Statistical Physics: November 28, 2012

Solutions for the Homework 10

Problem 7.66: Consider a collection of 10, 000 atoms of rubidium-87, conned inside a box of volume (105 m)3 . (a) Calculate 0 , the energy of the ground state. (Express your answer in both joules and electron-volts.) Solution: From the equation 7.118, 0 = 3h2 = 1.14085 1032 J = 7.12063 1012 eV. 8mL2 (1)

(b) Calculate the condensation temperature, and compare kTc to 0 . Solution: From the equation 7.126, Tc = (0.527) Then, the ratio of kTc to 0 is kTc 0 = 103.816. (3) h2 2mk N V
2/3

= 8.57849 108 K.

(2)

(c) Suppose that T = 0.9Tc . How many atoms are in the ground state? How close is the chemical potential to the ground-state energy? How many atoms are in each of the (threefold-degenerate) rst excited states? Solution: From the equation 7.129, N0 = 1 T Tc
3/2

N = 1461.85.

(4)

Approximate that the number of atoms in the ground state is suciently greater than 1, so we can use the equation 7.119: 0 = kT = 7.29179 1034 J = 4.55118 1015 eV. N0 (5)

Now, to calculate the number of atoms in the rst exited state, I need to calculate the energy of rst exited state and use it. 1 = N1 = 6h2 = 2 0 , 8mL2 1 = 87.3226, ( ) /kT 1 1 e 1 (6) 3N1 = 261.968. (7)

Statistical Physics: November 28, 2012

(d) Repeat parts (b) and (c) for the case of 106 atoms, conned to the same volume. Discuss the conditions under which the number of atoms in the ground state will be much greater than the number in the rst excited state. Solution: Same step for (b) and (c) with only dierence is the number of atoms. Then, Tc = (0.527) kTc 0 = 2236.66 1 T Tc
3/2 2/3

h2 2mk

N V

= 1.84818 106 K

(8) (9)

N0 = 0 = N1 =

N = 146185

(10) (11) (12)

Critical temperature is higher than before and the number of atoms in the ground state increases simply 100 times higher than before. But the energy dierence between the ground state energy and chemical potential decreases and it leads that the number of atoms in the rst excited state is not 100 times, just small factor times higher than before. This means that the number ratio N1 /N0 will increase if the total number of atom increases. Problem 7.68: Calculate the condensation temperature for liquid helium-4, pretending that the liquid is a gas of noninteracting atoms. Compare to the observed temperature of the superuid transition, 2.17K . (The density of liquid helium-4 is 0.145 g/cm3 .) Solution: Use the equation 7.126: Tc = (0.527) h2 2mk N V
2/3

kT = 1.57097 1034 J = 9.80522 1016 eV N0 1 = 1985.15, 3N1 = 5955.45. ( ) /kT 1 1 e

= 3.13318 K.

(13)

Helium-4 has some real eect and it disturb the condensation at the predicted temperature, so the experimental critical temperature is smaller than the theoretical critical temperature. Problem 7.70: Figure 7.37 shows the heat capacity of a Bose gas as a function of temperature. In this problem you will calculate the shape of this unusual graph. (a) Write down an expression for the total energy of a gas of N bosons conned to a volume V , in terms of an integral (analogous to equation 7.122). Solution: Similar to the procedure on the textbook from the equation 7.121 to 7.123, U =
alls

s e(s )/kT 1 2 2m h2

=
0

g ( ) 3/2

d e()/kT 1 d.

(14) (15)

3/2

=
0

e()/kT 1

(b) For T < Tc you can set = 0. Evaluate the integral numerically in this case, then dierentiate the result with respect to T to obtain the heat capacity. Compare to Figure 7.37.

Statistical Physics: November 28, 2012

Solution: Set = 0 and then, U = = = CV = 2 2 2 5 2m h2 2m h2 2m h2

3/2

V
0 3/2

3/2 d e/kT 1
0

(16) (17) (18) (19)

V (kT )5/2
3/2

x3/2 dx ex 1

V (kT )5/2 (1.78329),

3/2

2mkT h2

V k (1.78329).

To plot the graph, make a dimensionless variable: CV Nk = = 5 2mkT h2

3/2

V k (1.78329) / T Tc
3/2

2.612

2mkTc h2

3/2

(20) (21)

5 (1.78329) 2.612

Then, the plot of heat capacity is below blue lines in gure.

CV Nk 2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

t T Tc

3 N k in the high-T limit. (c) Explain why the heat capacity must approach 2

Solution: By the equipartition theorem at high temperature, monatomic gas behave like ideal gas and it should have the heat capacity 3N k/2. (d) For T > Tc you can evaluate the integral using the values of calculated in Problem 7.69. Do this to obtain the energy as a function of temperature, then numerically dierentiate the result to obtain the heat capacity. Plot the heat capacity, and check that your graph agrees with Figure 7.37. Solution: First, nd from the result of the problem 7.69 (a). After that, we can explain the total energy using by the total number of atoms N with the variable changes: T /Tc = t,

Statistical Physics: November 28, 2012

x = /kTc and m = /kTc . Then, U = = = 2 2 2m h2

3/2

V
0 3/2

3/2 e()/kT 1
0 x3/2

d dx

(22) (23) (24)

