds of the total membership. A No vote on the appeal indicates support of the dais ruling; a Yes vote indicates opposition to that ruling. The following rules may never be appealed by a delegate: a. Directors approval of a draft resolution or amendment (Rule #30 and #32). b. Moderators decision to rule a moderated or unmoderated caucus out of order (Rule #14 and #15). c. Moderators decision to end an unmoderated caucus early (Rule #14). d. Moderators decision to rule a motion for suspension or adjournment out of order (Rule #17). e. Moderators decision to refuse a right of reply (Rule #24). f. Moderators decision to refuse Clarificatory Points on a draft resolution (Rule #31). g. Moderators decision to rule a motion for a roll call vote out of order (Rule #37). RULE #9 - QUORUM: The Director may declare a committee open and permit debate to proceed when at least one-quarter of the members of the committee are present. A member of the committee is a representative who is officially registered with the United Nations in that committee or with the given body. The presence of a majority of the members will be required for any
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substantive vote. A quorum will be assumed to be present unless specifically challenged and shown to be absent. A roll call is never required to determine the presence of a quorum. RULE #10 - COURTESY: Delegates will show courtesy and respect to the committee staff and to other delegates. No talking is allowed in the committee room, except during an unmoderated caucus or when recognized by the dais staff. The Moderator will immediately call to order any delegate who fails to comply with this rule. RULE #11 - ELECTRONICS: No use of electronic devices by delegates is allowed in the committee room during formal debate or moderated caucusing. These devices include, but are not limited to: laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Electronics may be used outside the committee room, while caucusing, or in the Computer Labs. Only laptops may be used in the committee room during unmoderated caucusing. After debate is closed and voting procedures on the first topic area are concluded, debate will automatically begin on the second topic area; no motion is necessary. The Secretary-General or a representative may call upon a committee to table debate on the current topic area so that a more urgent matter may be attended to immediately. A delegate may then motion to table debate for a more urgent matter. After a resolution has been passed on the new topic, the committee will return to debate on the tabled topic. If all resolutions on the new topic fail, the committee may return to debate on the tabled topic area only at the discretion of the committee Director. RULE #13 - DEBATE: After the agenda has been determined, one continuously open Speakers List will be established for the purpose of general debate. This Speakers List will be followed for all debate on the topic area, except when interrupted by procedural motions, discussion of amendments, or the introduction of a draft resolution. Speakers may speak generally on the topic area being considered and may address any working paper or draft resolution currently on the floor. Delegates may not refer to any working paper, draft resolution, or amendment that has not yet been introduced to the committee. An open floor denotes that the committee is in formal debate. RULE #14 - UNMODERATED CAUCUS: A motion for an unmoderated caucus is in order at any time when the floor is open, prior to closure of debate. Unmoderated caucuses are not allowed during setting the agenda. The delegate making the motion must specify a time limit for the caucus, but is not required to specify a purpose for the caucus. A majority of members is required for passage. The Moderator may rule the motion dilatory and may end the unmoderated caucus early, and these decisions are not subject to appeal. RULE #15 - MODERATED CAUCUS: The purpose of the moderated caucus is to facilitate substantive debate at critical junctures in the discussion. Moderated caucuses are not allowed during setting the agenda. In a moderated caucus, the Moderator will temporarily depart from the Speakers List and call on delegates to speak at his or her discretion. A motion for a moderated caucus is in order at any time when the floor is open, prior to closure of debate. The delegate making the motion must briefly explain its purpose and specify a time limit for the caucus as well as the time limit per speech. A majority of members is required for passage. No motions are in order during a moderated caucus. If no delegate wishes to speak during a moderated caucus, the caucus shall immediately end. The Moderator may end a moderated caucus early at his or her discretion. The Moderator may also rule the motion dilatory, and this decision is subject to appeal.
Rules Governing Debate

