Health Workers Neg - SDI 5 Week

SDI 2007 5 Week
1 Health Workers Neg
Health Workers Neg SDI Strategy Forum

Intel/Strategy Strat Sheet..................................................................................................................................................................2 Tips and Tricks to the Aff..........................................................................................................................................3 DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2) .............................................................................................................4 DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2) .............................................................................................................5 DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2) ............................................................................................................6 DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2) ............................................................................................................7 Case Frontlines 1NC Solvency Takeouts (1/2) ...................................................................................................................................8 1NC Solvency Takeouts (2/2) ...................................................................................................................................9 Solvency Takeout Ext Need More Workers (1/) ..................................................................................................10 1NC AT Disease Adv (1/2) .....................................................................................................................................11 1NC AT Disease Adv (2/2) .....................................................................................................................................12 1NC AT Poverty Adv (1/2) .....................................................................................................................................13 1NC AT Poverty Adv (2/2) .....................................................................................................................................14 AT Children Die Adv (1/1)......................................................................................................................................15 AT Moral Obligation (1/1) ......................................................................................................................................16 1NC Solvency Turns (1/1).......................................................................................................................................17 Abuja Pledge CP 1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (1/2) 18 1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (2/2) ...........................................................................................................................19 CP Solvency Extns- Solves Health Worker Shortage (1/1) .....................................................................................20 CP Solvency Extns- Non-monetary Incentives Solve (1/1).....................................................................................21 CP Solvency Extns- K to Health Care (1/1) ............................................................................................................22 AT Perm/Foreign Aid Bad (1/3)..............................................................................................................................23 AT Perm/Foreign Aid Bad (2/3)..............................................................................................................................24 AT Perm/Foreign Aid Bad (3/3)..............................................................................................................................25 AT Multiple Actor Fiat Bad (1/1)............................................................................................................................26 AT Object Fiat Bad (1/1).........................................................................................................................................27 Imperialism Critique 1NC Imperialism K Shell (1/2)................................................................................................................................28 1NC Imperialism K Shell (2/2)................................................................................................................................29 Imperialism Impact- Neoliberalism (1/1) ................................................................................................................30 Imperialism Alternative- Understanding (1/1).........................................................................................................31 AT Perm (1/1)..........................................................................................................................................................32 AT New Health Care Ethic Turn (1/1) ....................................................................................................................33 Politics Links Bush Bad Links- Black Caucus (1/1) ......................................................................................................................34 Bush Bad Links- Bipartisan (1/1) ............................................................................................................................35 Congress Supports the Plan (1/1) ............................................................................................................................36 Key Members of Congress Dont Support the Plan (1/1)........................................................................................37 Politics Links- Popular with Public (1/1) ................................................................................................................38 Politics Links- Unpopular with Public (1/1)............................................................................................................39 Other Off-Case China Relations DA Links ......................................................................................................................................40 WHO CP Solvency .................................................................................................................................................42 Spending links (1/1).................................................................................................................................................44 Random: Africans Fear U.S. Doctors (1/1) .............................................................................................................45 Random: PFTA Will Be Voted On Soon.................................................................................................................46 Random: AT Bush Likes/Dislikes the Plan .............................................................................................................47
SDI 2007 5 Week
Strat Sheet
Strategy 1- Abuja Pledge CP + Bush Bad Ptx + China Relations DA+ Spending DA + case This is probably the preferred strategy. You dont have to include all of the disads, but the CP is key. The aff has reasonably good squo harms, but the CP captures better solvency than even the plan (because of non-monetary incentives). If they try and shift their aff to include non-monetary incentives, you should point out that the US cant give non-monetary incentives- only the Africa has control over them. FYI- some Sub-Saharan African countries have their budgets easily accessible online, so you can calculate how much 15% of their budgets are, which I know for sure is more money than the plan gives (15% of South Africas budget alone is a large figure near 10 billion US dollars per year, whereas some of the aff evidence says the plan gives 2 billion to 7.7 billion US dollars per year over five years). Remember though, South Africa already spends 10% of its budget on health care, so the 5% under the Abuja pledge would be about 3 1/3 billion extra per year). Its best if you can win that the perm fails through foreign aid bad arguments; even though the CP competes through net benefits, allowing the perm to capture double solvency allows them a better chance to try and outweigh. The foreign aid bad arguments really need to prove that foreign aid + CP together messes up both because it promotes a dependent health care system, which will collapse without further aid. Furthermore, foreign aid is just bad. Real bad. You should point out that the CP solves for most of the solvency takeouts and turns on case since the Abuja Pledge solves infrastructure in general. Honestly, the politics links arent very deep- for example the black caucus links are fairly weak even if they are a little more specific. Generic links should work well in that case too. Finally, the most important thing on this CP is to win that it would solve the health worker shortage, which is pretty much the main weakness of this CP. While none of the cards directly say that, (they just say in general that most of the $2 billion to 7.7 billion from African governments would make progress) its easy to search the budgets (as mentioned before) and win solvency for the health worker shortage. Strategy 2- Abuja Pledge CP + Imperialism K + case The cards that I put in the Imperialism K are not the greatest. Specifically, they are more geared towards an aff that claims that U.S. training is an incentive, so U.S. health workers would need to enter Africa to train African health workers. Though I dont think that this will be the case, the Institute of Medicine 05 card in the DDI CM aff does say that U.S. health workers might train native workers (presumably in their native countries). Because any alternative will not solve the squo harms of the health worker shortage, use the solvency takeouts to prove that there is a 0% chance that the aff can solve for the squo harms either, so the squo harms apply in the worlds of the plan and alternative. Alternately, you COULD just use the Paul 06 card as the link because it applies to foreign aid in general being imperialistic. The CP DOES solve the Imperialism K (at least you have to say so) because it obviates foreign aid, which is the link to Imperialism. Strategy 3- WHO CP + Bush Bad Ptx + Spending DA + case There is no actual shell included, just some specific solvency indicating that the WHO does have strategies/programs to combat the health worker shortage. The Stilwell et al 04 card is fairly good at describing the strategies and you can use this to point out where the aff plan would not meet and thus fail at stopping brain drain, which is the internal link to their advantages.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Tips and Tricks to the Aff

Tips and TricksThere are three general advantages to the aff: disease, children dying, and poverty. The disease adv spawns off of the overstretch/shortage of health care workers (i.e. treatable diseases go untreated). General disease answers can be used to answer this as well. You should point out in cx that some of the preventable diseases they mention in their cards such as AIDS arent really preventable since theres no cure- drugs only slow down the disease, but ultimately they can still die from TB or something else because of a weakened immune system. Children dying adv also springs from the overstretch/shortage (i.e. treatable childrens disease go untreated). Its really just an extension off of the disease advantage. They have a moral obligation card in that adv, but I dont think that the aff will really go for it. If so, there are framework answers, they just say util good, neg outweighs + turns case- NB impact of nuke war or imperialism kills lots of people including children. Poverty adv spawns off of the brain drain scenario in which skilled workers leaving the country decreases GDP in that country, causing poverty. Note that their cards dont assume temporary migration (brain circulation) in which workers return to their native country. Plus, workers send money back to their country, increasing GDP. Potential Add-ons: Overstretch- they argue that overstretch collapses the health care system, which leads to rampant disease + death. Specific diseases (i.e. AIDS, TB, malaria, bird flu, tropical disease)- they argue that these are caused by overstretch. The last thing that they will try to do (possibly) is to say US has a moral obligation to solve, but that gives you a slightly stronger Imperialism link (its basically watered-down white mans burden). Also, just answer those arguments with util better- US should stay away because foreign aid is bad.
SDI 2007 5 Week
DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2)

Contention One: Inherency HEALTH WORKERS ARE LEAVING SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA AT AN ALARMING RATE. The Guardian Unlimited, 7/19/07, Brain Drain still Hurting Worlds Poorest Countries, http://business.guardian.co.uk/economy/story/0,,2130482,00.html STATUS QUO EFFORTS FAIL TO EFFECTIVELY GRAPPLE WITH THE NATURE OF THE HEALTH CARE AND DISEASE CRISIS Laurie Garrett, Senior Fellow For Global Health who appeared before Senate Subcommittee, Jan/Feb 2007, pg 14 vol 86 #1
Plan: The USFG should provide necessary incentives to establish 1 million jobs in Sub-Saharan Africa for public health workers. Advantage One: Disease THE LOSS OF ONE OR TWO SPECIALISTS CRUSHES EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH CARE SYSTEM Tim Martineau, Sr Lecturer in Human Res. Mgmt Intl Health Research Group, Karola Decker, Lec poli sci / IR U Hamburg, and Peter Bundred, Sr lecturer Dept of Primary Care, U Liverpool, October 2004, Health Policy , Volume 70, Issue 1, Brain drain of health professionals: from rhetoric to responsible action p. 3-4 AFRICAN HEALTH WORKER SHORTAGES INCREASE PREVENTABLE DISEASE CASES AND CRIPPLE THE SYSTEM Health Global Access Project, Advocacy group of health experts dedicated to achieving equitable access to treatment for all AIDS patients, 8-05, http://www.healthgap.org/hgap/accomplish.html TENS OF THOUSANDS OF AFRICANS DIE A DAY FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASE. DOUBLING HEALTH WORKERS IS KEY TO ENSURE QUALITY MEDICAL CARE American Jewish World Service, News Periodical, 2007, Take action to fight preventable disease in sub-saharan Africa, http://action.ajws.org/campaign/HealthCareWorkers HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS WILL DIE IN THE COMING YEARS OF TREATABLE DISEASE AND THE NUMBERS ARE ONLY INCREASING Rotimi Sankore, Medical Activist and freelance Writer, December 10, 2006, Right to Health Most Important Right of All THE IMPACT IS LINEAR AND ESCALATING-AS THE U.S. STEALS MORE HEALTH WORKERS FROM AFRICA MORTALITY RATES WILL INCREASE Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 7-13-06, G8: What Would an Effective Health Worker Plan Look Like? Physicians for Human Rights Envisions a Plan to Alleviate Health Worker Shortage and Build African Health Systems, http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/news-2006-07-13.html THE WINDOW IS CLOSING. WE MUST REVERSE THE AFRICA DISEASE CRISIS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE Vanguard (Nigeria), Nigerian Newspaper, 12-11-06, Nigeria: Health Rights Activists Demand 15% Budgetary Allocation From African Leaders
SDI 2007 5 Week
DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2)

Advantage Two: Poverty EMIGRATION OF SKILLED WORKERS SLOWS GDP, CAUSES POVERTY, AND INEQUALITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE B. Lindsay Lowell, dir poli studies Georgetown U, and Allan Findlay, prof pop geography U Dundee, 12/01, International Labour Office Geneva, Migration Of Highly Skilled Persons From Developing Countries: Impact And Policy Responses, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/imp/imp44.pdf, p. 6-7 POVERTY FACILITATES DANGEROUS RADICAL POLITICS AND THEIR ATROCITIES Leif Ohlsson, researcher Dept Peace and Dev Research, U Gteborg, December 2k, SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY, Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict p. 4 POVERTY CAUSES GENOCIDE RWANDA PROVES Leif Ohlsson, researcher Dept Peace and Dev Research, U Gteborg, December 2k, SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY, Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict p. 14-5 POVERTY KILLS MORE THAN A NUCLEAR WAR Mumia Abu-Jamal, former Reporter , 9/19/98, A QUIET AND DEADLY VIOLENCE, http://www.mumia.nl/TCCDMAJ/quietdv.htm]
Contention Two: Solvency SOLVING AFRICAN HEALTH CARE SHORTAGES IS KEY TO EFFECTIVELY COMBATING MOST DEADLY DISEASES Kaisernetwork.org, Online Service committed health policy solutions, 3-15-07, Africa; Daily HIV/AIDS Report, International Task Force Launched to Address Worldwide Shortfall in Health Workers, WHO Says INCREASED FUNDING CAN DOUBLE HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN AFRICA AND SOLVE THE SPREAD OF DEVASTATING DISEASE Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 1-01-05, Cost Estimates: Doubling the Health Workforce Doubling the Health Workforce in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2010 INCENTIVES EMPIRICALLY SOLVE SHORTAGES- SEVERAL COUNTRIES PROVE Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa, http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf RURAL COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS CAN REVIVE MEDICAL CARE AT A GRASS ROOTS LEVEL AND INCREASE PREVENTIVE TREATMENT Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 7-13-06, G8: What Would an Effective Health Worker Plan Look Like? Physicians for Human Rights Envisions a Plan to Alleviate Health Worker Shortage and Build African Health Systems, http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/news-2006-07-13.html AFRICAN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS ARE NOT BEYOND SAVING. DECENT SALARIES WILL RETAIN HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS Hetherick Ntaba, Health Minister of Malawi, 7-08-05, Africa doctors, AIDS, International Herald Tribune, page 11 FOREIGN AID IS NECESSARY TO KICK START AFRICAN SELF-HELP Jeffrey D. Sachs et al, dir The Earth Inst Columbia U, 2004, UN Millennium Project, Ending Africas Poverty Trap p. 139
SDI 2007 5 Week
DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2)

