978-1-4673-0455-9/12/$31.

00 2012 IEEE


Abstract-- Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) are
nowadays extensively used in variable speed wind power plants.
Doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) offer many advantages
such as reduced converter rating, low cost and reduced losses
with an improved efficiency, easy implementation of power factor
correction schemes, variable speed operation and four quadrants
active and reactive power control capabilities. Due to variable
speed operation total energy output is much more in case of
DFIG based WECS so capacity utilization factor is improved and
cost of per unit energy is reduced. But the main disadvantage of
DFIG is that it is very sensitive to grid disturbance/fault,
especially for the voltage dip. Since the doubly-fed induction
generator (DFIG) has been widely used in wind energy
conversion, the low voltage ride through (LVRT) technology of
the DFIG has been investigated extensively in recent times. This
paper focuses on the Asymmetrical fault ride-through capability
of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based WECSs. The
paper also provides an overview on the interaction between
variable-speed DFIG based WECSs and the power system
subjected to disturbances. The dynamic behaviour of DFIG wind
turbines during Asymmetrical grid faults is simulated and
assessed.

Index TermsDFIG, LVRT, RSC, GSC, WECS.
I. INTRODUCTION
s the penetration of wind power increases, wind turbines
are required to remain connected during grid fault and
contribute to system stability, according to the modern
grid codes. Since the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)
has been widely used in wind energy conversion systems, the
low voltage ride through (LVRT) technology of the DFIG has
been investigated extensively in recent times. A simplified
diagram of a wind energy conversion system is illustrated in
Fig.1. It consists of a wind turbine, a gearbox, a doubly-fed
induction generator (DFIG) a grid side converter and a rotor
side converter. By controlling the rotor and grid side
converters, the DFIG characteristics can be adjusted so as to
achieve maximum of effective power conversion or capturing
capability for a wind turbine and to control its power
generation with less fluctuation. Power converters are usually
controlled utilizing vector control techniques [1], [3], which
allow decoupled control of both active and reactive power.

Rishabh Dev Shukla, Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Electrical
Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-
211004, India (e-mail: a_author@gmail.com).
Prof. Ramesh Kumar Tripathi, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad-211004, India (e-
mail: rktripathi@mnnit.ac.in).


Fig. 1. Diagram of DFIG Based WECS
In electrical power grid, voltage dip could cause over voltage
and over current in the rotor windings and consequently
damaged the rotor side converter, the controllers for generator-
side and grid-side converters work concurrently to meet the
low voltage ride-through requirement by storing the active
power surplus in the inertia of the generator and keeping
constant the dc-link voltage. In this paper, the dynamic
response of a DFIG under grid voltage dip is analyzed
experimentally by software simulation in Matlab/Simulink.
This paper also discusses major grid problems and grid codes
for operation and grid connection of wind farms. One
requirement is that the turbine remain connected to the grid
within a certain voltage range and for a given time duration, a
requirement expressed in the form of the Low Voltage Ride
through (LVRT) curve Fig.2 [5]. Low voltage occurrences are
usually associated with grid disturbances, mostly in the form
of short circuits occurring on the lines connecting the WECS
to the main grid or at remote locations within the grid.
II. MAJOR GRID PROBLEMS & GRID CODES
Numerous concepts have been proposed for studying the
behavior of DFIG based WECS connected to the grid. With
the growth of wind power; the interaction between WECS and
gird will cause new problems about the safe and reliable
operation of systems. High penetration of intermittent wind
power may affect the network in the following terms link [1],
[4]-[7]: Poor grid stability; Low-frequency operation; Impact
of low power factor; Power flow; Short circuit; Power Quality.
The grid codes for wind, in general deal with the technical
requirements. The major requirements of typical grid codes for
operation and grid connection of wind turbines are
summarized in [5]: Voltage operating range; Frequency
operating range; Active power control; Frequency control;
Voltage & Reactive power control; High voltage & Low






Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) Ability of
DFIG based Wind Energy Conversion System-I
Rishabh Dev Shukla, Student Member, IEEE, Prof. Ramesh Kumar Tripathi, Member, IEEE
A

voltage ride through (HVRT & LVRT); Power quality; Wind
farm modelling and verification; Communications & external
control.
Low voltage ride through (LVRT):
In the event of voltage sag, the wind turbines are required to
remain connected for a specific amount of time before being
allowed to disconnect. In addition, some utilities require that
the wind turbines help support grid voltage during faults.
Period of fault or low voltage ride through depends on the
magnitude of voltage drop at the Point of Common Coupling
(PCC) during the fault and time taken by the grid system to
recover to the normal state. Table I shows the fault clearing
times for different nominal system voltages. The typical
duration for fault clearing is 0.15s.