RULE #12 - AGENDA: The first order of business for the Committee will be the consideration of the agenda. A motion should be made once the committee has come to order to put a topic area first on the agenda. The only topic areas that may be proposed for the agenda are those listed in the preparation materials. The Director may modify these topic areas at his or her discretion. If a committee only has one topic area, the agenda is automatically set to this topic area. A for-against Speakers List with no comments will be established to debate the motion. Speakers for will speak in support of the topic area suggested; speakers against will speak in favor of the other topic area. During this time, no motions for moderated or unmoderated caucuses will be in order. A motion to close debate on setting the agenda will be in order after the committee has heard at least two speakers for the motion and at least two against the motion. In accordance with the normal procedure described in Rule #16, the Moderator will recognize two speakers against the motion to close debate, and a vote of two-thirds is required for closure of debate on the agenda. If the Speakers List on setting the agenda is exhausted, debate will automatically be closed even if a motion to close debate would not normally be in order. When debate is closed, the committee will move to an immediate vote on the motion. A simple majority is required for passage. If the motion fails, the other topic area will automatically be placed first on the agenda.
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RULE #16 - CLOSURE OF DEBATE: When the floor is open, a delegate may move to close debate on the substantive or procedural matter under discussion. Delegates may move to close debate on the general topic, debate on the agenda, or debate on an amendment. The Moderator may rule such a motion dilatory. When closure of debate is moved, the Moderator may recognize two speakers against the motion. No speaker in favor of the motion will be recognized. Closure of debate requires the support of two-thirds of the committee. If the committee is in favor of closure of debate, the Moderator will declare the closure of the debate and move the committee to immediate voting procedure. If a given Speakers List is exhausted, debate will automatically be closed. RULE #17 - SUSPENSION OR ADJOURNMENT OF THE MEETING: Whenever the floor is open, a delegate may move for the suspension of the meeting (suspending all committee functions until the next meeting), or for the adjournment of the meeting (suspending all committee functions for the duration of the conference). The Moderator may rule such motions out of order; these decisions will not be subject to appeal. When in order, these motions are not debatable, but will be immediately put to a vote barring any motions taking precedence and they require a majority to pass. A motion to adjourn will be out of order prior to the lapse of three-quarters of the time allotted for the last meeting of the committee. RULE #18 - POSTPONEMENT AND RESUMPTION OF DEBATE (TABLING): Whenever the floor is open, a delegate may move for the postponement of debate on a draft resolution or amendment currently on the floor. The motion, otherwise known as tabling, will require a two-thirds vote to pass and will be debatable to the extent of two speakers in favor and two opposed. No debate or action, including voting, will be allowed on any draft resolution or amendment on which debate has been postponed. A motion to resume debate on a draft resolution or amendment on which debate has been postponed will require a majority to pass and will be debatable to the extent of two speakers in favor and two opposed. Resumption of debate will cancel the effects of postponement of debate. needed for procedural motions and debate on amendments. A country may add its name to a Speakers List by submitting a request in writing to the dais, provided that the nation is not already on the Speakers List, and may remove its name from the Speakers List by submitting a request in writing to the dais. At any time, a Moderator may call for members that wish to be added to the Speakers List. The names of the next several countries to speak will always be posted or announced for the convenience of the committee. A Speakers List for the second topic area will not be opened until the committee has proceeded to that topic. A motion to close any Speakers List is never in order. If the Speakers List is exhausted and there are no more points or motions, debate is automatically closed. RULE #20 - SPEECHES: No delegate may address a session without having previously obtained the permission of the Moderator. The dais may call a speaker to order if his or her remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion or are offensive to committee members or staff. Speeches must be made in the third person and no delegate may directly address another delegation. When a delegate exceeds the allotted time decided for speeches as described in Rule 19, the Moderator may call the speaker to order. RULE #21 - ABSENCE: Delegates who are absent from committee when recognized by the dais forfeit their time. The Moderator shall continue with debate. RULE #22 - YIELDS: After being recognized from the Speakers List, a delegate may yield any or all of his or her time in one of three ways: to another delegate, to questions, or to the dais. Please note that only one yield is allowed. A delegate must declare any yield at the conclusion of his or her speech. Yield to another delegate: The speakers remaining time will be offered to that delegate. If the delegate accepts the yield, the Moderator shall recognize the delegate for the remaining time. The delegate may not make any further yields. To turn the floor over to a co-delegate of the same member state is not considered a yield. Yield to questions: Questioners will be selected by the Moderator and limited to one question each, which will be limited to thirty seconds. Follow-up questions will not be allowed. The Moderator will have the right to call to order any delegate whose question is, in the opinion of the Moderator, rhetorical, leading, or not designed to elicit information. Only the speakers answers to questions will be deducted from the speakers remaining time. Yield to the dais: Such a yield should be made if the delegate does not wish his or her speech to be subject to comments (Rule 23). The Moderator will then move to the next speaker.
Rules Governing Speeches