INHERENCY Severe shortages in African Public Health Sectors Tamar Kahn, Science and Health Editor of Business Day, September 8, 2005 [L/N] [SL] Even if there were more medicine, the lack of doctors destroys health care effectiveness Holly Burkhalter, Vice President of Government Relations for International Justice Mission, April 13, 2005, Human Resources for Health and the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic, [SL] The loss of skilled health-care workers destroys Sub-Saharan Africas ability to produce native workers UN News Service, September 28, 2005 [L/N] [SL]
Plan Text: The USFG should provide sufficient funding to double the number of health care workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and increase the salaries of the health care workers in Africa. We reserve the right to clarify
ADV 1: The Big A Word Shortage of Health-care workers impairs immunization, safe pregnancy, and treatments for HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis Chinadaily.com.cn, April 8, 2006 [L/N] [SL] Health Care Worker Crisis stops effective AIDS treatments Physicians for Human Rights, December 2, 2005 [L/N] [SL] TENS OF THOUSANDS OF AFRICANS DIE A DAY FROM PREVENTABLE DISEASE. DOUBLING HEALTH WORKERS IS KEY TO ENSURE QUALITY MEDICAL CARE American Jewish World Service, News Periodical, 2007, Take action to fight preventable disease in sub-saharan Africa, http://action.ajws.org/campaign/HealthCareWorkers AIDS is the greatest threat to humanity's survival once sub-Saharan Africa is gone, the rest of the world will follow Muchiri, 2000 [Michael Kibaara Staff Member at Ministry of Education in Nairobi, "Will Annan finally put out Africa 's fires?" Jakarta Post , March 6, LN] [Sekaran]
ADV 2: Children Die Millions of children die yearly from preventable causes problem acute in sub-Saharan Africa. US Coalition for Child Survival, collaboration of organizations and individuals that are working together to strengthen the United States and global commitment to child survival, (fill in), p. http://www.childsurvival.org/WhyCS/whatiscs.cfm Child health is the moral and public health issue of our time It is bigger than AIDS, TB, and malaria. David McAlary, science correspondent for the Voice of America, 6/27/03, Voice of America News: Health Section, p. ln
SDI 2007 5 Week
DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2)

Adv 3: Poverty EMIGRATION OF SKILLED WORKERS SLOWS GDP, CAUSES POVERTY, AND INEQUALITY EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE B. Lindsay Lowell, dir poli studies Georgetown U, and Allan Findlay, prof pop geography U Dundee, 12/01, International Labour Office Geneva, Migration Of Highly Skilled Persons From Developing Countries: Impact And Policy Responses, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/migrant/download/imp/imp44.pdf, p. 6-7 [Helen] POVERTY KILLS MORE THAN A NUCLEAR WAR Mumia Abu-Jamal, former Reporter and Death Row inmate, 1998, [A QUIET AND DEADLY VIOLENCE, 9/19/98, http://www.mumia.nl/TCCDMAJ/quietdv.htm]
OBS 2 Solvency Increased salaries are needed to retain African doctors Physicians for Human Rights, December 2, 2005 [L/N] [SL] US workers train native workers for self-sufficiency. Institute of Medicine, distinguished professors researching for a private, nonprofit society to advise the federal government, 05, Healers Abroad THE WINDOW IS CLOSING. WE MUST REVERSE THE AFRICA DISEASE CRISIS BEFORE IT IS TOO LATE Vanguard (Nigeria), Nigerian Newspaper, 12-11-06, Nigeria: Health Rights Activists Demand 15% Budgetary Allocation From African Leaders Ethical imperative now to prolong survival. Institute of Medicine, distinguished professors researching for a private, nonprofit society to advise the federal government, 05, Scaling Up Treatment for the Global AIDS Pandemic [MP]
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Solvency Takeouts (1/2)

1. Doubling the number of health workers isnt enough to solve the shortage which means health care indefinitely collapses anyways Vanguard (Nigeria), Nigerian Newspaper, 12-11-06, Nigeria: Health Rights Activists Demand 15% Budgetary
Allocation From African Leaders The World Health Organisation report for 2006 states that although there is a universal health worker shortage, it underlines that Africa is the only continent where the total number of health worker shortages (817,992) exceeds the existing number of health care workers (590,198). Lack of financial resources for the health sector and policies of some developed countries means that 'Brain Drain' has exacerbated this problem. Consequently, Africa has more health workers working outside Africa than any other continent. A failure to reverse these health worker shortages within the next 4 to 6 years means that all of Africa's 2010 Universal Access targets for prevention, treatment and care for HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria will definitely not be met. Even worse the three 2015 health related Millenium Development Goals-- based on scaling up reproductive health, children's health, and tackling the HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and other diseases-- may be an impossibility. Without doubt, the future of Africa hinges on whether or not its public health crisis, (its overall human resource crisis) and in particular its health worker shortage is resolved.
2. Corruption means that any aid money gets redirected and vanishes Robert Kilroy-Silk, Former Independent British Politician, September 8, 2002, The Express (editorial)
TONY BLAIR says that he has a great passion for Africa. Bully for him. It is more than most African leaders have for the continent. Like the would-be tyrants, Sam Nujoma of Namibia and Mugabe of Zimbabwe, they appear to have only a passion for themselves, Rolls-Royces, Lear jets, other peoples property, sharp suits and the expensive boutiques of London and Paris. They have a passion all right for holding out the begging bowl and then syphoning off large chunks of aid to their Swiss bank accounts. Everyone in Africa could have clean water today if international aid money had not been embezzled by grasping, greedy leaders.
3. Non-unique: some countries are already using incentives but theres still brain drain- the plan wont make any difference Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An
Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa, http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf Several African countries, recognizing the potential benefits of these incentives, have introduced increased pay for rural health workers. Mauritania, as part of a program to supplement salaries of health and education special incentives for civil servants, is providing higher bonuses for workers in remote rural areas.589 In early 2004, the Director-General of the Ghana Health Service announced that Ghana would soon introduce a package of benefits, a Deprived Area Allowance Scheme package, to health workers who accept posts in any of 55 designated deprived areas. District assemblies are to manage the incentives.590 South Africa also provides special allowances to rural health professionals. South Africas health budget allocates a total of 500 million rand (about $70-85 million) for two types of allowances, rural health allowances and scarce skill allowances, for health workers in 2003/2004. The funding is set to increase to 750 million and in 2004/2005 and 1 billion rand in 2005/2006. Depending on how the rural area in which the health professionals work has been designated, professional nurses will receive an additional 8-12% of salary; psychologists, pharmacists, and several other classes of health professionals will receive an additional 12-17% of salary, and; doctors and dentists will receive an additional 18-22% of salary.592
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Solvency Takeouts (2/2)

4. Alternate causalities- not enough equipment, sanitation for nurses to want to stay Shashank Bengali, Knight Ridder reporter, April 13, 06, Knight Ridder Newspapers, Africa risks loss of health
workers to U.S., lexis nexis academic, ael "Wages are obviously part of it, but it's also working conditions, their own safety, their ability to have the drugs, supplies and equipment they need," Friedman said. "And part of it is management: Do they feel like they have career-advancement opportunities? Do they feel they are being respected and treated fairly?" On the front lines of Africa's various health crises, nurses toil in difficult conditions, risking their own health because of inadequate sanitation and, in some places, a shortage of basic supplies such as clean gloves and syringes. The problems are most acute in rural areas. Even at Nairobi's Mbagathi District Hospital, the relatively well-funded public facility where Wahome works, there aren't enough blood-pressure devices or oxygen machines. Nurses complain about the skimpy paychecks, which often arrive late.
5. Alternate causalities- more training is also required for new health professionals as well as support staff in order to retain health workers Physicians For Human Rights mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice and promotes the right to health for all, June 04, An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Health Systems in Africa,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf, ael Addressing brain drain requires retaining health care workers, but given the severity of the shortage, it is not enough that low-income countries retain current health care workers. It is critical that large numbers of new health professionals be trained. Therefore, the response to brain drain must include measures to increase training capacity of medical, nursing, and other health training institutions. Low-income countries must also provide training to sufficient numbers of support staff, such as security guards and administrative workers.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Solvency Takeout Ext Need More Workers (1/)

Even if the plan added a million health workers, the plan would fall half a million shortoverstretch is inevitable Physicians for Human Rights, August 06, Bold Solutions to Africas Health Worker Shortage,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-boldsolutions-2006.pdf, ael In Africa, a mere 3% of the worlds trained health workers struggle to combat 24% of the global disease burden. The World Health Organization estimates that sub-Saharan Africa is suffering a shortage of more than 800,000 doctors, nurses, and midwives, and an overall shortfall of nearly 1.5 million health workers.
The rate of health worker emigration is accelerating- theres no way the plan can solve in time Physicians for Human Rights, August 06, Bold Solutions to Africas Health Worker Shortage,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-boldsolutions-2006.pdf, ael Health professionals have always been mobile. Leading specialist physicians have long been able to find posts anywhere. What is new is that there is a global market in health workers at many levels, including justqualified nurses. Like all markets, it is dominated by those with the money to pay. Those who already have health workers are recruiting more, while those who lack workers have even their few health professionals taken away. And this phenomenon is accelerating rapidly.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC AT Disease Adv (1/2)

1. Improved funding doesnt stop HIV or TB mortality Mark Blecher (National Treasury) and Stephen Harrison (Council for Medicinal schemes), 06, Health Care Financing,
www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/chap3_06.pdf, ael Improved funding has supported an increase in primary care visits by 20 million since 2000 and public sector health personnel numbers have recovered by almost 20 000 over the past two years to reach 235 000. However despite various funding, service and public health improvements, mortality is increasing largely driven by the HIV epidemic and resultant TB. Greater attention to improving effectiveness and outcomes is required.
2. Alternate causality- fear of vaccinations Harriet A. Washington, a fellow in ethics at the Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior
research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. As a journalist and editor, she has worked for USA Today and several other publications, been a Knight Fellow at Stanford University and has written for such academic forums as the Harvard Public Health
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael Such well-publicized events have spread a fear of medicine throughout Africa, even in countries where Western doctors have not practiced in significant numbers. It is a fear the continent can ill afford when medical care is already hard to come by. Only 1.3 percent of the world's health workers practice in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region harbors fully 25 percent of the world's disease. A minimum of 2.5 health workers is needed for every 1,000 people, according to standards set by the United Nations, but only six African countries have this many. The distrust of Western medical workers has had direct consequences. Since 2003, for example, polio has been on the rise in Nigeria, Chad and Burkina Faso because many people avoid vaccinations, believing that the vaccines are contaminated with HIV or are actually sterilization agents in disguise. This would sound incredible were it not that scientists working for Basson's Project Coast reported that one of their chief goals was to find ways to selectively and secretly sterilize Africans.
Review and The New England Journal of Medicine,
3. Without sterilized equipment, more HIV cases will spring up regardless of whether or not there are more health workers Harriet A. Washington, a fellow in ethics at the Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior
research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. As a journalist and editor, she has worked for USA Today and several other publications, been a Knight Fellow at Stanford University and has written for such academic forums as the Harvard Public Health Review and The New England Journal of Medicine,
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael Such tragedies highlight the challenges facing even the most idealistic medical workers, who can find themselves working under unhygienic conditions that threaten patients' welfare. Well-meaning Western caregivers must sometimes use incompletely cleaned or unsterilized needles, simply because nothing else is available. These needles can and do spread infectious agents like HIV - proving that Western medical practices need not be intentional to be deadly. Although the World Health Organization maintains that the reuse of syringes without sterilization accounts for only 2.5 percent of new HIV infections in Africa, a 2003 study in The International Journal of STD and AIDS found that as many as 40 percent of HIV infections in Africa are caused by contaminated needles during medical treatment. Even the conservative WHO estimate translates to tens of thousands of cases.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC AT Disease Adv (2/2)

