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XXX XXX XXX Storage Tank Heat Loss Calculation Tank Heat Loss Calcs - Liquid 1 1 12/31/2010

Problem Description: Six Storage tanks [rectangle in shape] are filled up with Isopropanaol (liquid 1) at the initial temperature of 45 oC and it is required to maintain the liquid temperature at 30oC All the tanks are placed adjacent to each other with minor gap in between. Tanks are stored in a closed building maintained at room temperature let's say 10 oC and a wind speed of around 2miles/hr. How long will it take to drop down temperature from 45 to 30 oC with/without insulation OR after what time tanks are required to heat up with/without insulation ? Data is given as below. Colour Key Manual Input Results Do not use

1) Correction cell reference C94 for Grashof number vap. Phase Assumptions and important notes 2) Note added regarding calculation of equivalent diameter cell C142 Sources and titles 3) Recalculation introduced to iterate to more accurate coefficients (see cells C316 and below) 4) C replaced by K for correct calculation in SI units 5) Cooling time formula modified to compensate for non-linearity Important values Reference Method Used: Predict Storage Tank Heat Transfer Precisely - By J.Kumana and S.Kothari and calculations Important Notes: 1) Uniform temperature inside the tank 2) Provision is made to select back wall area - However, to calculate the maximum heat loss back wall area should be considered-- (see the cell number C330 and C335) 3) Provision is made to select insulation thickness --- (See the cell number C221)

Main Data Input

Physical Properties Liquid Liquid in the tank Density, Specific Heat,Cp Viscosity, Thermal conductivity,k Co-efficient of volumetric expansion, Molecular Mass of liquid,M Boiling Point, oC ISOPROPANOL 790 3.0 3000 2.42 0.00242 0.199 0.00075 60 82 355.15 Units 7000 5000 7000 4000 W/m2 K W/m2 K W/m2 K W/m2 K Units 54 W/m K 0.04 W/m K 1.5 W/m K Units 0.9 Units
o 33 C o 35 C

Units Air Vapor

Air density at room temperature and pressure Room Pressure Mol. Wt of air Gas const Room Temp Air Density, PM/RT P M R t T air = 101.325 29 8.31 10 283 1.25 kPa kg/kmol kJ/kmol K o C K kg/m3

1.25 1.005 1005 0.0000198 0.0257 0.00343 -

3 1.25 kg/m 1.005 kJ/kg K 1005 J/kg K cP or m.Pa.s 0.0000198 kg/m.s 0.0257 W/m.K 0.00343 1/K kg/kmol o C K

Thermal Conductivity of ISOPROPANOL k = 3.56 x 10 -5 x Cp ( 4/M)1/3 ------------> from Coulson & Richardson. Vol 6, Page 321 Thermal Conductivity k= 0.199 W/m.K

Assumed fouling coefficient, hF Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom Thermal Conductivities Metal walls (Carbon Steel, max 0.5% Carbon),k M Insulation (Glass wool), k I Ground (Earth), kG Surface Emissivity Wall and roof, Temperature Vapour in tank, TV Liquid in tank. TL Outside air, TA Ground, TG Vapour in tank, TV Liquid in tank. TL Outside air, TA

Source: Source: Source: Source:

Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640 Chemical Engineering Design by Coulson and Richardson, Volume 6, Page 640

Source: Source: Source:

Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials Engg Toolbox : Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials

Assumed - less than 1

Assumed - just below the liquid temp Minimum temp requirement by process Assumed - as tanks are inside the building Assumed - just above ambient temperature

10 C o 12 C 306.15 K 308.15 K 283.15 K

Ground, TG Gravitional constant, g

285.15 K
2 9.81 m/s

Calculation
Calculation for Grashof Number (NGr) 3 2 2 Grashof Number, NGr = L x x g x x T / NGr for the liquid phase ( 2 x g x x /2 ) ( 2 x g x x /2 ) L3 x T 7.84E+08 3 7.84E+08 x L x T

NGr for the vapour phase ( 2 x g x x /2 ) ( 2 x g x x /2 ) L3 x T Calculation for Prandtl Number (NPr) Prandtl Number,NPr = Cp x /k NPr for the liquid phase NPr for the vapour phase 36.44 0.77 1.34E+08 3 1.34E+08 x L x T

