Engg.

Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Water Technology Introduction

Interesting Facts about water

Water comprises nearly 70% of the Earths surface and also makes up approximately 70% of our body composition. Out of the 70 %, only three percent is fresh water, and most of that is tied up in the polar ice caps and glaciers (2%). Hence only 1% is potable. The remaining 97% of the water on earth is saltwater.

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Do you know the percentage of water in your brains and bones? Well, 70% of your brain and 25% of your bones are made up of water.

Do you know that a human being can go without food for a month, but he cannot go without water for more than a week! A normal human being must have 2 liters of water each day Water is one of the few substances on Earth that occurs naturally in all three forms of matter viz., solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapour). We need to drink water frequently, but drinking too much water can kill us. Drinking too much water can cause a dangerously low dilution of electrolytes and other minerals in the body, leading to death by hyper-hydration. Water is called as the universal solvent because it can dissolve many substances, including metals (turning steel into rust, for example). Pure H2O is tasteless; many bottled and mineral waters obtain their unique taste from the minerals dissolved in their source water.

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Engg.Chemistry - I

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Learning Objectives

At the end of the unit student will become conversant with sources of water Impurities present in water Types of hardness Units of hardness Expression of hardness Disadvantages of hard water in industries Estimation of Hardness by EDTA method Estimation of type and amount of alkalinity in a water sample. Disadvantages of using impure water in boiler ( Boiler troubles) Precautionary methods to be adopted for boiler feed water softening and demineralization methods , differences between them and their scope the requisites for potable water the domestic / municipal / potable water treatment process Problems based on hardness Problems based on EDTA process This unit is supplemented with two experiments to be carried out in the laboratory viz., Estimation of Hardness (EDTA- Complexometry) and Estimation of Alkalinity (Neutralisation reaction).

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Water is a renewable resource, made continuously available by hydrological cycle which operates through solar energy Hydrological Cycle

Ground water Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are known as aquifers

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Impurities present in water

Water contains naturally occurring impurities such as Physical impurities clay, vegetable & animal matter Chemical impurities - Dissolved salts and gases , mainly carbonates , bicarbonates, sulphates, chlorides of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, Fe etc Biological impurities bacteria / algae / fungi / virus These impurities might affect physical (colour, odour), and / or Chemical (pH, TDS, Hardness etc.,) properties of water and interfere in its usability

Definition: Hardness, Hard water & Soft Water

The property of water which prevents it from lathering is called Hardness. Water which forms a scum with soap is called hard water. Water which produces lather readily with soap solution is called Soft water.

Types of Hardness

Temporary Hardness is due to bicarbonates of Ca & Mg salts Permanent Hardness is due to chlorides & sulphates of Ca & Mg salts Expression of Hardness

Hardness is expressed in terms of CaCO3 equivalents

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Units of Hardness i) Parts per million (ppm) ii) Milligram per litre (mg/ L) iii) Degree French iv) Degree Clark

Estimation of Hardness by EDTA method Water hardness is determined by titrating with a standard solution of ethylene di ammine tetra acetic acid, EDTA EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions

To the water sample ammonia ammonium chloride buffer and Eriochrome Black T indicator is added and titrated against EDTA solution The colour change observed during the titration is as follows: Wine red to steel blue through an intermediate purple colour

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Estimation of type and amount of alkalinity in the water sample

Alkalinity refers to the capability of water to neutralize acid. Alkalinity is estimated by using phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicator and titrating against acid solution. The colour change observed is as follows: For phenolphthalein indicator colour change is pink to colourless and with methyl orange indicator pale yellow to pale Pink.

Boiler Feed Water Boilers are systems designed for heating water to produce energy Water fed into the boiler for the production of steam is called boiler feed water

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Boiler feed water should be Free from hardness producing substances Free from acidic gases Free from oil and other suspended particles BOILER PROBLEMS Impurity Effect in boiler

Oil

Foaming

Dissolved gases O2 / CO2 and dissolved salts like MgCl2

Corrosion

Mg(HCO3)2,Mg(OH)2, Ca(HCO3)2, CaSO4

Scales are formed which decreases the efficiency of Boiler, Priming also occurs

MgCl2 , MgSO4, CaCl2 ,MgCO3

Sludge is formed , Decreases the efficiency of Boiler

Na2CO3

Caustic Embrittlement

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INTERNAL CONDITIONING METHODS Method Carbonate Phosphate Calgon Colloidal Agent applied Sodium Carbonate Sodium Phosphate Sodium hexa meta phosphate Tannin, Lignin, Kerosene, Agar-Agar

EXTERNAL CONDITIONING METHODS Zeolite Process Zeolite is a naturally occurring porous rock made up of oxides of sodium / Potassium oxide along with alumina and silica. Water containing hardness causing ions is allowed to pass through the zeolite bed slowly. During the downward flow of water the hardness causing ions in water gets exchanged with sodium ions of zeolite. Zeolite bed adsorbs hardness causing ions.