RULE #19 - SPEAKERS LISTS: The Committee will have an open Speakers List for the topic area being discussed (see Rule #13). The Moderator will either set a speakers time or entertain motions to set a speaking time. Motions to change the speaking time will be entertained in the order in which they are introduced. Separate Speakers Lists will be established as
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RULE #23 - COMMENTS: If a speech from a Speakers List ends with no yields, the Moderator may recognize delegates, other than the initial speaker, to comment for thirty seconds each on the specific content of the speech just completed. The Moderator may rule a comment out of order if it is irrelevant or does not pertain directly to the preceding speech. Commenters may not yield. No comments will be in order during debate on procedural motions, amendment discussion, or in moderated caucuses. A maximum of two comments will be taken on any speech. RULE #24 - RIGHT OF REPLY: A delegate whose personal or national integrity has been impugned by another delegate may submit a request for a Right of Reply only in writing to the committee staff. The Moderators decision whether to grant the Right of Reply is unappealable, and a delegate granted a Right of Reply will address the committee at the request of the Moderator for thirty seconds. resolution format. Working papers require the approval of the Director to be copied and distributed, and may contain signatories of contributors. Once distributed, delegates may begin to refer to that working paper by its designated number, but otherwise, debate proceeds normally on the topic. There is no formal introduction of working papers; they are considered introduced as soon as they are distributed. There are no votes for the approval of working papers. RULE #29 - SIGNATORIES FOR DRAFT RESOLUTIONS: A motion to introduce a draft resolution (see rule #30) will be in order when it receives the approval of the Director and is signed by 25 members in the General Assembly, 15 members in the Economic and Social Council and the Regional Bodies committees with greater than 40 member states, 8 members in the Economic and Social Council and the Regional Bodies committees with less than or equal to 40 member states, or 4 members in Security Council simulations. The final number of signatories required for each committee will be publicized at the beginning of the conference, as it is contingent on the eventual size of the committee. Signing a draft resolution need not indicate support of the draft resolution. Signing a draft resolution only indicates a desire for the draft resolution to be discussed in committee. The signatory has no further obligations. A delegate may be a signatory on more than one resolution. There are no official sponsors or authors of draft resolutions. RULE #30 - INTRODUCTION OF DRAFT RESOLUTIONS: Once a draft resolution has the requisite number of signatories, has been approved by the Director, and has been distributed, a delegate may move to introduce the draft resolution. A procedural vote is then taken to determine whether the resolution shall be introduced. Should the motion receive the simple majority required to pass, the draft resolution shall be considered introduced and on the floor. More than one draft resolution may be on the floor at any one time, but at most one draft resolution may be passed per topic area. A draft resolution will remain on the floor until debate on that specific draft resolution is postponed or a draft resolution on that topic area has been passed. Debate on draft resolutions proceeds according to the general Speakers List on the topic area, and delegates may then begin to refer to that draft resolution by its designated number. No delegate may refer to a draft resolution until it is formally introduced. RULE #31 - CLARIFICATORY POINTS ON RESOLUTIONS: At the Moderators discretion, he or she may recognize a delegate or group of delegates rising
Rules Governing Points