Coefficient of vapour at wall, hvw Note: as an initial approximation, assume that the wall temperature is the average of the vapour and outside air temp Tw = (TV + TA )/ 2 First Guess Tw 295.9 K After iteration see below

total height of the tank, L % of liquid full (in terms of height) Proportional height in contact with liquid, Lw T = Tv - Tw Proportional height in contact with vapour, L - Lw NGr

2.55 m 95% 2.42 m 10.25 K 0.13 m 2.85E+06 L =2.55m

Lw

For vertical plates and cylinders, Nusselt Number, NNu NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) NNu Coefficient of vapour at wall, h vw = NNu x k /( L - Lw) Coefficient of vapour at wall, h vw 2.38 W/m2 K 11.81 Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13) -------------Equation 15 2.3 m

Coefficient of liquid at wall, hLw Note: Here, neither NPr nor (NGr NPr) falls within the range of application of the below equations. Therefore, again apply equation Equation 15 using average temp Tw NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) Where, 0.1<NPr<40 and NGr > 109 ------------- Equation 15 NPr NGr NPr hLW =NNu x k/Lw ------------- Eq (a) Nusselt Equation (Perry 5-13) 36.44 2.64E+11

applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft

3.

Tw = (TL + TA) / 2 Tw T = TL - Tw

First Guess
o 307.5 C 0.65 K

NNu = 0.495 x (NGr NPr)0.25 Where, NPr >100 and 104 < (NGr NPr) < 109

----------------- Equation 16

After iteration see below

Note: In article, Equation 16 is used but as N Pr and (NGr NPr) do not fall in the range, we can't apply Equation 16 directly. Therefore, used Equation 15

NGr NNu Coefficient of liquid at wall, h Lw

7.25E+09 648.79 53.36 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 15 ------------- USING Eq (a)

Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr

for the surfaces facing down, NNu = 0.27 x (NGr NPr)0.25 for the surfaces facing down, h Vr = (0.27 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.25 Note: We will apply equation (b) assuming roof of diameter and Tw = NGr = Where, T T L L NGr = hVr 1.12 = Tv - Tw K 19.55 K =D m 3.01 m 7.17E+10 W/m2 K
3 1.34E+08 x L x T

-------------Equation 20 ------------- Eq (b) 295.9 K 286.6 K First guess After iteration see below

Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010 NGr NPr =

7 10 5.55E+10 ~ 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10

Note: Applied Equation 20 as (NGr NPr) is very close to the above range

Comment Extra Large: Not sure if the Characteristic Length/hydraulic diameter shoud be taken instead. See: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/hydraulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html Calculated equivalent diameter from the roof/bottom area of tank Equivalent Diameter for Roof/Bottom l 2.3 m w 3.1 m Area ------------- USING Eq (b) Equivalent Diameter
2 7.13 m

3.01 m

Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 for the surfaces facing up, h Lb = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 Tw Tw = (TL + TG) /2 296.65 K -------------- Equation 19 ------------- Eq ( c) Where, 2 x 107 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 1010 NGr NPr =
7 10 4.30E+11 2 x 10 < (NGr NPr) < 3 x 10

Note: Applied Equation 19, though (NGr NPr) is out of range??? First Guess 307.6 K After iteration see below

Note: We will apply equation (c) assuming tank bottom diameter and Tw = NGr = Where, T T L L NGr hLb = TL - Tw K 0.55 K =D m m 1.18E+10 63.90 W/m2 K
3 7.84E+08 x L x T

3.01

------------- USING Eq (c)

Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar

for the surfaces facing up, NNu = 0.14 x (NGr NPr)0.33 for the surfaces facing up, h'Ar = (0.14 x k/D) (NGr NPr)0.33 Note: Assume Tws = Tw since the roof is uninsulated and get the coefficient for still air from equation (d) 295.9 K -------------- Equation 19 ------------- Eq (d)

First guess

Tws NGr Where, T = Tws - TA T NGr h'Ar 2.37

286.6 K
3 1.34E+08 x L x T

After iteration see below

K 3.45 K 1.26E+10 W/m2 K ------------- USING Eq (d)

Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw

Note: Assume that the temperature drop across the film is one-fourth of the drop from the inside fluid to the outside air (averaged for the wet and dry walls) and use Equation 15 and (e) to find the co-efficient NNu = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) h = 0.138 x (NGr)0.36 x ((NPr)0.175 - 0.55) x k/L ------------- Equation 15 ------------- Eq (e) applicable for the vertical plates taller than 3ft

