Energy and Matter:

Energy:
Energy: the capacity to do work or to produce heat.

Forms of Energy:
Radiant Energy: Energy from the sun

Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, energy carried by objects in motion

Potential Energy: Stored energy

• Electrical Potential energy is the energy that exists when objects with different
electrical chargers are separated.
• Chemical Potential energy exists because of the arrangement of the particles that
make up a substance.

Measuring Energy:
Calorie: is the most common unit used to measure energy. 1 calorie is the amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of calories.
Joule: The SI unit of energy. The joule is named for James Prescott Joule , an English
physicist who made pioneering advances in our understanding of energy.

1 cal = 4.184 J

Law of Conservation of Energy:

States: In any process, energy is neither created nor destroyed.
• Energy is transferred from one object to another or transformed from one kind of
energy to another.
• The Law of Conservation of Energy is very general and it doesn’t apply to the
processes that occur in the sun (nuclear energy.)

The Energy Crisis:

• Our society depends on chemical energy in two substances: coal and petroleum.
• So-called fossil fuels are where 90 percent of our energy comes from
• Other sources of energy such as energy from the sun and wind are less
convenient and more expensive making them less popular.

Temperature:
The Fahrenheit and Celsius Temperature Scales:
• Gabriel Fahrenheit made good thermometers and devised his own temperature
scale.
• Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius scale that was more
compatible with the metric system.
Fahrenheit Celsius
Boiling Point: 212oF Boiling Point: 100oC
Melting Ice: 0oC Melting Ice: 32oF
 Room Temp: 21oC Room Temp: 70oF
The Kelvin Temperature Scale:
• The SI scale used to measure temperature is the Kelvin scale. Named after the
British Physicist William Thomson, Lord Kelvin.
• Difference between the Kelvin scale and the Celsius scale is the point of absolute
zero.
• Absolute Zero: The point at which th emotion of particles of matter- their kinetic
energy- ceases.
• Co = K-273
Matter:
Everything is made of matter.
Matter: is anything that has mass and volume.
States of Matter:
Solid: Holds a particular shape and has a definite volume.
Liquid: Does not hold a particular shape but has a definite volume and takes the shape of
its container.
Gas: Has no definite shape of volume. It expands to the volume available in its container.
States can be changed through heating and cooling.
Properties of Matter:
Physical Properties: Characteristics of a substance that can be observed without altering
the identity of the substance are called physical properties.
Chemical Properties: Characteristics of a substance that cannot be observed without
altering the substance.
Changes in Matter:
Physical Changes: Changes in matter which to not alter the identity of a substance.
Chemical Changes: Chemical reactions that do alter the identity of a substance.
Conservation of Matter:
• Antoine Lavoisier made a universal statement that applies to all branches of
science.
• Law of Conservation of Matter:Matter, like energy, is neither created nor
destroyed in any process.
Elements and Compounds:
Elements:
Element: A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by a chemical
change.
• Elementsare listed together in a periodic table.
Compounds:
Compound: when two or more elements combine in a chemical reaction.
Distinguishing Between Elements and Compounds:
Pure Substances: Elements and compounds
• Every element has a set of unique chemical and physical properties.
• Electrolysis: helped chemists after Lavoiser to distinguish between elements and
compounds. Electrolysis tears apart an element with electricity.
Mixture:
Mixture: A blend of two or more pure substances.
Types of Mixtures:
Heterogeneous Mixture: A mixture that has visibly different parts.
Homogeneous Mixture: Mixtures that don’t contain visibly different parts.

Separating the Components of a Mixture:

Heterogeneous Mixture Homogeneous Mixture
Filtration Distillation, crystallization, and chromatography

• Distillation; takes advantages of different boiling points to separate solid

impurities from water and other liquids.
• Crystallization: Limited to liquid solutions, produces solids are a very high level
of purity
• Chromatography: Separating a substance by allowing it to flow along with
another stationary substance.