RULE #25 - POINTS OF PERSONAL PRIVILEGE: Whenever a delegate experiences personal discomfort which impairs his or her ability to participate in the proceedings, he or she may rise to a Point of Personal Privilege. A Point of Personal Privilege may interrupt a speaker only if the speaker is inaudible and delegates should use this power with the utmost discretion. RULE #26 - POINTS OF ORDER: During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may rise to a Point of Order to indicate an instance of improper parliamentary procedure. The Point of Order will be immediately decided by the Moderator in accordance with these rules of procedure. The Moderator may rule out of order those points which are improper. A representative rising to a Point of Order may not speak on the substance of the matter under discussion. A Point of Order may not interrupt a speaker. RULE #27 - POINTS OF PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY: When the floor is open, a delegate may rise to a Point of Parliamentary Inquiry to ask the Moderator a question regarding the rules of procedure. A Point of Parliamentary Inquiry may never interrupt a speaker. Delegates with substantive questions should not rise to this point, but should rather approach the committee staff during caucus or send a note to the dais.
Rules Governing the Path to a Resolution

RULE #28 - WORKING PAPERS: Delegates may propose working papers for committee consideration. Working papers aid discussion of draft resolutions through formalizing (in written form) ideas expressed in the committee. Working papers need not be in draft
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to answer clarificatory points on an introduced draft resolution, or the Moderator may answer these points him or herself. These points are non-substantive and typically refer to typographical errors or mistakes in the punctuation and spelling of the document in question. The Moderators decision on this matter is not subject to appeal. Any substantive points will be ruled out of order during this period, and the Moderator may end this clarificatory question-answer period for any reason, including time constraints. RULE #32 - AMENDMENTS: Delegates may amend any draft resolution which has been introduced. Only one amendment may be introduced at any given time. The motion to introduce an amendment is considered a procedural motion, and the final vote on the amendment is a substantive vote. An amendment must have the approval of the Director and be signed by 12 members in the General Assembly, 10 members in the Economic and Social Council and the Regional Bodies committees with greater than 40 member states, 6 members in the Economic and Social Council and the Regional Bodies committees with less than or equal to 40 member states, or 3 members in Security Council simulations. The final numbers for required signatures will be posted at the beginning of the conference, as they are contingent on the eventual size of the committee. Amendments are numbered in the order in which they are introduced. Since there are no friendly amendments, all amendments must be voted on by the entire committee to be included in the draft resolution. Amendments to amendments are out of order; however, an amended part of a resolution may be further amended at a later time. Like draft resolutions, there are no official sponsors of amendments. Preambulatory phrases may also be amended. A motion to introduce an approved amendment may be made when the floor is open. Amendments do not need to be introduced in the order in which they are received. If the motion receives the simple majority required to pass, the Moderator will read the amendment aloud, time permitting. General debate on the topic area will be suspended, and a Speakers List will be established for and against the amendment. A motion to close debate will be in order after the committee has heard at least two speakers for the amendment and at least two against or if the Speakers List has been exhausted. Otherwise, following the normal procedure of Rule 15, the Moderator will recognize at most two speakers against the motion to close debate on the amendment, and a vote of two-thirds is required for closure. When debate is closed on the amendment, the committee will move to an immediate substantive vote on whether or not to adopt the amendment. Votes on amendments are substantive. If this vote receives the simple majority required, the amendment will be considered part of the draft resolution. After the vote, debate will resume according to the general Speakers List on the topic.
Rules Governing Voting