4. AIDS numbers are exaggerated- anyone with symptoms of AIDS is labeled as having it without doing proper testing Tom Bethell, senior editor of The American Spectator, 06, The African AIDS Epidemic Is Exaggerated, Opposing
viewpoints, ael The prevalence of AIDS in Africa has been exaggerated. While the World Health Organization has confirmed slightly over a million AIDS cases in Africa, the media reports the number infected to be over 30 million. However, media estimates are based on a relaxed definition of AIDS used in African nations. Because of their high costs, HIV tests are not always given in Africa. The AIDS diagnosis is therefore often based on symptoms alone. If a patient exhibits the major symptoms of AIDSsuch as 10 percent weight loss, prolonged diarrhea, and a persistent coughthey are diagnosed with AIDS. However, many diseases such as malaria commonly found on the continent have the same symptoms and are being inaccurately diagnosed as AIDS. Anthony Fauci has directed the Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases [NIAID] almost since AIDS began. It is a part of the Hydra-headed thing called the National Institutes for Health. I bumped into him not long ago at a Starbucks in Washington, D.C. It was a Saturday morning and he was wearing a shiny black jacket, but he was easily recognizable from his frequent television appearances. He told me he had spent his entire career at NIAID. Since AIDS hit the headlines his agency's budget has soared, and he deserves no little credit for that. I told him I had heard that in Africa you don't need an HIV test to be diagnosed with AIDS. "They don't do it because the test is so expensive," Fauci said. He added that when HIV testing is done (e.g. on pregnant women in pre-natal clinics in South Africa) the estimated HIV-infection rate is confirmed. Diagnosis without a test is done "more for economic reasons than anything else," he said. A Broader Definition. It's important to remember that AIDS is defined as about 25 pre-existing diseases in conjunction with a "positive" test for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. They don't test for the virus itself. They test for antibodies to it. But in sub-Saharan Africa, they don't have to do the test! Think about that. If you see a doctor, and you have certain symptoms, the authorities can count you as an "HIV-AIDS" case. What are the major symptoms? Fever for a month; weight loss of ten percent; and prolonged diarrhea. A persistent cough is another. What this means is that traditional African diseases, common in areas with a tropical climate, open latrines and contaminated water, are now called something else: AIDS.
5. HUMANITY DOES NOT FACE EXTINCTION FROM DISEASE Malcolm Gladwell, journalist and staff writer for the New York Times, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995 excerpted
in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32* Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy but every strategy carries a corresponding cost and this makes human counterattack possible. Malaria is vicious and deadly but it relies on mosquitoes to spread from one human to the next, which means that draining swamps and putting up mosquito netting can all hut halt endemic malaria. Smallpox is extraordinarily durable remaining infectious in the environment for years, but its very durability its essential rigidity is what makes it one of the easiest microbes to create a vaccine against. AIDS is almost invariably lethal because it attacks the body at its point of great vulnerability, that is, the immune system, but the fact that it targets blood cells is what makes it so relatively uninfectious. Viruses are not superhuman. I could go on, but the point is obvious. Any microbe capable of wiping us all out would have to be everything at once: as contagious as flue, as durable as the cold, as lethal as Ebola, as stealthy as HIV and so doggedly resistant to mutation that it would stay deadly over the course of a long epidemic. But viruses are not, well, superhuman. They cannot do everything at once. It is one of the ironies of the analysis of alarmists such as Preston that they are all too willing to point out the limitations of human beings, but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC AT Poverty Adv (1/2)

1. Non-unique: poverty is being solved now Cape Times, South African Newspaper, July 27, 07, pg. 8, Poverty Study, lexis nexis academic
The results of the 2006 General Household Survey, conducted in July last year, were released this week. The survey suggests that access to education, health, employment, water, electricity and sanitation are all improving. The percentage of households using bucket toilets or without any toilets at all is down from about 13% in 2002 to 8.6% last year. Some 80% of households have electricity compared to 76% in 2002. More than 60% of households now benefit from refuse removal services compared to 55% four years ago. More children between seven and 15 years old are at school; and though one in every 10 people in the population still has no formal education, the proportion of people with matric has climbed slightly from 21% to nearly 24%. "In terms of several of the main dimensions of poverty, the situation is likely to have improved over the period 2002 to 2006," concludes Statistics South Africa. An telling indicator of poverty is the number of people who say they went hungry. About 7.8 million of South Africa's 13 million households, include a child or children. In 84% of these households, no child went hungry over the year. This is a major advance on 2002, when 69% of households said no child had been hungry. Among adults, 2.5% of households said an adult had been hungry in 2006, compared with nearly 7% in 2002.
2. Brain drain isnt bad for public health or the economy- doctors who emigrate would not be seeing patients anyways Kerry Howley, senior editor of Reason and a graduate of Georgetown University, where she received a B.A. in philosophy and English, July 1, 07, Reason, Out of Africa: brain drain or brain gain?; Citings; demand of health care workers, pg. 11,
lexis nexis academic, ael A new study has turned A new study has turned this assumption on its head. To test whether health worker emigration is hurting developing countries, Michael Clemens, an economist at the Center for Global Development and an expert on international migration, created and analyzed a database of health worker emigrants from Africa. To his surprise, Clemens failed to detect "any negative impact of even massive movements of health professionals out of Africa upon health worker stocks, basic primary health care availability, and public health outcomes." The African countries that send the most workers abroad, it turns out, are educating many more doctors and nurses than they are employing. It's a mistake to assume that an Ethiopian physician who takes a job in New York would otherwise be seeing patients in Addis Ababa. The shortages of working medical professionals to which the Times referred are a reality, but they reflect systemic problems, not a lack of health care workers. For some would-be physicians, the opportunity to emigrate may be the driving force behind the decision to seek training. Denying visas to nurses in Mozambique may just result in fewer nurses overall. "Punishing emigration, restricting quotas, and banning recruitment," Clemens concludes, "may at best make no one better off and at worst make everyone worse off."
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC AT Poverty Adv (2/2)

3. Brain drain is wrong- it doesnt account for temporary migration and brain circulation Mireille Kingma, a consultant on nursing and health policy for the International Council of Nurses, which is based in Geneva, Switzerland, June 1, 07, Health Services Research, Nurses on the move: a global overview, lexis nexis academic,
ael Finally, issues embedded in the brain drain/brain gain debate mustbe addressed. In general, migration is increasingly seen as a means for development and a better distribution of global wealth (IOM 2003). While some developing countries are "hemorrhaging" from nurse migration, others are benefiting from exchange programs, channeling remittances to public sector development projects, or finding migration a solution to high unemployment levels (ICN 2005). Brain drain, brain gain, and brain circulation are all possible scenarios that result from nurse mobility. Brain drain, which implies aloss to the source country of vital skills, professional knowledge, and management capacity, is only relevant as a concept if linked with permanent migration. If migrants return to their home country (or the country that has invested in their education), they will once again be a national resource, even an enriched resource if their acquired skills and knowledge are put to good use. There has been an increasing mix of temporary/permanent migration (Timur 2000) with a noted growth in temporary migration (Findlay and Lowell 2002). Many observers believe that the return rate is quite high--at least 50 percent of skilled emigrants return from most stints abroad, which tend to be for a period of 5 years (Lowell and Findlay 2002). Buchan et al. found that 85 percent of the international nurses surveyed planned to stay in the United Kingdom for 5 years or less (2005). Several researchers have documented that the rate of return for nurses is higher than for physicians (Padarath et al. 2003) suggesting that brain circulation is of particular relevance to nursing workforce policy.
4. Turn- migrants actually contribute to the economies of their home countries- empirically proven Ian Herbert, North of England Correspondent for the Independent, June 23, 05, The Independent, Pg. 8, MIGRANTS
'BRING MORE BENEFITS THAN COSTS' TO BRITAIN, lexis nexis academic, ael An increasing number of migrants are moving temporarily " rather than permanently " so there is potential for 'brain circulation' or 'brain gain', rather than 'brain drain'. Contrary to the perception that migrants take jobs from local workers, the report says that they tend to fill spaces at the poles of the labour market " working both in low-skilled, high- risk jobs and highly skilled, well-paid employment. They also make a significant contribution to the economies of their home states, the report says, with returning cash flows sometimes exceeding official development aid. Morocco received a total of $ 2.87bn (1.57bn), or 8 per cent of its gross domestic product, from money sent home by migrant workers in 2002 and remittances sent to the Philippines accounted for almost 10 per cent of its gross domestic product.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Children Die Adv (1/1)

1. Their own card admits that children die because of lack of access to vaccines and basic care, not lack of health workers US Coalition for Child Survival, collaboration of organizations and individuals that are working together to strengthen the United States and global commitment to child survival, no date given, p. http://www.childsurvival.org/WhyCS/whatiscs.cfm While child mortality rates have declined by about 1 percent every year for the past 20 years, millions of children (particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia) still die every year because they lack access to vaccines and other basic care.
2. Alternate causalities- immunization and nutrition needed US Coalition for Child Survival, collaboration of organizations and individuals that are working together to strengthen the United States and global commitment to child survival, no date given, Child Survival - the Current Situation,
http://www.child-survival.org/WhyCS/current.cfm In 2000, the US pledged to work with 188 other members of the United Nations to achieve a two-thirds reduction in the number of child deaths by the year 2015. This goal can be achieved with enhanced global commitment to the following basic, cost-effective child health actions: Expand routine immunization Promote proper child feeding, especially breastfeeding, and deliver essential micronutrients Prevent, diagnose, and treat acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and malaria Ensure safe pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care
3. Alternate causalities- drought and plague Hilary Andersson, the BBC's Africa Correspondent and reported on starvation and corruption in Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Rwanda, July 20, 05, Children are dying of starvation in feeding centres in Niger, where 3.6m people face severe
food shortages, aid agencies have warned, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4695355.stm, ael The crisis in the south of the country has been caused by a drought and a plague of locusts which destroyed much of last year's harvest. Aid agency World Vision warns that 10% of the children in the worst affected areas could die. They say the international community has reacted too late to the crisis. Niger is a vast desert country and one of the poorest on earth. Millions of people, a third of the population, face food shortages.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Moral Obligation (1/1)

1. Moral principles and ethical demands create an unfirm basis for decision-making in the realm of foreign policy. Beauchamp, Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University, Rights to health care, p. 19, 1991
Moral principles and judgements often do not establish a firm basis for public policies. Usually this occurs not because moral considerations are unimportant, but because there are conflicting moral demands and no single moral perspective is determinative. In such cases a moral decision concerning the weight of comparing, well-defended moral claims is required, and this decision in turn fixes the acceptable policies.
2. Turn Utilitarianism is the best moral theory. Its based on the value of life but not solely hinged on absolutist moral claims. Torbjorn Tannsjo, Professor of Practical Philosophy at Stockholm University and Research Fellow in Political Philosophy at the Swedish
Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences,
Hedonistic Utilitarianism, p. 158-159, Edinburgh University Press,
1998
First of all, utilitarianism is a moral theory. As stated and defended in the present book, it takes as its point of departure the idea that our moral reasoning makes sense, and it avoids moral particularism and moral relativism by providing an explanation of the (absolute) truth of those particular moral judgments that we want, upon reflection, to retain; or so I have argued, at any rate. Secondly, utilitarianism is not simplistic. The distinction used by utilitarians between a criterion of rightness and a responsible method of decision making is subtle. The criterion of rightness as stated in the present book is sensitive to the particularities of a situation. Any variation in the situation that might affect the value of the outcome of the action is morally relevant, so the utilitarian must concur in Carol Gilligans assessment that the example of Abraham, who is willing to sacrifice the life of his son in order to demonstrate the integrity and supremacy of his faith, so often referred to with admiration in traditional moral reasoning, shows the danger of an ethics abstracted from life.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Solvency Turns (1/1)

1. US UNILATERALISM UNERMINES HEALTH LEADERSHIP AND OVERALL GLOBAL HEALTH Ilona Kickbusch, Yale University School of Medicine, 2003, Health Impacts of Globalization: towards global
governance, eds. Kelley Lee, p. 199-200 What are the implications for global health development if the most powerful state continues to be driven by a realist frame of thought and action? On several occasions, health has been a test case for unilateral approaches rather than multilateral consensus; for example, 20 years ago in relation to the Code for the marketing of breast milk substitutes and most recently in relation to patent laws for medicines, where on both counts the United States chose a protectionist pro-industry approach rather than join a global effort on health protection. There are indications following the recent US moves to not join a whole number of international treaties that the US position will also change with regard to support of the framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Over the last decade, as the United States looked down from the peak of world power, its officials may have overlooked some currents rising below, writes the UN correspondent of the New York Times in commenting on the exclusion of the United States from the UN Human Rights Commission. Political commentary is increasing in the US, which warns against unilateralism and proposes that in order to move productively in the new global political space, the US will need to reassess both its role and its approaches and learn to accept interdependence and international institutionalization. In the long run, say some analysts, the United States will be in a stronger position to lead if it supports the United Nations. Whether this happens or not will have a crucial influence on the development of global health, its direction, its priorities and its funding.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (1/2)

