Name: _____Chau Vu___________________ Period: _________1________ Date: ___10/14/13________

APES Study Guide- Aquatic Ecosystems

Vocabulary
Understand and be able to apply each of these terms. 1. Salinity saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) of a body of water or in soil. 2. Plankton any organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current. 3. Nekton can be contrasted with plankton which refers to the aggregate of passively oating, drifting, or somewhat motile organisms occurring in a body of water, primarily tiny algae and bacteria, small eggs and larvae of marine organisms, and protozoa and other minute predators. 4. Benthos the community of organisms which live on, in, or near the seabed, also known as the benthic zone. This community lives in or near marine sedimentary environments, from tidal pools along the foreshore, out to the continental shelf, and then down to the abyssal depths. 5. Littoral Zone s the part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore. In coastal environments the littoral zone extends from the high water mark, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently submerged. 6. Benthic Zone s the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. 7. Eutrophication the ecosystem response to the addition of articial or natural substances, such as nitrates and phosphates, through fertilizers or sewage, to an aquatic system. 8. River Source The term upriver refers to the direction leading to the source of the river, which is against the direction of ow. 9. River Course the term downriver describes the direction towards the mouth of the river, in which the current ows. 10. River Mouth a part of a stream where it ows into another stream, river, lake, reservoir, sea, or ocean. 11. Marsh a type of wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. 12. Swamp a wetland that is forested. Many swamps occur along large rivers, where they are critically dependent upon natural water level uctuations. Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes.

13. Bog a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material. It is one of the four main types of wetlands 14. Lagoon- a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs. Lagoons are commonly divided into coastal lagoons and atoll lagoons. 15. Estuary form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine inuences, such as tides, waves, and the inux of saline water; and riverine inuences, such as ows of fresh water and sediment. 16. Abundance an extremely plentiful or oversufcient quantity or supply 17. Diversity the condition of having or being composed of differing elements 18. Watershed - carries water "shed" from the land after rain falls and snow melts. Drop by drop, water is channeled into soils, ground waters, creeks, and streams, making its way to larger rivers and eventually the sea 19. Hydrophytes- Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments (saltwater or freshwater). They are also referred to as hydrophytes or aquatic macrophytes. 20. Halophytes- s a plant that grows in waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semideserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores.

Critical Thinking
Read, analyze, and give complete answers to these questions.

1. What are the three important benefits (ecosystem service) provided by wetlands? - They are sources of lucrative harvests of wild rice, furbearing animals, sh and shellsh. - Wetlands limit the damaging effects of waves, convey and store oodwaters, trap sediment and reduce pollution. Named Natures Kidneys

2. What causes high and low tides? Explain. - Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.

3. Where would you find an estuary? What type of organisms would you expect to find there? - Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and ocean environments and are subject to both marine inuences, such as tides, waves, and the inux of saline water; and riverine inuences, such as ows of fresh water and sediment. You would expect to find organisms such as fishes, birds, and plants

4. What is the definition of freshwater? - Water that is not found to be salty.

5. The mouth of a river can sometimes become murky because of all of the sediments that are washed downstream. Name 3 problems are caused by murkiness? - The mouth of a river can sometimes become murky because of all of the sediments that are washed downstream. 3 problems are caused by murkiness are the soil can become eroded, water can be contaminated and there will be less sunlight in deeper zones of water.

6. Name 2 types of fish that can live in low oxygen environments: - 2 types of fish that can live in low oxygen environments are Teleosti and rainbow trout.

7. Explain why reefs are so important to preserve. What are some of the dangers to coral reefs? Name 2. - Reefs are so important to preserve because coral reefs are home to 25 percent of the animals and plants that live in the ocean. They provide feeding grounds, nursery areas, living space, and places to hide from predators for an enormous assortment of fish and invertebrates like grouper and lobster. Some dangers to coral reefs are anchoring and mass bleaching.

8. There are different types of marine reef environments. Define the following: a. Fringing Reefs: - a reef system that grows fairly close to (or directly from) the shore, with an entirely shallow lagoon or none at all b. Barrier Reefs: a reef system that parallel the shore and is separated from it by a wide lagoon that contains at least some deep portions c. Atolls: a roughly circular (annular) oceanic reef system surrounding a central lagoon d. Coral Reefs: Reef made of coral fragments, sands and organic deposit.

9. Draw a diagram of a marine environment and define the following: a. Intertidal: of or denoting the area of a seashore that is covered at high tide and uncovered at low tide. b. Pelagic: of or relating to the open sea. c. Abyssal: relating to or denoting the depths or bed of the ocean, esp. between about 10,000 and 20,000 feet (3,000 and 6,000 m) down. d. Benthic: the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.

10. What is winterkill in a lake? What happens? -> During the winter, oxygen normally enters the water of a frozen lake through the inlet water streams, cracks in the ice and slow diffusion though the ice. A thick snow cover on a lake can reduce the amount of oxygen passing through the ice.

11. Describe the differences in the types of food webs found in the two ocean light zones, euphotic and aphotic. Where does the initial energy input for each come from? -> In euphotic, there is enough light for photosynthesis. Most fish live in the euphotic zone. Bacteria are in the aphotic zone, including the crust of the Earth. The initial energy input for each comes from the sun.

12. Explain how lakes turn-over yearly and what this process causes. Name one positive and one negative aspect of turn-over. -> The process of a lake turn-over is when the water turning over forms the top to the bottom. During the summer the top is warmer due to the heat of the Sun, the deepest layer is the bottom. During the fall, the warm surfaces cool down when the water cools down, it becomes denser causing it to sink. Lake turnover is the process when epilimnion becomes hypolimnion.

13. Draw a diagram of a lake and define the following: a. Littoral Zone - the part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore. b. Limnetic Zone - well-lit, open surface waters in a lake, away from the shore c. Profundal Zone - deep zone of an inland body of freestanding water, such as a lake or pond, located below the range of effective light penetration.

14. Complete this summary table of aquatic ecosystems:

Location Coral Reef

Tropical oceans near the equator.

Physical Characteristics
Coral reefs made from Calcium Carbonate. Their colors come from their natural pigments

Coastlines of islands and continents

Sand, warm

Sandy Beach
Tropical Subtropical Muddy, little waves

Mangrove Swamp

Near estuaries

Decay in fall, healthy in spring and

summers.

Salt Marsh
Near salt marshes Waves Drained or filled.

Mudflat Coastlines with solid rock Rocky Shore

Rocks, waves, and easy to access