T = ((TL + TV ) / 2 ) - TA) / 4 T 6 K NGr where, L NGr NNu h'Aw 2.49 2.55 m 1.33E+10 247.51 W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 15 ------------- USING Eq (e)
3 1.34E+08 x L x T

Conduction coefficients for ground, metal wall and insulation ( hG, hM, hI)
hM = kM /tM hI = kI /tI hG = 8 kG/*D Where, tM tI ------------- Equation 21 ------------- Equation 22 ------------- Equation 23

6 0.0060 25 0.025 9000.00 1.60 1.27

mm m mm m W/m2 K W/m K W/m2 K

2

thickness of metal thickness of insulation <------------ENTER INSULATION THICKNESS INSULATED

hM hI hG

------------- USING Equation 21 ------------- USING Equation 22 ------------- USING Equation 23

Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof (hRd, hRw, hRr)
hR = 0.1713 [((Tws + 460)/100) - ((TA + 460)/100) ]/( Tws - TA) For the INSULATED side walls, assume Tws = TA + 0.25 (Tbulk - TA) Where, Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is insulated For the UNINSULATED side walls, assume Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tbulk - TA) Where, Tbulk is the temperature of liquid or vapour inside the tank if the surface is uninsulated For the uninsulated roof, [assumed, roof is always uninsulated] Tw = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) Vapour in tank, TV Liquid in tank. TL Outside air, TA 306.15 K 308.15 K 283.15 K
4 4

------------- Equation 24

Therefore, Tws for insulated DRYSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (Tv - TA) Tws 286.5 K

First Guess After iteration see below

Therefore, Tws for insulated WETSIDE wall = TA + 0.25 (TL - TA) Tws 289.6 K Therefore, Tws for uninsulated roof = TA + 0.5 (Tv - TA) Tws 286.6 K

First Guess After iteration see below First Guess After iteration see below

Let us find hR for all above using Equation 24 hRd hRw hRr 2.548 2.564 2.549 W/m2 K W/m2 K W/m2 K ------------- USING Equation 24 ------------- USING Equation 24 ------------- USING Equation 24

Summary
Coefficient ( W/m2 K) Coefficient of vapour at wall, h vw Coefficient of liquid at wall, h Lw Coefficient of vapour at roof, hVr Coefficient of liquid at the tank bottom, hLb Conduction coefficients for ground hG Coefficient of outside air at roof, h'Ar [for still air] Coefficient of outside air at roof considering wind enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Ar Coefficient of outside air at wall, h'Aw [for still air] Coefficient of outside air at wall considering wind enhancement factor for the assumed wind velocity, h*Aw Conduction coefficients for metal wall hM Conduction coefficients for insulation hI Fouling coefficient, h F Radiation coefficients for dry and wet sidewalls, and roof Dry wall 2.38 2.49 3.24 9000 1.6 7000 2.548 0.821 Wet wall 53.36 2.49 3.24 9000 1.6 5000 2.564 1.225 Roof 1.12 2.37 3.08 9000 7000 2.549 0.932 Bottom 63.90 1.27 9000 4000 1.243 Do NOT use this value Obtained by multiplying above value by wind enhancement factor Do NOT use this value Obtained by multiplying above value by wind enhancement factor which is obtained from the Graph 1.3 /Figure 2 for the wind velocity of 2 m/hr which is obtained from the Graph/ 1.3 Figure 2 for the wind velocity of 2 m/hr

(hRd, hRw, hRr)

Overall coefficient,Ud, Uw,Ur,Ub

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

Overall dry - sidewall coefficient, Ud at wind velocity of 2 m/hr

1/Ud = 1/hvw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRd ) + 1/ hFd 2 1/Ud 1.218 m K/W Ud Overall wet - sidewall coefficient, U w at wind velocity of 2
2 0.821 W/m K

m/hr

1/Uw = 1/hLw + tM/kM + tI/kI + 1/(hAw + hRw ) + 1/ hFw 2 1/Uw 0.816 m K/W Uw Overall roof coefficient, Ur at wind velocity of 2
2 1.225 W/m K

m/hr

1/Ur = 1/hVr + tM/kM + 1/(hAr + hRr ) + 1/ hFr 2 1/Ur 1.073 m K/W Ur Overall bottom coefficient, Ub 1/Ub = 1/hLb + tM/kM + 1/hG + 1/ hFb 2 1/Ub 0.805 m K/W Ub
2 1.243 W/m K 2 0.932 W/m K