RULE #33 - PROCEDURAL VOTING: All voting is considered procedural with the exception of voting on draft resolutions and amendments. Delegates must vote on all procedural motions, and no abstentions are allowed. A motion that requires a simple majority needs more affirmative than negative votes to pass. A motion that requires two-thirds to pass requires exactly or more than two-thirds of the votes to be affirmative. In Security Council simulations, a procedural motion requires nine votes to pass. If there is an insufficient number of speakers for/against a motion, the motion will automatically fail/ pass. RULE #34 - SUBSTANTIVE VOTING: The only substantive voting will be voting on draft resolutions and amendments. All other votes will be procedural votes. After debate has been closed on the general topic area, the committee will move into final voting procedures and the chambers are then sealed. At that point, only the following points and motions will be entertained: Division of the Question, Reordering Draft Resolutions, Motion for a Roll Call Vote, Point of Personal Privilege, Point of Parliamentary Inquiry, and Point of Order. If there are no such motions, the committee will vote on all draft resolutions. For substantive voting, each country will have one vote. Each vote may be a Yes, No, or Abstain. Members who abstain from voting are considered as not voting. All matters will be voted upon using placards by default, except if a motion for a roll call vote is accepted. A simple majority requires Yes votes from more than half the members voting, as in more affirmative votes than negative votes. Once any resolution has been passed, the voting procedure is closed, as only one resolution may be passed on a topic area. In Security Council simulations, a substantive vote requires nine votes to pass, and the five permanent members of the United Nations have the power to veto any substantive vote. In the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, any member has the power to veto any substantive vote. RULE #35 - DIVISION OF THE QUESTION: After debate on any topic has been closed, a delegate may move
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that the operative parts of a draft resolution be voted on separately. Preambulatory clauses and sub-operative clauses may not be removed by division of the question. The motion can be debated to the extent of at most two speakers for and two against, to be followed by an immediate procedural vote on that motion. If the motion receives the simple majority required to pass, the Moderator will take motions on how to divide the question and prioritize them from most severe to least severe. The committee will then vote on the motions in the order set by the Moderator. If no division passes, the resolution remains intact. Once a division, requiring a simple majority, has been passed, the resolution will be divided accordingly, and a separate substantive vote will be taken on each divided part to determine whether or not it is included in the final draft. If all of the operative parts of the substantive proposal are rejected, the draft resolution will be considered to have been rejected as a whole. Parts of the draft resolution that are subsequently passed will be recombined into a final document. The final document will be put to a substantive vote as a whole, requiring a simple majority of those voting yes to pass. RULE #36 REORDERING DRAFT RESOLUTIONS: After debate is closed, a motion to change the order of voting on draft resolutions currently on the floor will be in order. This motion takes precedence over a motion to divide the question on a resolution. The delegate raising this motion will indicate the desired ordering of draft resolutions. The default order will be the order in which the draft resolutions were introduced. There will be no debate on this motion, and it will require a simple majority to pass. Only one such motion can pass in each round of voting procedures. The reordering proposals will be voted on in the order that they were received; there is no precedence of one over the other. Hence, the Moderator will first take all proposals for reordering, and then proceed to call for votes on each one, until one of them passes. RULE #37 - ROLL CALL VOTING: After debate is closed on any topic area, any delegate may request a roll call vote on any draft resolution being considered. Such a motion may be made from the floor and agreed on by a third of the committee. A motion for a roll call vote is in order only for the final substantive vote on a draft resolution. In a roll call vote, the Moderator will call countries in alphabetical order starting with a selected member. In the first sequence, delegates may vote Yes, No, Abstain, or Pass. A delegate may request the right to explain his/her vote only when the delegate is voting against the policy of his/her country; such a vote is termed with Rights. The delegate may only explain an affirmative or negative vote, not an abstention from voting. A delegate who passes during the first sequence of the roll call must vote either Yes or No during the second sequence. The same delegate may not request the right to explain his/her vote. The Moderator will then call for changes of votes. All delegates who had requested the right of explanation will be granted time to explain their votes, not to exceed thirty seconds. The Moderator will then announce the outcome of the vote.
Precedence of Motions
PRECEDENCE: Motions will be considered in the following order of precedence: 1. Point of Personal Privilege (Rule 25) 2. Point of Order (Rule 26) 3. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry (Rule 27) 4. Adjournment of the Meeting (Rule 17) 5. Suspension of the Meeting (Rule 17) 6. Unmoderated Caucus (Rule 14) 7. Moderated Caucus (Rule 15) 8. Motion to Change Speaking Time (Rule 19) 9. Introduction of a Draft Resolution (Rule 30) 10. Introduction of an Amendment (Rule 32) 11. Postponement of Debate (Rule 18) 12. Resumption of Debate (Rule 18) 13. Closure of Debate (Rule 16) At the start of final voting procedure, only the following points and motions are in order, in the following order of precedence: 1. Point of Personal Privilege (Rule 25) 2. Point of Order (Rule 26) 3. Point of Parliamentary Inquiry (Rule 27) 4. Reordering Draft Resolutions (Rule 36) 5. Division of the Question (Rule 35) 6. Motion for a Roll Call Vote (Rule 37)
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SAMPLE POSITION PAPER