2mkTc h2

V kTc
0

x3/2

2 N kTc 2.612

e(xm)/t 1 dx

From this, we can calculate the heat capacity but its hard to see analytically. So, use some computation program. Then, the plot of heat capacity is above red lines in gure. (See details in code section.) Problem 7.72: For a gas of particles conned inside a two -dimensional box, the density of states is constant, independent of (see Problem 7.28). Investigate the behavior of a gas of noninteracting bosons in a two-dimensional box. You should nd that the chemical potential remains signicantly less than zero as long as T is signicantly greater than zero, and hence that there is no abrupt condensation of particles into the ground state. Explain how you know that this is the case, and describe what does happen to this system as the temperature decreases. What property must g () have in order for there to be an abrupt Bose-Einstein condensation? Solution: Since the density of states is constant, the total number of atoms N is

e(xm)/t 1

= g
0

1 e()/kT 1

d.

(25)

When = 0, integrand of above equation is innite at the ground state. But the number of atoms is nite, so that is not possible. To modify this, the chemical potential should be negative value. Divergence of the integrand is independent to the temperature, so the chemical potential will be negative value whatever the temperature is.
2.0

1.5 T high

1.0

0.5 T low

0.0 0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Suppose that the temperature goes to zero. Then excited atoms continuously move to the ground state. In order to get the abrupt Bose-Einstein condensation, set = 0 and to make the number of atoms nite, set the density of state g () goes to zero when goes to zero, similarly to the three-dimensional case.

Problem 7.66
a
h 6.62607 10^ 34 ; eV 1.6021766 10^ 19 ; rubidiummass L 10^ 5 ; ep0 ep0 3 h^2 eV 10 10
32 14

1.443161

10^

25 ;

8 rubidiummass L^2

1.14085 7.12063

b
k 1.38065 10^ number 10 000; T1c 0.527 k T1c ep0 8.57849 103.816 10 h^2
8

23 ;

2 Pi rubidiummass k

number

L^3 ^ 2

c
T1 0.9 T1c;

N0 1 T1 T1c ^ 3 2 number k T1 N0 k T1 N0 eV mu Solve ep0 a k T1 N0, a 1, 1, 2 ep1 2 ep0; N1 1 E^ 1461.85 7.29179 4.55118 87.3226 10 10
34 15

ep1

mu

k T1

solution_10.nb

number

10^6; h^2 2 Pi rubidiummass k number L^3 ^ 2 3

T1c 0.527 k T1c ep0 T1 0.9 T1c;

N0 1 T1 T1c ^ 3 2 number k T1 N0 k T1 N0 eV mu Solve ep0 a k T1 N0, a 1, 1, 2 ep1 2 ep0; N1 1 E^ 1.84818 2236.66 146 185. 1.57097 9.80522 1985.15 10 10
34 16

ep1
6

mu

k T1

10

Problem 7.68
mol 6.022141 10^ 23 ; density 0.145 10^ 3 10^ 6 ; heliummass 6.646478 10^ 27 ; V mol heliummass density; T2c 0.527 h^2 2 Pi heliummass k mol V ^ 2 3

3.13318

Problem 7.70
d

solution_10.nb

In[9]:=

f t_ : Integrate Sqrt x

Exp

1 , x, 0, Infinity

mu t_ InterpolatingPolynomial Prepend Table t, With t1 t , FindRoot f t1 t, 1.1, 3, 0.1 , 1, 0 , t ; U t_ : 2 2.612 Sqrt Pi NIntegrate x^ 3 2 u t_ InterpolatingPolynomial Table t, U t c t_ D u t ,t ; p1 p2

2315

1000, m,

0.01,

0.2

1, 2

Exp x mu t , t, 1, 3, 0.1

t 1 , x, 0, Infinity ,t ;

Plot c t , t, 1, 3 , PlotStyle Red , PlotRange 0, 3 , 0, 2.5 ; Plot 5 1.78329 2.612 Pi^ 1 2 t ^ 3 2 , t, 0, 1 , PlotStyle Blue , PlotRange 0, 3 , 0, 2.5 ; Show p1, p2, GridLines 1, Dashed, Gray , 1.5, Dashed, Gray , AxesLabel "t T Tc ", "CV Nk"

CV Nk 2.5

2.0

1.5
Out[16]=

1.0

0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

t T Tc

Problem 7.72
Plot 1 E^x 1 , 1 2 E^ x 2 1 , 1 3 E^ x 3 1 , x, 0, 3 , PlotStyle Black, Red, Blue , Epilog Arrow 1.2, 1.2 , 0.5, 0.5 , Text "T high", 1.3, 1.3 , Text "T low", 0.4, 0.4 , PlotRange 0, 3 , 0, 2
2.0

1.5 T high

1.0

0.5 T low

0.0 0.0
In[206]:=

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Table

t, FindRoot 2.315 Integrate Sqrt x c, 0.1, 0.2 1, 2 , t, 1, 3, 0.2

Exp

1 , x, 0, Infinity

Out[206]=

1., 2.50947 10 9 5.23185 10 15 , 1.2, 0.043972 , 1.4, 0.160954 , 1.6, 0.335558 , 1.8, 0.557827 , 2., 0.820792 , 2.2, 1.1193 , 2.4, 1.44937 , 2.6, 1.80785 , 2.8, 2.19217 , 3., 2.6002