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developing conceptus (uterine tubes), support the development of the embryo (uterus) and provide a receptacle to receive sperm from the male (vagina).
The almonds.
They are intraperitoneal and their position in the pelvic cavity is stabilized by a mesentery called the that comes off the posterior surface of a mesentary called the . In addition, the lateral end of the ovary is held against the wall of the pelvic cavity by the , by which the ovarian artery and vein reaches the ovary, and the medial end of the ovary is attached to the uterus by the .
The peritoneum covers the ovaries as a 1. called the 1. . The thick connective tissue layer underneath the germinal epithelium is the 2. . The interior of the ovaries is divided into the superficial 3. and the deeper 4. .
3 2 4
1 2
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3 2 1
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1. Primary Follicle 2. Thecal Cells 3. Zona Pellucida 4. Granulosa Cells 5. Primary Oocytes 6. Zona Pellucida 7. Nucleus of Primary Oocyte 8. Granulosa Cells 9. Thecal Cells 10. Secondary Follicle
3 5 2 1
1. Tertiary Follicle 2. Corona Radiata 3. Primary Oocyte 4. Antrum containing Follicular Fluid 5. Granulosa Cells
The production of female gametes is a process called . occurs as part of the monthly ovarian cycle. The female stem cells, called (sing. oogonium), complete their mitotic divisions before birth and by birth have already begun the process of meiosis as .
The first reduction division of meiosis freezes during and roughly 2 million , frozen in prophase, are present at birth. From birth to puberty, degenerate until at puberty only 400,000 remain. This process by which primary oocytes disappear is called (adj. atretic).
The primary oocytes are surrounded by in a structure called a . The primordial follicles are found in the outer edge of the in clusters known as egg nests. At puberty, rising levels of (FSH) begins the ovarian cycle by which a select number of primordial follicles begin further development.
A follicle becomes a follicle when the cells divide and become . At the same time the primary oocyte becomes bigger. When there are two or more layers of cells surrounding the primary oocyte they are called . As the primary follicle gets bigger, a fluid filled space containing macromolecules, called the appears between the primary oocyte and granulosa cells.
Growth of the follicle is also associated with development of the cells immediately surrounding the follicle called . Some thecal cells along with secrete female sex hormones called estrogens, of which is the most important.
1. Primordial Follicle 2. Primary Follicle 3. squamous follicular cells 4. Cuboidal 5. Granulosa Cells 6. Zona Pellucida
A few of the continue to grow while most degenerate through atresia. In the follicles that remain, the cells secrete a fluid called . This fluid coalesces into a fluid-filled cavity called the . With the appearance of an antrum the follicle is called a .
Usually only one follicle remains midway into the ovarian cycle. This follicle enlarges partly as the result of further accumulation of fluid into the . The projects into antrum in a mound of cells called the . The follicle is now large enough to span the width of the cortex and creates a conspicuous bulge on the surface of the ovary. The follicle is now called a .
1. Antrum 2. primary oocyte 3. Granulosa Cells 4. cumulus oophorus 5. mature Graafian follicle
At about 14 days, or midway into the ovarian cycle, a sudden rise in (LH) released by the causes ovulation. About 3 hours before ovulation the resumes the first division of meiosis. The division results in a secondary oocyte that receives all the and a that contains only the genetic material and not much else. The polar body is essentially discarded.
As a result of the upsurge of , the cumulus oophorus detaches from the follicular wall, the fluid pressure within the follicle increases and the follicular wall weakens. The follicular wall finally ruptures and the is extruded. Granulosa cells remain attached to the of the secondary oocyte and form the .
5. Secondary Oocyte 6. Corona Radiata made of Granulosa Cells attached to Zona Pellucida
The ruptured follicle collapses and the and internal transform into -producing cells.
Though some estrogens continue to be synthesized by these cells, these cells now synthesize of which progesterone is the most important. promotes the secretory phase of the uterus. The accumulation of a yellow pigment in these cells is the reason this structure is called the (yellow body).