Recalculation of Tws and Tw for next iteration

Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom

Tws,V = (Ud/(hRd + hAw))(Tv-TA)+TA) Tw,V=Tv-(Ud/hVw)(Tv-TA) Tws,W = (UW /(hRW + hAW ))(TL-TA)+TA) Tw,L=TL-(Uw/hLw)(TL-TA) Tws,R = (UR/(hVR + hAW ))(TV-TA)+TA) Tw,R=TV-(UR/hVR)(TV-TA) Tw,B=TL-(UB/hLB)(TL-TG)

286.4 K 298.2 K 288.4 K 307.6 K 287.0 K 287.0 K 307.7 K

Put this value manually in cell C253 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell C84 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell C256 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell C119 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell C179 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell D135 untill difference approaches zero Put this value manually in cell D157 untill difference approaches zero

Surface area, A
Dimensions of one tank Total height, L 2.55 m =2.55m

Length, l Width, w Thickness, tM Assumption: % of tank full with liquid

2.3 m 3.1 m 0.006 m 95%

Lw

Wet height, Lw Dry height, Ld

2.4225 m 0.1275 m 2.3 m

TOTAL dry side wall area, Ad = 2*((L - Lw)*l) + 2* ((L - Lw)*w) DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES m2 Ad 1.38

<------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE

TOTAL wet side wall area, Aw = 2*(Lw * l) + 2* (Lw * w) DO YOU WANT TO CONSIDER BACK WALL AREA? YES m2 Aw 26.16 Roof area, Ar = l * w Ar Bottom area, Ab = l * w Ab

<------------MAKE A SELECTION HERE

7.13

m2

7.13

m2

Overall Temperature Difference, T

Vapour in tank, TV Liquid in tank. TL Outside air, TA Ground, TG T for dry side = TV - TA T for wet side = TL - TA T for roof = TV - TA T for bottom = TL - TG 306.15 K 308.15 K 283.15 K 285.15 K 23 K 25 K 23 K 23 K

SUMMARY
Surface Dry wall Wet wall Roof Bottom U (W/m2 K ) 0.821 1.225 0.932 1.243 Area (m2) 1.38 26.16 7.13 7.13 T (K) 23 25 23 23 Individual Heat Loss, q (W) 26.00 801.31 152.87 203.76

3.

Total

4.22

41.8

1183.94

Heat loss from one tank, Q Q Number of tanks TOTAL heat loss from all the tanks, Q

1183.94 W 1183.94 J/sec 1 1,184 J/sec ASSUME NUMBER OF TANKS (Revision note: Note that heat loss is independant of number of tanks) TOTAL HEAT LOSS WITH INSULATION

HEAT LOSS AFFORDABLE BY LIQUID

Temperature inside the tanks Temperature inside the tanks Temperature required to be maintained in the tank Specific heat capacity of liquid inside the tank Mass of liquid in one tank Total mass of the liquid in all tanks 13.65
o 45 C 318.15 K 308.15 K

21.69 0.90

3000 J/kgK T 13.65 T 13,645 kg 10 K 409,356 kJ 409,356,473 J Mass content of liquid in the tank

Total volume of the tank T Overall Heat Loss affordable by tank liquid L= l= w= Volume = Total mass of liquid when tank is 100% full 100% liquid height equivalent to 95% liquid height equivalent to

=Lxlxw 2.55 2.3 3.1 3 18.18 m 14,363 14.36 14.36 13.65 kg T T T

Time taken to drop the temperature up to 35 deg C Coulson & Richardson Vol.1 Page 430

ln((TA-Tstart)/((TA-Tend))= Utot x Atot/(m x Cp) x t 78,069.19 sec 21.69 hrs 0.90 days

TOTAL TIME TAKEN TO DROP DOWN TANK TEMPERATURE AT DESIRED LEVEL WITH INSULATION

draulic-equivalent-diameter-d_458.html

and T of

o 25 C

and T of

o 25 C