CP Text- The AU nations should adhere to the Abuja Pledge of 2001 to commit at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector, including towards monetary and nonmonetary incentives for health workers. Observation 1- Theoretical Objections A) The CP is non-topical since the United States federal government is not increasing assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa. B) It competes through net benefits. Observation 2- Solvency 1. If African countries invest money, they will solve the health worker shortage Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 1-01-05, Cost Estimates: Doubling the Health Workforce Doubling the Health Workforce in Sub-Saharan Africa
by 2010 An initial investment of an estimated $2.0 billion in 2006, rising to an estimated $7.7 billion annually by 2010, is needed from African governments and the collective donor community to double sub-Saharan Africa's health workforce while increasing its effectiveness, thus making significant progress towards developing the workforces required for countries in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve national and global health goals.
2. Only African countries can offer additional salary or other non-monetary bonuses to improve morale and increase retention Physicians for Humans Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 6-04, An Action
Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Healthy Systems in Africa,
http://physiciansforhumansrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf African countries, with assistance if necessary from the United States and other donors, should provide extra salaries and benefits to health workers who take posts in rural or other underserved areas. Health professionals working in especially remote or otherwise unpopular facilities should be eligible for extra incentives. Just as increased remuneration generally is a key strategy to recruiting and retaining health professionals in Africa and other low-income countries, additional increases in salary and benefits are likely to help attract health professionals to rural areas, or encourage those already posted in rural and other underserved areas to remain. These incentives may take many forms, and need not be monetary, or exclusively monetary. For example, they might include extra vacation or study time, employment assistance for health workers spouses, and assistance with accommodations and the education of health workers children.588
3. And, unimproved morale will cause absenteeism, pilferage, strikes, and malpractice Support for Analysis and Research in Africa (SARA), The SARA project supports the work of USAIDs Bureau for Africa,
Office of Sustainable Development (AFR/SD) to improve policies and programs in health and basic education. Together, AFR/SD and SARA aim to improve the link between research, policy development and program design and implementation in Africa by promoting the use of information in policy and program development, and by identifying information gaps, February, 03, The Health Sector Human Resource Crisis in Africa: An Issues Paper, http://www.healthgap.org/camp/hcw_docs/USAID_healthsector_africa.pdf, ael Where the HR crisis has been most severe, adaptive and counter-productive behavior of health workers has also been more noticeable. Like all employees anywhere caught in the same difficult situation, African health staff resort to all forms of coping mechanisms, including absenteeism, salary-augmenting activities, pilferage of public property, industrial strikes, and poor treatment of patients. These should be seen as symptoms of underlying problems that need to be addressed, rather than as insoluble cultural givens that cannot be changed.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (2/2)

4. Absent the CP all Africans will be dead- only counterplan solves all preventable diseases without providing equipment or sanitation Africa News, January 30, 07, Nigeria; African Union Leaders Meet On Conflict, Climate, lexis nexis
academic, ael In a related development, Archbishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa also urged the AU leaders to increase health-care budget to the tune of 15 percent of its budget allocation. Tutu, in a letter written to the AU ahead of its summit, said that over 40-million Africans had died from diseases over the past five years. He said this was caused by the failure of African leaders to fulfill their 2001 AU summit pledge in Abuja of ensuring that at least 15% of its budget went to health-care. "This surpasses the two world wars and is roughly the equivalent of the combined population of Africa's ten least populous countries," said Tutu. "I urge you to act speedily. Nothing can be more important to African governments than the lives of African citizens. I urge you to ensure that from the meetings of the African Union ambassadors, the ministers, to the heads of states summit that the 15% Abuja commitment is at the top of the summit agenda and a timetable is set for the re-ordering African budget priorities towards urgently meeting this commitment". He said that if this was not done the continent would die before our eyes as statistics from global and African Institutions indicated that an estimated eight million Africans died annually from preventable and treatable diseases.
5. FINALLY, THE PERM FAILS- MORE FOREIGN AID IS NOT THE ANSWER ONLY AFRICA CAN SOLVE FOR AFRICA Ayittey 2005 (George) [Distinguished Economist at American University; President of the Free Africa
Foundation]. Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africas Future, pp. 417-418. In recent times, various people, including this author, have propagated the idea that the impetus for reform and change in Africa must come from within. Back in 1993, the $3.5 billion international peace mission into Somalia failed miserably. As a result, this author coined the expression African solutions for African problems. African solutions are less expensive, and, further, reform that is internally generated endures. Only Africans can save Africa. An international conference on Africas Imperative Agenda, held in Nairobi in January 1995, emphasized this new philosophy. Conference participants expressed strong support for the following priority propositions: 1. Africas human and natural resources are more than sufficient to revive progress if a concerted, determined effort is launched within each society, and coordinated regionally. 2. Such efforts will succeed only if Africans take full charge of them and formulate policies that are geared to meet national needs rather than win international approval. 3. Participatory political structures and good governance are essential preconditions for effective policymaking. 4. Only Africa can reverse its decline. 5. The criteria of success for economic policies must be the improved health and education of the population and increased employment and production. Therefore, the agricultural sector, which employs the vast majority of Africans, is central to economic revival. 6. The role of political leadership and government action has been downplayed and private sector efforts stressed in international debate. (Africa Recovery, June 1995; p.9) It may be recalled that this plan of action does not differ substantially from the Atinga development model we laid out in chapter 10. It requires the establishment of peace, the provision of some basic infrastructure, the mobilization of capital through the revolving rural credit schemes, and the investment of funds in agriculture or agriculture-related cottage industries. Agriculture is the main occupation of Africas peasant majority. Nothing complicated is envisioned just modernizing the existing indigenous institutions to generate economic prosperity. It is an African solution that returns to Africas roots and builds upon Africas own indigenous institutions. This blueprint is already there in Africa and does not require billions of dollars in Western aid. Nor does our plan envision extensive involvement of the state. In a sense, this approach may be characterized as the new African renaissance. Two African leaders Presidents Thabo Mbeki of South Africa and Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea have latched on to the African renaissance bandwagon. Let us briefly review their pronouncements.
SDI 2007 5 Week
CP Solvency Extns- Solves Health Worker Shortage (1/1)

1. The pledge would solve the health worker shortage- key to flexibility Global AIDS Alliance, 07, Strengthen Health Systems,
http://www.globalaidsalliance.org/issues/strengthen_health_systems/, ael Countries need the flexibility to increase the number of working health care personnel and to improve their salaries. A global advocacy campaign is underway to persuade the wealthiest countries, which largely control the policies of international lenders, to require these agencies to give countries the flexibility they need. The campaign is also encouraging countries to set their own path in making budgetary decisions, independently of the advice of the international lenders. People in many African countries are also pressing their governments to keep a promise made in 2005 to increase spending on health to 15% of the national budget.
2. Increasing health care to 15% of the budget increases the number of health workers Tanzania Gender Networking Programme, June 16, 07, Tanzania: What kind of budget do feminist
and gender activists want?, http://www.ansa-africa.net/index.php/views/news_view/tanzania_what_kind_ of_budget_do_ feminist_and_gender_activists_want/, ael Maternal Health depends, in part, on all girls and women having access to quality health care, good nutrition and safe, clean water, from the time of their birth. According to the Budget Guidelines, the total allocations to health, water and agriculture will actually decline from last year, in spite of government promises to ensure that all of its citizens have access to basic social services. We call on our government to stay true to its pledge at Abuja to increase the Health Budget [including provisions to LGAs] to the 15% target figure by 2010, and begin with 12% of this years budget. Equally important, we expect that concrete measures will be taken to dramatically improve health delivery, beginning with a major increase in the number of qualified trained health workers, and in provision of drugs, equipment and other resources needed at the community level.
3. The majority of the 15% goes to solving the health worker shortage Africa News, January 25, 07, Africa; Health Promises, Time to Deliver, lexis nexis academic, ael
The Petition also identifies key healthcare challenges which the resources from the 15% commitment should be focussed on resolving. One of them is Africa s health worker shortages that have been exacerbated by OE Brain Drain , which subsidises healthcare systems of more developed countries.
SDI 2007 5 Week
CP Solvency Extns- Non-monetary Incentives Solve (1/1)

Money isnt enough to attract more health workers in Africa- they require safer conditions and a better health system Physicians For Human Rights mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice and promotes the right to health for all, June 04, An Action Plan to Prevent Brain Drain: Building Equitable Health
Systems in Africa, http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/documents/reports/report-2004-july.pdf, ael The primary response to brain drain must focus on the push factors that are driving many African health professionals from their home countries. They leave because they refuse to practice in a second-class health system, where they practice in unsafe conditions, where they cannot begin to meet the needs of their patients and where their salaries may not enable them to meet their own needs. In other words, they want a good job, which entails living and practicing in an environment where their rights and their patients rights will be respected. An attempt to redress brain drain without focusing on the secondclass nature of health systems would not only be responding with a blind eye to widespread and systematic human rights violations, but would also require a level of coercion that seems bound to fail. Health professionals should decide to stay because they can function effectively and safely.
SDI 2007 5 Week
CP Solvency Extns- K to Health Care (1/1)

Africa must commit at least 15% of its national budget to the health sector before health care strategies can be implemented Africa News, May 14, 07, Africa; West Urged to Honor Pledges On Health Services, lexis nexis academic,
ael "The worlds Health Ministers must now move from passing resolutions to effecting resolutions and emergency action to end the deaths of over 8 million Africans a year to preventable, treatable and manageable diseases, caused mainly by maternal mortality, child mortality, HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria." The APHRA coordinator further stated: "It is also morally unjustifiable for Health Ministers of developed countries to subsidize their health systems with African health workers thereby condemning millions of Africans to death. Africa's subsidy of the developed countries through our health workers is worth billions of dollars. For instance the United States alone with its over 130,000 foreign physicians has saved an estimated $26billion in training costs. The UK is estimated to have saved at least $5billion. "Development Aid can only be seen as sincere if more developed countries invest in training their own health workers instead of undermining African health systems," the statement said. The statement said however that African Health Ministers must utilize the opportunity of the Africa regional group meeting at the WHA to work out the financing of the Africa Health Strategy they adopted in April in Johannesburg. "The strategy cannot be implemented if it is not financed. The first step to financing it is for African governments to meet their Abuja 2001 pledge to commit at least 15% of national budgets to the health sector," the statement said.
African governments must take the 15% commitment seriously or else good health care will be an impossibility Africa News, January 25, 07, Africa; Health Promises, Time to Deliver, lexis nexis academic, ael
"The evidence suggests African Heads of State are not taking the Abuja 15% commitment as seriously as they should. 5 years after the pledge, the great majority of the AU s 53 member governments including those in southern Africa most hit by Africa s worsening Public Health crisis have not even begun the process of meeting this pledge." She emphasised that "it s almost as if African governments don t realise that without a healthy and active population especially in the key age groups and social groups most affected by the health crisis Africa has no future. Maternal mortality for instance is almost 100% preventable. The fact that the figures for Africa are the highest in the world suggest that our governments still think that reproductive health which applies to half the populations of our countries is a fringe service" The Petition also identifies key healthcare challenges which the resources from the 15% commitment should be focussed on resolving. One of them is Africa s health worker shortages that have been exacerbated by OE Brain Drain , which subsidises healthcare systems of more developed countries. Speaking on how brain drain has worsened Africa s public health crisis, Eric A. Friedman, Senior Global Health Policy Advisor of Physicians for Human Rights, a partner of the campaign, stated: "In country after country, the shortage of health care workers, along with the lack of support for health care workers who struggle heroically to save lives, is a central obstacle to delivering a wide range of critical health services. Simply put, without the health workers, health services can t be delivered, and horrific levels of death and disease will persist. Much of the shortage is due to brain drain, as health workers migrate to countries in the North. Many of these countries train too few health workers themselves, so rely on health professionals from abroad to help meet their health care needs. Wealthy nations special connection to the health worker crisis in Africa due to brain drain requires that they work on a variety of fronts to prevent brain drain and support the development of effective and equitable health systems in Africa. Moreover, their own human rights obligations demand an intensive and multi-faceted response to this crisis." Abiola Akiyode-Afolabi Director of Women Advocates Research and Documentation Centre and Chair of the Nigerian and West African Social Forums underlined the implication of African governments of meeting their 15% pledge: "Unless the 15% commitment is fully implemented, all of Africa s 2010 Universal Access targets for prevention, treatment and care for HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria will definitely not be met. Even worse the three 2015 health-related Millennium Development Goals - based on scaling up reproductive health, children s health, and tackling the monster killer diseases of HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and other diseases may be an impossibility"
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Perm/Foreign Aid Bad (1/3)