If pregnancy does not occur the corpus luteum begins to degenerate after 12 days. invade the deteriorating structure and form pale scar tissue that is called a (white body).
The uterine tubes are lined by an epithelium that has both and cells.
The secrete lipids and glycogen that provide nourishment for and the developing conceptus and the create currents that move material toward the uterus. The developing pre-embryo is also moved toward the uterus by of the of the uterine tubes.
Uterine Tube
The 1. is the funnel-like, open end of the uterine tubes. The edge of the 1. has numerous finger-like projections called 2. . The cells lining the inside surfaces of the 2. and 1. have that ensure that the ovulated secondary oocyte enters the tube and is propelled toward the uterus.
1
1. Ampulla
The 1. narrows near the uterus to form a short segment called the 2. . 1
2
1. Ampulla 2. Isthmus
This is the final segment of the tube within the wall of the uterus.
Intramural part
The is a pear-shaped organ that provides support for the developing embryo and fetus.
Uterus
The uterus has a muscular wall called the whose contractions assist in the expulsion of the fetus during birth.
Myometrium
In most women the uterus bends over the in a position known as . However, in some women the uterus bends back toward the in a position known as
The largest region of the uterus is called the . The rounded portion of the uterus superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes is the . Inferiorly, the body ends at a constriction called the . The cylindrical portion of the uterus below the isthmus is the .
2 1
The inferior end of the cervix protrudes into the end of the . The passageway within the cervix is the which opens in the vagina at the and opens into the uterine cavity at the .
Intraperitoneal
The peritoneum on the surface of the uterus extends from the sides of the uterus as a mesentery that attaches to the interior walls of the . This sheet of mesentery is called the .
The are folds of fascia that extend from the lateral surfaces of the to the .
These ligaments extend anteriorly from the lateral surfaces of the near the attachment of the through the and end in the connective tissue of the .
These ligaments extend from the base of the and to the lateral walls of the .
Uterine Wall
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2 3
The mucosa, or innermost lining of the uterus, is called the The contains numerous glands and blood vessels that provide physiological support for the conceptus.
Endometrium
This is the muscular wall of the uterus. It contains layers of smooth muscle that contract to provide the force that assists in moving the fetus from the uterus into the vagina.
Myometrium
The peritoneum of the pelvic cavity is present as a on the and anterior and posterior surfaces of the uterus. This serosa is called the .
The
and
arcuate arteries
Two types of arteries then supply blood to two zones of the endometrium:
The is the innermost zone of the endometrium. This zone contains most of the and it is supplied by .
This zone is adjacent to the myometrium. It contains the terminal ends of the and is not sloughed off with the . It is supplied by the .
The is coordinated with the as it is influenced by the same hormonal cycle. The can be divided into three phases:
The uterine cycle begins with the . The is the period during which menstruation occurs. involves the degeneration and detachment of the of the uterus. The dead tissue is sloughed and along with some blood exits the uterus through the cervix and vagina.
1. Menses
After the menses, and under the influence of secreted by the developing follicles of the , the of the endometrium is completely restored. By the end of this phase, which occurs during , the functional zone is several millimeters thick and highly . secreting a mucus rich in glycogen extend the full thickness of the endometrium to the basilar zone.
1. Proliferative Phase 2. Estrogens 3. Ovaries 4. Functional Zone 5. Ovulation 6. Vascularized 7. Uterine Glands
Proliferative Phase
The begins at ovulation and continues as long as the remains intact. The secretion of progestins by the corpus luteum stimulates enlargement and enhanced secretion of the and the elongation and further development of the .
Secretory Phase
The is an elastic, muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vestibule of the external genitalia. The recess that surrounds the part of the cervix that protrudes into the vagina is called the . The boundary between the vaginal and the vestibule is indicated by an elastic, epithelial fold, the .