Delegation: The Russian Federation Committee: Disarmament and International Security Committee Topic A: Separatism The Russian Federation considers separatism to be one of the gravest dangers facing the world today. Separatist groups threaten peace and security around the world. From developing countries like the Philippines to developed countries like Spain, the stability of both the internal structure of states and of the international world order is under attack. The danger of separatism has grown even greater in recent years, as separatist groups in many countries have become increasingly linked both with religious extremism and with international terrorist networks. Though separatism once could be considered an internal affair, it now must be seen within the context of international security. An attack on one country by a separatist group is frequently an attack on the international system itself, as separatist groups increasingly use terrorist tactics designed to destabilize an entire region. Thus, it is essential that the Disarmament and International Security Committee consider ways to address the destabilizing impact of separatism. In particular, Russia believes that the committee, while reiterating the UNs condemnation of separatism in general, must work to provide aid to states victimized by separatist groups and must facilitate the means by which the international connections of separatists groups can be analyzed. As a country particularly victimized by separatist movements, Russia strongly opposes any attempt to give legitimacy to any group that uses terrorist tactics and any move by the UN to recognize a so-called right to secession. The Russian Federation has contended with separatist terrorists in Chechnya and the North Caucasus for over a decade, and it believes that its experience in this region gives ample reasons for why the UN should never recognize separatist groups, except as agreed to by the victimized state. As Russia has learned over the course of the conflict in Chechnya, separatists are frequently aided by international terrorist networks, including those preaching religious extremism. For example, the perpetrators of the atrocity at Beslan in 2004 included two Arabs. It is believed that a great deal of the funding that goes to Chechen separatists comes from religious extremists in the Islamic world. Furthermore, Chechnya provides numerous examples of the vile tactics used by many separatist groups; whether by setting bombs in Moscow apartments, murdering children in Beslan, invading civilian neighborhoods in Nalchik, or raiding homes in Chechnya itself, Chechen separatists seem to stop at nothing to further their end. These are not freedom fighters. These are terrorists. The Russian Federation accepts that UN mediation can be extremely useful in ending wars, including wars of separatism; however, it insists that any UN presence can only come with the consent of the UN member state involved, and there should never be an assumption that the end-point of negotiations will be secession. Russia sees the Sudanese experience as the one that should be the framework for any future UN involvement in secessionist conflicts. UN mediation was largely responsible for ending the Sudanese Civil War, but only because the UNs presence at the negotiating table came as a result of a request from the Sudanese government, because the SPLA was seen to be the legitimate voice of the South Sudanese people, and because the SPLA was not a terrorist organization. The negotiations were successful, ended the war, and created a framework of autonomy for South Sudan; however, if any of these factors had been absent, peace would have been impossible. Therefore, Russia believes that while it is possible for the UN to establish a framework for dealing with separatist groups, it must also work to determine the legitimacy of those groups, the legitimacy of their demands, and any links between those groups and international terrorism; furthermore, it must remember that, from a political rather than military perspective, separatism is an internal issue, and must be treated as such.
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SAMPLE WORKING PAPER