Finally, the perm will never work. The 15% pledge contributes to independent health care, but foreign aid will undermine it. Africa News, January 25, 07, Africa; Health Promises, Time to Deliver, lexis nexis academic, ael
Nevertheless it underlines to African leaders that: "Fulfilling your 15% pledge without further delay will go a long way towards demonstrating African governments political will, restoring African dignity and ensuring that Africa s healthcare health care needs are met on a sustainable basis, (not dependent on donor support) in order to meet what is undoubtedly the most crucial Human Right of all, the Right to Health, and ultimately to Life itself"
SDI 2007 5 Week

2. AID DEPENDENCY DECREASES PER CAPITA INCOME IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA, INCREASING RISK OF POVERTY, TURNING CASE Llosa 2006 (Alvaro-director of the Center on Global Prosperity at the Independent Institute in Washington; The
Global and Mail, Enterprise is Better than Aid, 10/18/06 http://web.lexisnexis. com/universe/document?_m=72990cf400694fb197401fabadb95635&_docnum=1&wchp=dGLbVzbzSkVA&_ md5=c980cf6b0816cc74b9dcf501c9084dc8, Downloaded on 7/11/2007) Yet, this year's worthy winner, the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, is essentially a commercial operation and its founder, Muhammad Yunus, has clearly spelled out politically incorrect views regarding poverty: "Grameen believes that charity is not an answer to poverty. . . . It creates dependency. . . . Unleashing of energy and creativity in each human being is the answer to poverty." The bank lends tiny amounts to village dwellers so they can start small businesses. The scale can be so modest as to involve the purchase of a cow in order to sell milk. No collateral or credit history is required, the system works on trust and peer pressure: Lenders are placed in groups of five, with part of the group guaranteeing the loans of the rest. If a loan is not repaid, the community shuns the borrower. For half a century, wealthy nations - and rock stars - have focused on foreign aid as the way to spur development. Foreign aid started with U.S. president Harry Truman's Point Four Program at the end of the 1940s, partly to pre-empt the spread of communism. To judge by ever-increasing budgets and last year's call at the UN for a doubling of aid by 2015, it continues to be the fundamental focus of efforts to bring about prosperity in poor countries. No attention is paid to the fact that in sub-Saharan Africa, the region to which most of the foreign aid has gone in the past quarter of a century, per capita income has dropped by 11 per cent.
3. FOREIGN AID HINDERS ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RECIPIENT COUNTRIES, CAUSING POVERTY AND TURNING CASE Duc 2006 (Vu Minh, graduate of the International University of Japan, with a Master's degree in International
Development; Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - A Cross-country Empirical Analysis, March 2006, accessed on 7/11/07) http://cnx.org/content/m13519/latest/ As discussed above, the foreign aid is likely to hinder the economic growth for some reasons. In countries where the institutional environment is distorted, aid could be fungible into financing the governments consumption instead of being effectively invested. Saving displacement, aid dependency enhancement also badly affects growth of the recipient countries. Foreign aid and windfalls in countries characterized by a divided policy process are associated with increased corruption (Svensson, 1998). Foreign aid reduces long-run capital accumulation and labor supply (Gong and Zou, 2001). Moreover, depending on the marginal propensity to spend on the export goods and the conditions of aid, the foreign aid can possibly improve the donors terms of trade while make the recipient worse off (Krugman and Obsfeld, 2003).
SDI 2007 5 Week

4. EMPIRICALLY PROVEN- WITHHOLDING FOREIGN AID DECREASES CORRUPTION, FRAUD, AND OPPRESSION Diamond 1998 (Larry) [Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University]. Africa: The Second
Wind of Change, in Dilemmas of Development and Change, ed. by Peter Lewis, pp. 270-271. Another factor that has contributed to the demise of African authoritarian regimes has been the collapse of their resource bases. To a considerable extent, this has followed from their gross economic mismanagement, which has plunged into bankruptcy such mineral-rich states as Zaire, Zambia, Sierra Leone, Angola and even Nigeria. When the ruling coalition is preserved largely through the patrimonial distribution of material resources, the drying up of these resources means the collapse of the regime. This exhaustion of resources owes much to the decision of major international aid donors to cease subsidizing the theft and oppression of African dictators. The turnabout of France has been particularly striking: its refusal to keep subsidizing Kerekous bankrupt regime in Benin was the trigger that forced him to call a national conference that was his undoing. French pressure has also helped to persuade one-party dictators in the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Gabon and elsewhere to open up their regimes to public criticism and multi-party competition. In each of these cases, however, France has more recently appeared willing to content itself with a faade of multi-party competition, behind which corrupt presidents have rigged themselves back into power in the face of widespread (and in the case of Cameroon, massive) popular opposition. Where international aid donors have presented a united front, making aid conditional on democratic reforms, the results have been more dramatic, as in Kenya and most recently Malawi.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Multiple Actor Fiat Bad (1/1)

1. Most real world multiple actors make agreements to cooperate all the time 2. They fiat more actors: they fiat 535 members of Congress, 9 members of the Supreme Court and many members of lower courts to get the case to the Supreme Court, a HUGE number of actors within any executive agency, or a combination thereof - proves ALL policies involve multiple actors 3. Not infinitely regressive literature checks we cant just pick random actors; we need to choose ones that theres literature on pros/cons 4. Not infinitely regressive- we cant fiat away wars just because we use Sub-Saharan Africa as our actor. Perms check. 5. Better education we can learn more about cooperation and diplomacy by researching actor cooperation 6. Actors arent linked in a series- one actor doesnt fiat the next- not as complex as the chain of command in the USFG. 7. Dont vote just because multiple actors makes the CP more unlikely. Probability is a bad reason to vote on- the aff normally wouldnt be likely to occur either (i.e. inherency), so its better to suspend reality and preserve reciprocity so that the neg gets unlikely CPs just like the aff gets unlikely plans. 8. No voting issue at worst you reject the CP not the team.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Object Fiat Bad (1/1)

1. NOT object fiat- we dont fiat away any impacts of the plan. All we fiat is that AU nations increase their spending on health care. They can still argue a multitude of things against our CP. 2. Lit checks- theres plenty of evidence going both ways which means they havent lost any potential ground and theres no loss of education. 3. Not a voter- theres no direct abuse and potential abuse isnt a voter- dont blame us for what we could have done 4. At worst, drop the CP, not the team.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Imperialism K Shell (1/2)

HEALTH ASSISTANCE IS PATERNALISTIC AND HEGEMONIC WESTERN AGENCIES AND GOVERNMENTS DECIDE WHAT IS BEST FOR AFRICAN HEALTH Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, Professor Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 2006, Healing
Our Differences: the crisis of global health and the politics of identity, p. 5-6 The debate about the potentials and pitfalls on the health and cultural implications of globalization has become even more critical. Discourse on transcultural health and behavior has entered a new phase as the boundaries of identity (individual and collective) and cultural sovereignty are increasingly being questioned and redefined. The new language of this debate necessitates and interrogation of some hitherto exalted notions of globalization that cast a shadow on the voices of scholars and cultural agencies in regions and cultures of the world that are considered to be marginal. By this I refer not only to scholars from nonWestern countries but also to scholars from Western countries who are engaged in the struggle to transform certain dominant but retrogressive languages for health behavior. The pursuit of a common global mission has slowly been translated to mean an expectation of unquestioning cooperation (in the name of partnership) from, for example, African colleagues in addressing what has been determined in the Westernized academies to be issues of health priority. This hegemonic policy of determining African health priorities outside Africa is even more evident in the work of some experienced and productive African researchers whose scholarship serves to promote the health issues and priorities that are determined outside their resource-poor environment. These health priorities and issues are often determined by funding agencies of government and major philanthropic foundations in the West. A resulting Western hegemonic blow received by Africans was to be softened by the United Nations corporate language. Technical cooperation, for example, is considered to be a preferred term to technical assistance (more on this in chapter 3), even though the latter better reflects the relationship between Western ideology and recipient partners. Technical assistance conveys language of paternalism and is thus too revealing of its intent to be acceptable in the discourse on partnership for global health with no serious interests in questions of identity and cultures as determinants of health behavior. The Malin sage/thinker Amadu Hampate Ba once noted that the hand that gives always stays on top. In a partnership that separates a giver from a receiver, the receiver must interrogate his or her voiceless position if his or her cultural identity is to have any role in the meaning of such partnership.
COLONIALISM PRECLUDES SOLVENCY- HEALTH INTERVENTIONS FAIL BECAUSE WE ONLY LOOK FOR THE DOORS THAT OUR KEYS FIT Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, Professor Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 2006, Healing
Our Differences: the crisis of global health and the politics of identity, p. 194-5 Some educators and scholars today like to focus on individuality (at the exclusion of the contexts) as if it were the one key that would open all doors to Black progress. Cornel Wests (1993) rejection of the approach of trying to open all doors with one key while closing ones eyes to all other doors except the one the key fits is most instructive of the limits of many conventional approaches to studying health and behavior. The question of identity, culture, and health is about recognizing the several doors that have always been open in the form of cultural expressions, but have been ignored until they no longer seem like doors but incidental windows. To understand health behaviors in its many expressions is to know that there are many open doors; they are simply not constructed in the usual, familiar shape, pattern, and structure.
SDI 2007 5 Week
1NC Imperialism K Shell (2/2)

Turns case- imperialism would draw wealth out of Africa and slash other spending on health care just to increase crop exports World Socialist Web Site, December 2, 96, Central Africa, a catastrophe created by capitalism,
http://www.wsws.org/news/1996/dec1996/afr-d02.shtml, ael World imperialism has continued to draw the wealth out of Africa while paying less and less in return. Multinational corporations now control about 80 percent of Africa's trade in the mineral and agricultural raw materials that make up the bulk of its exports. They have continued to drive down prices on the world market. In the 1980s alone, falling commodity prices reduced Africa's real income by more than one-third. Africa's debt crisis Ever greater levels of scarce resources are siphoned off directly by the Western banks in the form of debt payments. Between 1990 and 1993, sub-Saharan Africa paid out $13 billion a year just to meet interest and service fees on its debt to the international banks. This figure amounts to far more than the total which all the governments of the region spend on education and health. Still these countries fall further and further into debt. As a recent UN report pointed out, the amount of money extracted from sub-Saharan Africa by banks based in New York, London, Tokyo and Frankfurt could assure the people of the region universal access to nutrition, education and health care. To insure that the African states meet their debt payments, the International Monetary Fund and similar agencies have imposed "structural adjustment programs" throughout the continent. These plans demand belt-tightening in countries where, in many cases, per capita income barely rises above $150 a year. In a region of raging epidemics and just one doctor for every 18,000 people, the IMF prescribes the slashing of spending on health care. It demands the cutting of agricultural subsidies and the shifting of the few available resources to the cultivation of export crops, which cannot feed the population. African governments are told to devalue their currencies in order to further reduce the cost of exports and increase that of needed imports, such as medicine and machinery.
Alternative- Reject foreign aid since it is imperialistic Paul 06 (Ron, US Representative and Presidential Candidate, antiwar.com, True Foreign Aid, May 2, 2006,
http://www.antiwar.com/paul/?articleid=8926) There are also practical reasons to oppose governmental foreign aid. Though it may be given with the best intentions, government agencies simply cannot do the kind of job that private charities do in actually helping people in need. Government-to-government assistance seldom helps those really in need. First, because it comes from governments, it usually has political strings attached to it, and as such is really a cover for political interventionism. Take our own National Endowment for Democracy, for example. The "aid" money it spends is usually spent trying to manipulate elections overseas so that a favored foreign political party wins "democratic" elections. This does no favor to citizens of foreign countries, who vote in the hope that they may choose their own leaders without outside interference. Likewise with the so-called Millennium Challenge Account, which sends U.S. aid to countries that meet U.S.-determined economic reform criteria. The fact is, countries that enact solid economic policies will attract many times the amount of private foreign investment on international capital markets than they receive through the Millennium Challenge program.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Imperialism Impact- Neoliberalism (1/1)