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Ion Exchange or Deionisation or Demineralization Process Deionisation process removes all the anions and cations present in the hard water. Demineralisation of water is done in an ion exchanger. Ion Exchange resins are insoluble cross linked long chain macro polymer with micro porous structure and the functional groups attached to the chains are responsible for the ion exchanging properties. The equipment contains a cation exchanger and an anion exchanger.

DESALINATION OF BRACKISH WATER Water containing dissolved salts with a salty taste is called brackish water. It cannot be used for drinking purpose. The process of removing extra common salt from saline water is known as desalination. Desalination is expensive method. Commonly used desalination methods are

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Electro-dialysis - Ion selective membranes are used Reverse Osmosis Freezing Distillation REVERSE OSMOSIS In reverse osmosis, pressure is applied to the concentrated solution reversing the natural direction of flow, forcing water across the membrane from the concentrated solution into the more dilute solution. This process of reversal of osmosis is called reverse osmosis.

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Domestic Water Treatment

Requisites of Drinking water : Drinking or potable water should be Clear, colourless and odourless turbidity not > 10 ppm Free from objectionable minerals & dissolved gases pH ~ 7.5 8.0 TDS < 500 ppm Free from disease producing microorganisms Free from Pb, As, Cr, Mn, Fe etc. The different steps of treatment are

Screening & Settling Precipitation /coagulation Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection Disinfection / sterilization

Purpose of disinfection is to make Drinking water free of any disease causing bacteria and microbes. A good disinfectant Should be able to destroy the harmful microorganisms effectively at low concentration within a short time Should be economical Should not leave any toxic and objectionable matter in water after disinfection Methods of disinfection are Boiling Bleaching powder Chlorination Chloramines Ozone Ultraviolet radiation

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Domestic Water Treatment

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Check your understanding Choose the right answer from the options given below: 1. Only about _____% of the world's total water resource exists as fresh water available for human use. a) 97% b) 3% c) 1% d) 0.1% 2. The hydrologic cycle will naturally purify and recycle fresh water as long as humans don't a) Pollute the water faster than it is replenished. b) Withdraw it from groundwater supplies faster than it is replenished. c) Overload it with slowly degradable and nondegradable wastes. d) All of the above 3. During which of the following does water move in a direction different from the others? a) Percolation b) transpiration c) infiltration d) precipitation 4. Porous water-saturated layers of underground rock are known as a) aquifers b) recharge areas c) watersheds. D) runoff areas

5. Which of the following statements about desalination is true? a) The common methods of desalination are reverse osmosis and evaporation which require little or no energy. b) Desalination is expensive c) The removed salt can simply be dumped back into the ocean without any environmental consequences d) Desalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems

6 . Deionisation process removes all the --------- and -------- ions present in the hard water. 7. Water fed into the boiler for the production of steam is called ---------------8. Hardness is expressed in terms of --------------9. Soft water is --------------------------10.

Hard water is -------------------------------Check the correct answers on page 16

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Engg.Chemistry - I

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Answers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 c d b a b anions and cations boiler feed water CaCO3 equivalents Which produces lather with soap solution Which does not produce lather with soap solution

Summary On completion of this chapter you have learned that: The main sources of water are surface and underground water The impurities present in water are suspended impurities like sand, clay etc. The chemical impurities are dissolved salts and gases and bacterial impurities are fungi, bacteria etc. Water which does not produce lather with soap is called hard water Water which lathers easily with soap is called soft water. Hardness is of two types. Permanent hardness is due to chlorides & sulphates of Ca & Mg salts Temporary hardness is due to bicarbonates of Ca & Mg salts Hardness is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate equivalence Units of hardness are ppm , mg/l , degree French , degree clark Hardness is determined by EDTA method, volumetrically. It is a complexometric reaction. Alkalinity is determined by titrimetry using standard acid and phenolphthalein and methyl orange indicators.

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Engg.Chemistry - I

Pre class- Water Technology

Water fed into the boiler for the production of steam is called boiler feed water Depending on the nature of impurity the following problems occur in boilers -- Scale and Sludge formation -- Priming and Foaming -- Boiler corrosion -- Caustic embrittlement Zeolite and demineralization process for removing hardness causing ions The process of removing common salt from saline water is known as desalination Desalination methods Domestic water treatment Reference for Additional Reading A text book of Engineering Chemistry by Shashi Chawala, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, New Delhi (15 Edition) 2004. A Text book of Engineering Chemistry by S.S.Dara, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi 2004. Engineering Chemistry by J.C. Kuriacose and J. Rajaram, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi 2004

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