The purpose of the Working Paper is to clearly communicate the interests of one or more countries. Please note that there is no set format for working papers; the following is just one example of a possible working paper. To facilitate the process, working papers should include the name and topic of the committee and should list the countries which wrote the paper. Pending the approval of the Director, working papers may be copied and distributed to the committee. Committee: UN Conference on Trade and Development Topic A: Generalized System of Preferences Submitted by Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador believe that a GSP should be set up so that Lesser-Developed Countries (LDCs) receive preferential treatment from Developed Countries (DCs). To that end we propose: 1. Each DC reduce their tariffs to the lowest level possible. This level will be determined by the below created subcommittee, 2. Bilateral trade agreements should be pursued for further reductions in tariffs. 3. Trade preferences should be granted in the following areas: Agriculture Manufactures Semi-manufactures Raw materials 4. Decisions on product coverage by preference giving nations be made in consultation with the affected LDC. Annual reevaluation of coverage shall take place with the LDC with disputed going to the below-created subcommittee. 5. A subcommittee of UNCTAD should be created with equal membership of developed and developing countries. This subcommittee would have the following powers: a. To mediate disputes between preference givers and receivers b. Make recommendations which all countries should follow c. Serve as a forum for airing grievances relating to the GSP d. Report regularly to the Secretary-General Membership should be as follows: a. Five permanent nations from the DCs b. Five permanent nations from the LDCs and LLDCs c. Ten members elected annually by UNCTAD Voting rights will have to be worked out, but the UN format for subcommittees seems best. Of course, we are amenable to change.
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RESOLUTION FORMAT GUIDE