Imperialism sustains Neoliberalism Michael Parenti, Ph.D. in political science from Yale University and has taught at several universities, colleges, and other institutions, 1995 [http://www.michaelparenti.org/Imperialism101.html, Imperialism 101, Chapter 1 of
Against Empire, Accessed 6-29-06, JT//JDI] The legacy of imperial domination is not only misery and strife, but an economic structure dominated by a network of international corporations which themselves are beholden to parent companies based in North America, Europe and Japan. If there is any harmonization or integration, it occurs among the global investor classes, not among the indigenous economies of these countries. Third World economies remain fragmented and unintegrated both between each other and within themselves, both in the flow of capital and goods and in technology and organization. In sum, what we have is a world economy that has little to do with the economic needs of the world's people.
Neoliberal Imperialism is pure evil in the fact that it plunders natural resources, leads to disease, and destroys lives- turns case Michael Parenti, Ph.D. in political science from Yale University and has taught at several universities, colleges, and other institutions, 1995 [http://www.michaelparenti.org/Imperialism101.html, Imperialism 101, Chapter 1 of
Against Empire, Accessed 6-29-06, JT//JDI] Wealth is transferred from Third World peoples to the economic elites of Europe and North America (and more recently Japan) by direct plunder, by the expropriation of natural resources, the imposition of ruinous taxes and land rents, the payment of poverty wages, and the forced importation of finished goods at highly inflated prices. The colonized country is denied the freedom of trade and the opportunity to develop its own natural resources, markets, and industrial capacity. Self-sustenance and self-employment gives way to wage labor. From 1970 to 1980, the number of wageworkers in the Third World grew from 72 million to 120 million, and the rate is accelerating. Hundreds of millions of Third World peoples now live in destitution in remote villages and congested urban slums, suffering hunger, disease, and illiteracy, often because the land they once tilled is now controlled by agribusiness firms who use it for mining or for commercial export crops such as coffee, sugar, and beef, instead of growing beans, rice, and corn for home consumption. A study of twenty of the poorest countries, compiled from official statistics, found that the number of people living in what is called "absolute poverty" or rock bottom destitution, the poorest of the poor, is rising 70,000 a day and should reach 1.5 billion by the year 2000 (San Francisco Examiner, June 8, 1994). Imperialism forces millions of children around the world to live nightmarish lives, their mental and physical health severely damaged by endless exploitation. A documentary film on the Discovery Channel (April 24, 1994) reported that in countries like Russia, Thailand, and the Philippines, large numbers of minors are sold into prostitution to help their desperate families survive. In countries like Mexico, India, Colombia, and Egypt, children are dragooned into healthshattering, dawn-to-dusk labor on farms and in factories and mines for pennies an hour, with no opportunity for play, schooling, or medical care. In India, 55 million children are pressed into the work force. Tens of thousands labor in glass factories in temperatures as high as 100 degrees. In one plant, four-yearolds toil from 5 o'clock in the morning until the dead of night, inhaling fumes and contracting emphysema, tuberculosis, and other respiratory diseases. In the Philippines and Malaysia corporations have lobbied to drop age restrictions for labor recruitment. The pursuit of profit becomes a pursuit of evil.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Imperialism Alternative- Understanding (1/1)

HEALTH ASSISTANCE BY OR THROUGH MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS IS GROUNDED IN THE COMFORTABLE CHARITY FRAMEWORK RATHER THAN IN A FRAMEWORK OF JUSTICE- UNDERSTANDING IS KEY Edward ONeill, Jr., Professor Emergency Medicine, Tufts University, 2006, Awakening Hippocrates, p. xxxixxxii While charity has its place, it is important to reflect on our motivations for undertaking such work. We must look behind the veil of humanitarianism to understand how our own motivations might clash with the needs and desires of those whom we hope to serve. How might we turn the noble impulse of "charity" into something more powerful? Let's take a deeper look at the point in Dr King's "moral arc" where it bends "toward justice." Justice is a fundamental concept in our worldview, defined by Merriam Webster as "the use of power and authority to uphold what is right, just, or lawful." Just such a process did occur during the framing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the aftermath of World War II. (See Chapter 10.) Yet the concept of justice requires more work than that of a charitable act. Charity focuses our attention on the comfortable, familiar domain of the giver, while justice demands that we focus our attention on the unseemly and disturbing world of those on the receiving end. In charity, we can send some surplus supplies abroad, or we-can give our time and skills to those in need. But, to arrive at justice, we are required to take a far more arduous journey. We need to understand the needs and desires of the poor as well as the forces that constrain their hopes or very existence. Such understanding does not come easily. Many of the answers to the most pressing questions lie buried deep under common presuppositions that we rarely challenge. The very recordings of our society preclude an honest assessment for the majority of us. The basic question, "Why are they poor?" answers the question, "Why are they sick?" and requires that we understand the complex worlds of trade relations, history, racism, sexism, foreign aid flows, development, governance and global financial flows, among others, all of which conspire to perpetuate poverty. Only through such work can we understand what is real in the world. At such a time, many of the arguments that historically blame the victims fall away. We can then target our efforts at the forces most responsible, crafting solutions while working directly with those in poor communities. This is a tall order for the medical profession. We have long viewed the world through the comfortable position of providing life-enhancing care on a daily basis. Ours is truly a profession that allows us to do well while doing good work. That we care for the sick, and do so with such competence, provides us with sufficient moral cover. We can hear of others responding to the ills of the world and consider ourselves involved, if only through our daily work. Yet, there is far more required of us, both abroad in poor settings, and at home in the corridors of power.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT Perm (1/1)
1. The plan and alt are mutually exclusive- you cant give foreign aid and reject it at the same time for being imperialistic- thats severance since perm would only open jobs without giving incentives to Africa. 2. Severance perms bad A. Kills link ground: our positions all assume the plan as the focus, severing it kills that this is a moving target B. Kills CP ground: they can just sever the plan and do the alt C. Kills education: we will never debate the merits of the plan because they actually have severed the foreign aid part of the plan. D. Kills solvency: their authors advocate that aid occurs- kills their own solvency. E. Argumentatively irresponsible. This destroys affirmative advocacy by encouraging conditionality. The affirmative could conditionally advocate parts of plan destroying any predictable ground. F. Destroys clash we attacked one part of the plan, but the aff can just sever out that part of the plan, making debate about argument evasion rather than clash. G. Even if perms are just a test of competition, they test it between the whole aff plan and the alternative- not just part of the aff plan- the perm is unjustified. H. VI for ground and education 3. Extend the Paul 06 card from the shell- all foreign aid is inherently imperialistic (especially from the US), so the perm would still be imperialistic. 4. Extend the World Socialist Website 96 card- imperialism turns case since more people are killed, including children. 5. AND, neoliberal imperialism causes more disease and poverty- turns case- thats the second Parenti 95 card.
SDI 2007 5 Week
AT New Health Care Ethic Turn (1/1)

1. Their Benatar and Fox 05 card is talking about AIDS being a moral imperative, not the health worker shortage. 2. Their card is atrociously wrong- it says that the US must already have a sincere and mutual respect for other developing nations. Planting military bases in Djibouti doesnt seem that sincere to me. 3. Extend the World Socialist Website 96 card from the shell- the US has siphoned off money and resources from Africa from before and will do it again if given the chance. 4. Even if you grant them this turn its not offense against the CP- the CP solves this card better since it creates national approaches to health care that the card talks about is necessary to create the new health care ethic. 5. Plan doesnt change the minds of the US government officials- theyre just throwing money at African nations to solve the problem and allow for imperialism. If they really cared about the lives of Africans, the plan would already have been passed. 6. Moral obligations are bad for policy- util is key- insert from AT Moral Obligation on pg. 16 7. Aff doesnt solve for the terminal impact- it does nothing to check back imperialism, which will be rampant due to foreign aid- extend the Paul 06 card from the shell.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Bush Bad Links- Black Caucus (1/1)

The Congressional Black Caucus attempts to fix health worker shortages Michael H. Cottman, January 23, 07, blackamericaweb.com, The State of Black America, Part Six: After the
Storm 18 Months Post-Katrina, Where Do Big Easy Blacks Stand? http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/stateof/soba2007part6123, ael "People are dying every day because of a lack of medical services," Craft-Kerney told BlackAmericaWeb.com. "People were underserved before Katrina, so the situation has compounded. Many health care professionals have left the city for good. Its been very upsetting." "Prevention is key to better health outcomes," she said. "Therefore, it is imperative the Lower Ninth Ward Health Clinic maintain its mission of taking health care outside of the walls of the clinic and bring these much needed preventive services to the people who truly need them." The clinic aims to offer health support to treat a range of ailments, including but not limited to hypertension, stress, diabetes, cardiac conditions, minor trauma, plus treating respiratory illness and infections related to exposure to toxins from the flood. In addition, immunizations, help in registering for government assistance (Medicaid and Medicare) and pharmaceutical assistance for chronic illnesses will be provided through the clinic. Funding for health care and other critical needs are scarce. FEMA, for example, has paid Louisiana roughly $5.1 billion to reimburse communities for construction projects. But only 38 percent of that money has reached communities 18 months after the storm, officials said. Nagin stopped short of blaming the state but said the city cannot afford to start many projects , like health care clinics, without advance payments. "We're out of money right now," Nagin acknowledged. But Groff told BlackAmericaWeb.com there are no checks and balances in place to hold officials accountable. "What happened to the performance measures and benchmarks?" Groff asked. "There are foundational elements that are essential but seem missing from the slow recovery of the Gulf region as money is scarce, homes are still abandoned and the same pre-Katrina mistakes are re-emerging." He added that the Katrina recovery effort is also a major challenge for Democrats and the Congressional Black Caucus.
The Congressional Black Congress supports minority health issues- they wouldnt turn away from the plan Congresswoman Donna M. Christensen, Britt Weinstock, and Natasha H. Williams, 06, From Despair
to Hope: Rebuilding theHealth Care Infrastructure of New Orleansafter the Storm, http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/HJAAP/06%20articles/christensen%20et%20al06.pdf, ael Delegate to Congress Donna M. Christensen is a Democrat representing the U.S. Virgin Islands in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a member serving her fifth term in the 109th Congress, she is the first female physician in the history of the U.S. Congress, the first woman to represent an offshore territory, and the first woman delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands. In the 109th Congress, Delegate Christensen serves on the following House committees, subcommittees, and caucuses: the Committee on Resources, which oversees territorial and public land issues, the Committee on Small Business, which oversees entrepreneurship and business activities, and the Homeland Security Committee, which oversees preparing the nation to prevent and withstand attack. Congresswoman Christensen is the chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Health Brain trust and is recognized as a champion and expert on health, minority health, and the elimination of health disparities
SDI 2007 5 Week
Bush Bad Links- Bipartisan (1/1)

Link - Foreign assistance to African public health unites democrats and republicans Star Tribune, February 5, 07, Good bipartisanship on global health issues; Bush, Congress join forces to fight
AIDS in Africa, lexis nexis academic, ael Although President Bush and Congress are at odds over the nation's most pressing international issue the Iraq war - they are collaborating well on an equally important foreign policy issue. At last, the stars of public opinion and political will seem aligned to put more monetary muscle into fighting preventable global health problems. We have long argued that the United States can and should do more to assist global development and health. Investments in those types of nation-building efforts do more to promote international security than military efforts ever will. To that end, the Democratic-led House wisely rescued Bush's fight against AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, diseases that kill millions in Africa every year. Parts of the president's appropriation for last year got hung up in the unfinished budget business of the 2006 Congress. The new leadership agreed last week to allocate $4.5 billion this year to address the three global pandemics, $500 million more than the president requested. The House approved the aid Wednesday, and the Senate is expected to approve a similar bill this week. In his recent State of the Union address, Bush asked Congress to provide at least $1.2 billion over five years to fight malaria in Africa alone, as part of his overall request to spend $15 billion through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Millennium Challenge Fund. Although concerns remain about some strings attached to getting those funds, the administration is moving in the right direction. Since 2001, developmental and humanitarian aid to Africa has grown from $1.4 billion to $4 billion annually. That Democrats have embraced Bush's global health plans is worth applauding. As Rep. Nita Lowey, the Democratic chair of the foreign aid appropriations subcommittee, said, "We're in a different world now. This is the first time since Sept. 11 that we've had a power split in Washington (combined with) recognition that foreign assistance is critical to stability around the world.''
Link- Policies addressing the health worker shortage in Africa are bipartisan Congressional Press Release, March 7, 07, Africa News, U.S. Senators Introduce Health Capacity
Investment Act of 2007, lexis nexis academic, ael A bipartisan group of Senators today introduced the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007, a comprehensive bill to help sub-Saharan African nations confront the alarming shortage of health workers; thirteen countries on the continent have fewer than 5 physicians per 100,000 people. The United States has 549 physicians per 100,000 people.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Congress Supports the Plan (1/1)

Obamas support of a policy to stop the health worker shortage in Africa helps the plan Docs for Barack, May 15, 07, Obama Sign on to the African Health Capacity Investment Act,
http://docsforbarack.blogspot.com/2007/05/obama-sign-on-the-african-health.html, ael Senator Obama's office tells me he has signed on to the African Health Capacity Investment Act. I briefly blogged on this about a month ago, when Sen. Durbin first brought it to committee, and the issues addressed in the bill clearly haven't abated since then, so I'm extremely pleased to see Senator Obama on board. He could give the legislation just the kick-start it needs to make it out of committee and into law.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Key Members of Congress Dont Support the Plan (1/1)