Heading The title should be in capital letters, above the main body of the resolution. The title consists of a number (signifying the first or second topic area being discussed), followed by another number (identifying the individual resolution). For example, the first draft resolution on the first topic area discussed would be titled Draft Resolution 1.1 accordingly. The committee Director will assign the number once the resolution has been approved. On the left margin and two lines below the title should be: (1) the committee name (2) the topic addressed by the resolution, and (3) the signatories of the resolution. NOTE: There are no sponsors of a resolution. Body The resolution is written in the format of a long sentence. Just as grammatical rules make a language more uniform in its usage, so is the resolution in its format. The resolution begins with The General Assembly, for all GA committees and with The Economic and Social Council, for all ECOSOC committees. The Regional Bodies and the Security Council use their own names as the introductory line. The rest of the resolution consists of phrases and clauses with the first word of each phrase/clause underlined. The next section, consisting of Preambulatory Phrases, describes the problem being addressed, recalls past actions taken, explains the purpose of the resolution, and offers support for the operative clauses that follow. Each clause in the preamble begins with an underlined word and ends with a comma. Operative Clauses are numbered and state the action to be taken by the body. These clauses all begin with present tense active verbs, which are generally stronger words than those used in the Preamble. Each operative clause is followed by a semicolon except the last, which ends with a period. Any sub-operative clauses (or sub-sub-clauses, etc,) also should end with a semicolon. There should be no periods in the body of the resolution. Content Of course, the most important characteristic of the final resolution is the content, which will be carefully scrutinized by the Director before approval. A well-written resolution demonstrates: Familiarity with the problem. Relevant background information and previous United Nations actions are included. Recognition of the issues. Arguments on the topic are specified early. At a minimum, the resolution should address in some form all the issues listed in the Questions a Resolution Must Answer section of the Study guide. A clear and concise style. Every clause and phrase should have a purpose. Good form. Each phrase and clause should follow the exact format described above.
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Preambulatory Phrases Affirming Alarmed by Approving Aware of Believing Bearing in mind Cognizant of Confident Contemplating Convinced Declaring Deeply concerned Deeply conscious Deeply convinced Deeply disturbed Deeply regretting Desiring Emphasizing Expecting Expressing its appreciation Expressing its satisfaction Fulfilling Fully aware Fully alarmed Fully believing Further deploring Further recalling Operative Clauses Accepts Affirms Approves Authorizes Calls for Calls upon Confirms Considers Declares accordingly Deplores Draws attention Designates Emphasizes Encourages Endorses Expresses its appreciation Expresses its hope Further invites Further proclaims Guided by Having adopted Having considered Having considered further Having devoted attention Having examined Having heard Having received Having studied Keeping in mind Noting further Noting with regret Noting with satisfaction Noting with deep concern Noting further Noting with approval Observing Realizing Reaffirming Recalling Recognizing Referring Seeking Taking into account Taking note Viewing with appreciation Welcoming
Further reminds Further recommends Further requests Further resolves Has resolved Notes Proclaims Reaffirms Recommends Reminds Regrets Requests Resolves Solemnly affirms Strongly condemns Supports Takes note of Trusts Urges
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SAMPLE RESOLUTION
DRAFT RESOLUTION 1.1 Committee: Commission on Information Regulation Topic: International Newsflow Imbalance The Economic and Social Council, Recalling its Resolution A/36/89 of 16 December 1981, The Declaration on Fundamental Principles Concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, Further recalling Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Everyone has the right to...receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers, Recognizing that the problem of newsflow imbalance is that two-way information among countries of a region is either nonexistent or insufficient and information exchanged between regions of the world is inadequate, Realizing the need for all sovereign nations to maintain their integrity and still play an active role in the international system, 1. Recommends that a three-level information interchange system be established on the national, regional, and international levels to ameliorate the current problems of newsflow imbalance, to operate as follows: a. Each regions member nations will report their national information and receive the information of other nations in their region from the regional level of this interchange system; b. Nations will decide the character of the newsflow media best suited to the need of their sovereign territory, be this printed, audio, or audio-visual; c. Regional News Gathering Agencies will serve to gather information from the nations in their region, and these boards will have no editorial discretion and will serve to forward all information to the International Board; d. Each regional agency will be composed of representatives from every member nation of the nation of the region; e. The primary function of the International Board will be to translate information accumulated from the regional news gathering agencies; f. The secondary purpose will be to transmit all information gathered back to the member nations via the regional news gathering agencies; g. In order to expedite the transfer of information from the international to regional level the international board will utilize a UN frequency on a European Economic Community satellite; 2. Urges the establishment of the University of International Communications, which will be based in Geneva, Switzerland, with the following aims: a. The University and branches will be established with the express purpose of bringing together world views and facilitating the transfer of technology; b. All member nations of the United Nations will be equally represented at the University; c. Incentives will be offered to students of journalism and communications at the University to return to their countries to teach upon completion of instruction; d. The instructors of the regional education centers will be comprised of a multi-partisan coalition of educators from throughout the world; 3. Calls for the continued use of funds from the International Program for the Development of Communications, Special Account, The United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UN Development Programme, and other sources of funding including national governments and private donors; 4. Recommends that the distribution of funds be decided by the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC).
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Dear Delegates, It is with great excitement that I welcome you to Harvard National Model United Nations 2011!

Ricky J. Hanzich Secretary-General Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Powers of the Committee Staff

POWERS OF THE COMMITTEE STAFF

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE WORLD, 20112030

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS (20112030)

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

United Nations Futuristic Security Council

Guide to Delegate Preparation and Rules of Parliamentary Procedure

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011

Guide to Delegate Preparation and Rules of Parliamentary Procedure

INTRODUCTION General Comments

Harvard National Model United Nations 2011