Brownback and Collins dont sponsor a bill to reverse the health worker shortage Physicians for Human Rights Action Center, July 6, 07, Support the African Health Capacity
Investment Act, http://actnow-phr.org/campaign/cosponsor_durbin_bill, ael Because of their positions on key committees, Senators Sam Brownback (R-KS) and Susan Collins (R-ME) can ensure that the bill comes to a vote and passes swiftly. Ask Senators Collins and Brownback to: Co-sponsor the African Health Capacity Investment Act of 2007. Work with Senate colleagues to pass the bill quickly and ensure that Congress appropriates at least $150 million for the health workforce this year.
Biden and Brownback dont support the bill Physicians for Human Rights, June 15, 07, G8 Summit: Results and Reactions,
http://www.phrweekofaction.org/?cat=9, ael Students have been playing a crucial role in encouraging the US to act on its promises to address the African health worker crisis. Senators Joseph Biden and Sam Brownback have still not co-sponsored The African Health Capacity Investment Act. Their support is critical to ensure passage of this bill because of their important roles on key committees. Contact them today and ask them for their support, even if they are not your Senator.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Politics Links- Popular with Public (1/1)

Public supports aiding Africa High Level Forum on the health MDGs, November 15, 05, Working Together to Tackle the Crisis in
Human Resources for Health, www.hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/CrisisHRforHealth.pdf Public attention in Northern countries has been furthered fueled by the press, media, and NGO advocacy. The BBC, the New York Times, and the Guardian all have extensively featured the HRH crisis in Africa. Nongovernmental organizations have been successful in bringing the workforce crisis into public focus and into policy formulation in the US congress, UK parliament, and other legislative bodies. Professional groups have also been active, with major coverage of HRH by leading medical journals like the Lancet and the British Medical Journal. Indeed, among the most active advocates for correcting the unfairness of migration depletion from the poorest countries has been the British Medical Association.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Politics Links- Unpopular with Public (1/1)

Foreign aid is unpopular with voters Meernik and Oldmixon 2004 (James and Elizabeth, professors at the University of Northern Texas;
Internationalism in Congress, 2004, accessed on 7/11/07) http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/57/3/451 Most voters are motivated primarily by economic interests (Clarke and Stewart 1994; Edwards, Mitchell, and Welch 1995; Ostrom and Simon 1985, 1988; McKuen 1983; McKuen, Erikson, and Stimson 1992). Because the consequences of foreign policy generally do not touch upon their daily lives, in a direct tradeoff between the two- for example, between foreign aid and Social Security- they tend to favor the latter. While legislators can typically ignore the demands of foreign policy, presidents cannot. This is not to suggest that legislators ignore foreign policy, only that in comparison, members of Congress identify more strongly with parochial issues (Silverstein 1997).As Henkin (1990: 38) argues, The President represents the people of the United States to the world, Congress represents the people at home.
U.S. foreign aid is now uniquely unpopular- subsumes their evidence Vazquez, 1997 (Ian, CATO Handbook for Congress 105th Congress, 56). Foreign Aid and Current Lending
Fads, 1997 edition, http://www.cato.org/pubs/handbook/hb105-56.html. Foreign aid is among the most unpopular of all government programs with the American public. Although the public continues to place the alleviation of world poverty and the promotion of development in poor countries as priorities on its list of foreign policy concerns--a view consistent with the American tradition of generosity--it has lost confidence that the U.S. government is well suited to achieve those goals.
SDI 2007 5 Week
China Relations DA Links (1/2)

Link- China wants to maintain its new strong ties with Africa in the health sector The Statesman, Indian Newspaper, June 3, 07, A NEW SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA, lexis nexis academic,
ael More than 700 Chinese firms are now involved on the continent, and Beijing has written off more than $1.5 billion in debt. This perturbs the US and Europe, which have been the principal partners in an Africa which, nonetheless, remains mired in poverty and corruption. Many countries have been immobilised by AIDS and trapped as producers of primary products to which value is added only after they have been exported. Chinas bid for influence in Africa has been swift and intensive, and has produced a strong reaction from those who see their power undermined. China has been offering aid for oil, and has given loans and grants to African oil-producers without the conditionalities imposed by Western donors. The West has condemned Chinese aid, divorced as it is, from any demand that its recipients observe the highly publicised conditions now attached to Western aid - good governance, respect for human rights, market reforms, poverty-reduction and anti-corruption programmes. Britains Hilary Benn expressed this clearly in February 2007, when he asserted that Chinese
aid to Africa may do more harm than good. It risks, he said, driving African countries back into debt and may undermine efforts to create stable democratic governments. It is significant that the conditionalities of Western aid have been transformed in the past few years, not least as a response to Chinas no-strings policy. It was, after all, not China which created the unpayable debt-burden of Africa. It was not China that made loans dependent upon the privatisation of basic necessities. China imposed no structural adjustment programmes that exacerbated hunger and destitution in Africa. The new range of Western conditions has done little to modify the policies of the Washington consensus, embodied in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, to which the West has subscribed for a whole disastrous, destructive generation. Nor was it China that maintained in power the kleptocratic dictatorships in the 70s and 80s, who plundered their countries, led them to civil war and ethnic conflict, and who, confronted by the brutal triage of the AIDS epidemic, saw no urgent reason to bring desperately needed medicines within the reach of poor people. When Hilary Benn says that Britain dropped its requirements for African countries to conform to its ideological imperatives six years ago, he speaks as though this were ancient history; and Benn has so far failed the IMF and World Bank to follow suit. The rhetoric of these institutions may have changed, but this scarcely heralds a new era of economic altruism. Western hypocrisy in these matters, however, gives no reason to elevate the motives of China, whose involvement in Africa no more has the welfare of its people at heart than irresponsible lending by the West or punitive structural adjustment in the 80s and 90s. Chinas advertised respect for African countries independent choice of the road to development has been interpreted by the West as justifying its dealings with authoritarian and repressive governments. Earlier this year, China was reported to have been in talks with Mugabes Zimbabwe over a $2 billion loan. This was replaced by a more modest tractors-for-tobacco deal worth a mere $25 million. China has no wish to ally itself with doomed regimes. Sudan is another matter. In 2003, China exceeded Japan as the second largest consumer of oil after the USA, and China now takes two-thirds of Sudans oil exports. Sudan has proven reserves of almost 600 million barrels of oil, with the potential for far more; much of it in areas like Darfur, in which its army and Janjameed militias are putting down rebellions by African Muslims with great ferocity. There have so far been a quarter of a million deaths, and the displacement of more than two million people. Atrocities by the Sudanese army and militias operating under its protection have been well documented - the killing, rape and eviction of scores of thousands of people now living in makeshift tent cities in neighbouring Chad. Last week, Liu Guijin, a Chinese government official, stated that he saw no despair in the refugee camps he visited in Darfur. He said the people there thanked him for Chinese government assistance in building dams and providing equipment for water supply. China now declares that peace will be established only when poverty and underdevelopment have been addressed - a message closer to that of the West than either side cares to acknowledge publicly. Between 2003 and 2004, trade between China and Africa doubled to $18.5 million, and during 2005 doubled again to about $35 million. Much of this increase was accounted for by Chinese oil imports. Angola now exports about one quarter of its oil to China, which has a conspicuous presence in the country. China has sold arms to its allies, including fighter planes to Sudan, military equipment to Equatorial Guinea, and weapons to Tanzania and Zimbabwe. It has also helped arm both sides in the conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea. Chinas demand for oil has also contributed to the rise in oil
prices. This, in turn, has had a perceptible impact on the growth rate in parts of Africa. China has also made use of soft power - help with infrastructure, roads, schools and health centres. Beijing has sent doctors to Africa, and opened Chinese educational establishments to students from Africa. This week, Tony Blair made his farewell tour to Africa, where he declared that Africa is close to my heart. This paternalism is perhaps already outdated, as is clear from Chinas calculated non-interference in the affairs of sovereign states. At a meeting of the African Development Bank in Shanghai this week, Chinese Premier Wen Jinbao said China is truly sincere in helping Africa speed up economic and social development for the benefit of the African people and its nations. China - in Africa at least - is free of the imperialist taint that clings to the West. In 2006, China gave more than $2.7 billion in foreign aid. A decade earlier, this had amounted to less than $100 million. Blairs valedictory visit to the continent may be symbolic in more ways than one: he is also bidding goodbye to the undisputed control over Africa which the West has enjoyed since the demise of the Soviet Union. A new scramble for Africa is only just beginning.
SDI 2007 5 Week
China Relations DA Links (2/2)

CHINA EMPHASIZES MEDICINE AND HEALTH IN AFRICA Bates Gill, China expert, CSIS, CHINAS EXPANDING ROLE IN AFRICA, January 2007,
http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/chinainafrica.pdf Senior Chinese officials, in an attempt to step up the frequency of high-level visits, have now established the diplomatic precedent of beginning each new year with a major official visit to Africa. In 2007, Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing took a seven-nation tour of Africa beginning on January 1, with stops in Benin, Equatorial Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Chad, the Central African Republic, Eritrea, and Botswana. President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao, and Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing visited more than a dozen African countries within the first half of 2006, shortly after the issuance of the first official white paper on China-Africa relations in January 2006, on the 50th anniversary of Chinas diplomatic relations with Africa. In each of these high-profile visits, Chinese officials have consistently emphasized common ground with Africa and Chinas desire for a closer dialogue in areas such as peacekeeping operations, legislative exchanges, human resources development, medicine and health, judicial cooperation, and agribusiness.
Internal link- INCREASING U.S. INFLUENCE IN AFRICA WILL BRING IT INTO CONFLICT WITH CHINA Paul McLeary is a staff writer for the Columbia Journalism Review and has contributed to The
Christian Science Monitor, The Guardian and The San Francisco Chronicle, FOREIGN POLICY, March 2007, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3744&print=1 The fact that Hus visit and the announcement of AFRICOM coincided was most likely a coincidence. The Pentagon has been planning AFRICOM for years, and Chinas involvement in Africa is hardly new. That said, its obvious that both powers are sinking more assets into the continent at a time of growing instability and greater competition for resources. Although they may be ultimately drawn to Africa for different reasons, the United States and China could be headed for a collision in the most unlikely of places. Chinas interests in Africa are overwhelmingly economic. Gone are the days when Chinas main interest in African countries was to ensure that they didnt establish diplomatic relations with Taiwan. For the resource-hungry Chinese, Africas oil and mineral deposits are enticing, and the continent has provided a growing market for cheap Chinese textile goods. Chinas trade with Africa rose from $10.6 billion in 2000 to about $55 billion in 2006, and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao says China intends to increase trade with the continent to $100 billion by 2010.
SDI 2007 5 Week
WHO CP Solvency (1/2)

The WHO already has long and short term strategies to combat ALL the push and pull factors that cause brain drain- way more specific than their solvency advocates Niyi Awofeso, Conjoint Associate Professor of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, 04, WHO website, Managing brain drain and brain waste of health workers in
Nigeria, http://www.who.int/bulletin/bulletin_board/82/stilwell1/en/, ael Issue Motivation to migrate Suggested management strategies Short-term Long-term 1 Doctors trained to levels superior to local health realities Doctors complain of brain waste, and seek better opportunities for professional development in countries with better medical infrastructure Develop basic minimum standards for all district hospitals, and provide emergency funding (average ~ one-off additional grant of $US100,000 per district hospital [= $US 36 million], and additional $10,000/year for maintenance) to equip hospitals to standards that make medical practice rewarding for Develop basic minimum standards for all district hospitals, and provide emergency funding (average ~ one-off additional grant of $US100,000 per district hospital [= $US 36 million], and additional $10,000/year for maintenance) to equip hospitals to standards that make medical practice rewarding for patients and staff; provide inexpensive loan schemes to assist doctors set up private clinics and hospitals, particularly in rural areas, that meet detailed minimum standards ($US1 million) Encourage the establishment of full-fee paying private universities to train doctors for export ($0); Intensify training of allied medical staff such as assistant medical officers and community health officers (at an estimated cost of $US5 million/year), whose skills and competences are likely to be more suitable for Nigerias current level of health care delivery, particularly in rural areas (3). 2 Poor remuneration In terms of purchasing power parity, Nigeriabased doctors typically earn about 25% of what they would have earned if working in Europe, North America or the Middle East. Emigration is viewed by underpaid doctors as the most effective strategy to address such salary disparities Increase public sector salaries ($US 80 million/year), provide perks for resourceful doctors willing to undertake operational research and/or work on underserved diseases like tuberculosis, and in underserved (e.g. northern) regions, on a competitive basis ($US 500,000/year); Encourage health-based NGOs to incorporate supplemental doctors (and other health workers') remuneration into their funding proposals ($US0) Provide non-financial incentives such as sponsorship to attend overseas training and conferences, subsidized housing and transport ($US3 million); develop well equipped centers of medical excellence, where doctors with skill and ambition are able to attract international research grants that would provide professional and pecuniary rewards (US10 million seed grant, then $US500,000 annually) 3 Limited incentives for overseas-based Nigerian doctors willing to relocate and work in Nigeria. Scores of Nigerian doctors currently overseas are willing to return to Nigeria provided appropriate employment opportunities are available. Unfortunately, not only are such opportunities very scarce, there is growing unemployment among registered doctors in Nigeria. Furthermore, there is little enthusiasm by locally based senior medical staff to create openings for overseas-based doctors. Also, accreditation processes tend to be based on the principle of reciprocity, thus disadvantaging overseasbased doctors willing to return (4). Develop incentive schemes to improve attractiveness of return to Nigerias health sector for overseas-based doctors, as is currently the case in Thailand and Ireland (5) ($US 80,000/year) Strengthen bi-lateral agreements between the Medical and Dental council of Nigeria (MDCN) and overseas medical accreditation bodies, to reduce the bureaucracy currently involved in accrediting overseas qualifications by the MDCN (US10,000/annually). Provide stimulating environment for intellectual growth, such as ready access to computers, internet, learned journals ($US5 million/year).
SDI 2007 5 Week
WHO CP Solvency (2/2)

The WHO has a program to tackle health worker migration States News Service, May 15, 07, NEW INITIATIVE SEEKS PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TACKLE
HEALTH WORKER MIGRATION, lexis nexis academic, ael The Health Worker Migration Policy Initiative held its first meeting today at the WHO headquarters in Geneva. The initiative, led by Mary Robinson, President of Realizing Rights: the Ethical Globalization Initiative, and Dr Francis Omaswa, Executive Director of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA), is aimed at finding practical solutions to the worsening problem of health worker migration from developing to developed countries. WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan said, "International migration of health personnel is a key challenge for health systems in developing countries." The new initiative has a Technical Working Group housed at WHO.
The WHO already is making a new code to promote good health worker employment practices, one of the key pull factors States News Service, May 15, 07, NEW INITIATIVE SEEKS PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO TACKLE
HEALTH WORKER MIGRATION, lexis nexis academic, ael One of the initiative's first priorities will be to support WHO in drafting a framework for an International Code of Practice on Health Worker Migration, as called for by a resolution of the World Health Assembly in 2004. This framework will promote ethical recruitment, the protection of migrant health workers' rights and remedies for addressing the economic and social impact of health worker migration in developing countries. The Code of Practice will be the first of its kind on a global scale for migration. The initiative will also promote good practices and strategies to enable countries to increase supply and retain their health workers more effectively. The new tools and policy recommendations developed by the initiative will support better management of migration through North-South collaboration. Dr Omaswa emphasized the importance of addressing both the 'push' and 'pull' factors simultaneously.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Spending links (1/1)

Lots of spending- and this is already a year behind Physicians for Human Rights, Mobilizes health professionals to advance health, dignity, and justice for all, 1-01-05, Cost Estimates: Doubling the Health Workforce Doubling the Health Workforce in Sub-Saharan Africa
by 2010 An initial investment of an estimated $2.0 billion in 2006, rising to an estimated $7.7 billion annually by 2010, is needed from African governments and the collective donor community to double sub-Saharan Africa's health workforce while increasing its effectiveness, thus making significant progress towards developing the workforces required for countries in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve national and global health goals.
The WHO estimates it to be a minimum of $7 billion per year Africa News, May 4, 07, Africa; Support Budgets to Improve Health And Education Services, lexis nexis
academic, ael Oxfam found that fragmented and underpaying public systems, particularly in the health sector, lost personnel to private providers and donor-funded, disease-based programmes. Research in Ethiopia showed that medical specialists could earn three times as much working for an American donor agency, as they could at the ministry of health. WHO estimated that countries with severe health-worker shortages would need to increase their level of spending by about $1.60 per capita to meet the cost of training new health personnel. "To pay the salaries of the scaled-up workforce as they finish training, a further increase of $8.30 per capita would be required ... This implies extra investment of a minimum $7 billion each year," Noel said.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Random: Africans Fear U.S. Doctors (1/1)

Africans fear U.S. doctors and vaccines, increasing disease rates Harriet A. Washington, a fellow in ethics at the Harvard Medical School, a fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and a senior
research scholar at the National Center for Bioethics at Tuskegee University. As a journalist and editor, she has worked for USA Today and several other publications, been a Knight Fellow at Stanford University and has written for such academic forums as the Harvard Public Health Review and The New England Journal of Medicine,
August 1, 07, The International Herald Tribune, pg. 4, Why Africa fears Western medicine; Medical killers, lexis nexis academic, ael But to many Africans, the accusations, which have been validated by a guilty verdict and a promise to reimburse the families of the infected children with a $426 million payout, seem perfectly plausible. The medical workers' release appears to be the latest episode in a health care nightmare in which white and Western-trained doctors and nurses have harmed Africans - and have gone unpunished. The evidence against the Bulgarian medical team, like HIV-contaminated vials discovered in their apartments, has seemed to Westerners preposterous. But to dismiss the Libyan accusations of medical malfeasance out of hand means losing an opportunity to understand why a dangerous suspicion of medicine is so widespread in Africa. Africa has harbored a number of high-profile Western medical miscreants who have intentionally administered deadly agents under the guise of providing health care or conducting research. In March 2000, Werner Bezwoda, a cancer researcher at South Africa's Witwatersrand University, was fired after conducting medical experiments involving very high doses of chemotherapy on black breast-cancer patients, possibly without their knowledge or consent. In Zimbabwe, in 1995, Richard McGown, a Scottish anesthesiologist, was accused of five murders and convicted in the deaths of two infant patients whom he injected with lethal doses of morphine. And Dr. Michael Swango, ultimately convicted of murder after pleading guilty to killing three American patients with lethal injections of potassium, is suspected of causing the deaths of 60 other people, many of them in Zimbabwe and Zambia during the 1980s and '90s. (Swango was never tried on the African charges.) These medical killers are well known throughout Africa, but the most notorious is Wouter Basson, a former head of Project Coast, South Africa's chemical and biological weapons unit under apartheid. Basson was charged with killing hundreds of blacks in South Africa and Namibia, from 1979 to 1987, many via injected poisons. He was never convicted in South African courts, even though his lieutenants testified in detail and with consistency about the medical crimes they conducted against blacks. Such well-publicized events have spread a fear of medicine throughout Africa, even in countries where Western doctors have not practiced in significant numbers. It is a fear the continent can ill afford when medical care is already hard to come by. Only 1.3 percent of the world's health workers practice in sub-Saharan Africa, although the region harbors fully 25 percent of the world's disease. A minimum of 2.5 health workers is needed for every 1,000 people, according to standards set by the United Nations, but only six African countries have this many. The distrust of Western medical workers has had direct consequences. Since 2003, for example, polio has been on the rise in Nigeria, Chad and Burkina Faso because many people avoid vaccinations, believing that the vaccines are contaminated with HIV or are actually sterilization agents in disguise. This would sound incredible were it not that scientists working for Basson's Project Coast reported that one of their chief goals was to find ways to selectively and secretly sterilize Africans.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Random: PFTA Will Be Voted On Soon

PFTA will be on top of the docket after August Keith Koffler, reporter for Congress Daily, July 18, 07, NationalJournal.com/TheGate, FTA Push Moves To
Top Of Bush Agenda, http://thegate.nationaljournal.com/2007/07/fta_push_moves_to_top_of_bush.php, ael With the president's top domestic priority -- immigration overhaul -- in tatters, the Bush administration is intensifying efforts to move its trade agenda on Capitol Hill, using national security as an argument for four free-trade deals it wants Congress to pass as quickly as possible. As part of its push, administration officials will seek to galvanize allies in the business community to try to advance free trade agreements with Peru, Colombia, Panama and South Korea. "The pro-trade community sees these four agreements as a united set and believe it's important to pass them all," said one senior administration official. "The ongoing effort is continuing to build and will ratchet up efforts toward building bipartisan majorities this fall." Administration officials want Congress to move the Peru deal first, perhaps even before the August recess, but they will probably only get half of their wish. House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, D-Md., told reporters Tuesday that none of the trade agreements would come to the floor until after the August break, but said the Peru deal would be brought up in the early fall.
SDI 2007 5 Week
Random: AT Bush Likes/Dislikes the Plan

Bush didnt even mention the health worker crisis in comparison to fighting AIDS Health Global Access Project (GAP), an organization of U.S.-based AIDS and human rights activists, people living with HIV/AIDS, public health experts, fair trade advocates, May 31, 07, Africa: Bush's Funding Request Will Lead to Only
Modest Growth, http://allafrica.com/stories/200705310279.html, ael In response to President Bush's funding request to Congress today for the next phase of the "President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief" (PEPFAR), Health GAP released an analysis showing that Bush's requested $30 billion over 5 years would not keep pace with the spread of the epidemic and escalating demands for treatment. Instead, it would lead only to modest growth in current levels of U.S. spending on AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Health GAP called on Bush to commit to continuing support for 1/3 of the people estimated to be in urgent clinical need of HIV treatment--a "fair share" proportion that will increase to roughly 4 million people by 2014. By contrast, Bush announced a treatment target today of only 2.5 million people supported with U.S. funds. Likewise, the administration proposal appears to contain little to expand health care capacity in AIDS stricken regions. "At the Group of 8 Summit in 2005 and again at the UN General Assembly in 2006, Bush made a promise to reach universal access to HIV treatment and prevention," said Paul Davis of Health GAP. "The U.S. share of the cost of keeping that promise will cost at least $50 billion over the next five years. $30 billion over five years would actually result in an overall decrease in the percentage of people with HIV on treatment because of U.S. investments. This announcement, while an increase in funding for an historic program, is not on the scale that is so desperately needed from the U.S." According to advocates, PEFPAR in its second phase must urgently scale up its investments in training, retaining, and supporting expanding numbers of doctors, nurses and community health workers, in order to meet existing targets and build toward new ones. "There is a catastrophic shortage of health workers in Africa, and unless PEPFAR commits to spending new money to address this crisis, the U.S. will not be able to meet its treatment and prevention goals--or sustain its progress over the next phase of this program," said Asia Russell of Health GAP. At least $5.5 billion in additional spending by the U.S. is needed to invest in training and retaining health professionals during the next 4 years of PEPFAR. "Fighting AIDS in Africa without addressing the health worker crisis is like treating a massive hemorrhage with a handful of Band-Aids," added Jose DeMarco of Health GAP. "PEPFAR should spend money to train and deploy new health workers and pay the providers who are at the heart of any successful AIDS response."

Health Workers Neg - SDI 5 Week

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Health Workers Neg - SDI 5 Week

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SDI 2007 5 Week

1 Health Workers Neg

Health Workers Neg SDI Strategy Forum

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2 Health Workers Neg

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3 Health Workers Neg

Tips and Tricks to the Aff

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4 Health Workers Neg

DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2)

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5 Health Workers Neg

DDI BQ Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2)

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6 Health Workers Neg

DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (1/2)

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7 Health Workers Neg

DDI CM Health Workers 1AC Outline (2/2)

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8 Health Workers Neg

1NC Solvency Takeouts (1/2)

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9 Health Workers Neg

1NC Solvency Takeouts (2/2)

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10 Health Workers Neg

Solvency Takeout Ext Need More Workers (1/)

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11 Health Workers Neg

1NC AT Disease Adv (1/2)

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12 Health Workers Neg

1NC AT Disease Adv (2/2)

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13 Health Workers Neg

1NC AT Poverty Adv (1/2)

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14 Health Workers Neg

1NC AT Poverty Adv (2/2)

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15 Health Workers Neg

AT Children Die Adv (1/1)

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16 Health Workers Neg

AT Moral Obligation (1/1)

Hedonistic Utilitarianism, p. 158-159, Edinburgh University Press,

SDI 2007 5 Week

17 Health Workers Neg

1NC Solvency Turns (1/1)

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18 Health Workers Neg

1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (1/2)

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19 Health Workers Neg

1NC Abuja Pledge CP Shell (2/2)

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20 Health Workers Neg

CP Solvency Extns- Solves Health Worker Shortage (1/1)

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21 Health Workers Neg

CP Solvency Extns- Non-monetary Incentives Solve (1/1)

SDI 2007 5 Week