Fig. 2. LVRT Curve
TABLE. I [5]
Nominal
system
voltage
(kV)
Fault
clearing
time,
T(ms)

V
pf

(kV)

V
f
(kV)
400 100 360 60.0
220 160 200 33.0
132 160 120 19.8
110 160 96.25 16.5
66 300 60 9.9

III. DFIG MODELING & CONTROL
In DFIG based variable-speed WECSs, the power electronic
converter only has to handle a fraction (2030%) of the total
power [3], [12]-[13]. This means that the losses in the power
electronic converter can be reduced compared to a system
where the converter has to handle the total power. In addition,
the cost of the converter becomes lower. The stator circuit of
the DFIG is connected to the grid while the rotor circuit is
connected to a converter via slip rings, see Fig.3.

Fig. 3. Operating principle of DFIG based Wind Turbine
Mathematical model of DFIG
The equivalent circuit of a DFIG in an arbitrary reference
frame rotating at synchronous angular speed
s
shown in
Fig.4.[9]-[11]

Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit diagram of DFIG
The stator and rotor voltages v
S
and v
r
in the synchronous
reference frame can be expressed as,
v
S
= R
S
I
S
+
d
5
dt
+ j
S

S
(1)
v
r
= R
r
I
r
+
d

dt
+j(
S
-
r
)
r
(2)
Where, flux linkages

S
= L
s
I
S
+ L
m
(I
S
+ I
r
) (3)

r
= L
r
I
r
+ L
m
(I
s
+ I
r
) (4)
Control of Rotor Side Converter (RSC)
The active and reactive powers which are delivered from the
DFIG to the grid are controlled by means of controlling the
rotor currents of the DFIG [15]-[20]. The two controllers in
the rotor side controller determine inverter d- and q- axis
voltages by comparing the d and q current set points to the
actual d and q rotor current Fig.5.


Fig.5. DFIG Rotor side controller
In Stator Voltage Orientation (SVO), neglecting the stator
resistive voltage drop, the active and reactive powers of the
stator and rotor are expressed as eq. (5, 6, 7 & 8),
P
s
= 1.S
L
m
L
5
+ L
m
v
sd
I
rd
(5)
Q
s
= 1.S
V
s
L
5
+ L
m
(
V
sd

s
+L
m
I
rq
) (6)
P
r
= 1.S( v
rd
I
rd
+ v
rq
I
rq
) (7)
Q
r
= 1.S( v
rq
I
rd
- v
rd
I
rq
) (8)
From the above equations, it is clear that power fed to the grid
can be controlled by controlling the rotor currents
components. The rotor current components can be controlled
by the vector control technique.
Control of grid side converter (GSC)
The purpose of the grid-side converter is to keep the DC link
voltage constant irrespective of the direction of the rotor
power flow. In order to maintain the DC link voltage constant,
Turbine
Wind


C
Capacitor

Gearbox Rotor
Stator
AC DC
AC
Ps Qs
Pr
Qr
Pgc
Qgc
Tm
r
s
Tem
L

Grid

AC/DC
converter
DC/AC
converter








Vf : 15% of nominal system
voltage
Vpf: Minimum Voltage for
normal operation of the
wind turbine.
The typical duration is 0.15 s,

a bidirectional converter is required to implement in the rotor
side circuit. Below the synchronous speed this converter work
as a rectifier and above synchronous speed this converter
works as an inverter to supply all generated power to the grid
at a constant DC link voltage.




Fig. 6. DFIG Grid side controller

The grid side converter typically regulates DC voltage and
reactive power. It is also a two stage controller operating in a
grid AC voltage reference frame. The two controllers in the
grid side controller determine inverter d-and q-axis voltages
by comparing the d and q-current set points to the actual d and
q- currents to the grid [18].
IV. SIMULATION & RESULTS
For the purpose of studying the dynamic performance of DFIG
wind turbine under normal and faulty condition with the SVO
vector control scheme extensive simulation using
MATLAB/SIMULINK have been performed. The
turbine has the following specifications:
TABLE II
SPECIFICATION DATA
Turbine data: DFIG data:

Turbine Power = 9
MW
Rated power = 5MW
Maximum output
power = 10 MW
Cut-in wind speed = 4
m/s
Rated wind speed = 12
m/s
Cut out wind speed =
18 m/s
Type = 3 bladed,
Upwind/Horizontal axis
Rotor diameter = 82 m
Rotational speed at
rated power = 15.6-18.4
rpm
Swept area = 22.89 m
2

Tower height =27 m
Wind energy
utilization ratio (C
p
) =
0.48
Rated power = 9
MW
Voltage (line to
line) = 575 V
No. of Poles = 6
Frequency (f) = 60
Hz
Stator resistance
(R
s
)

= 0.00706 pu
Rotor resistance
(R
r
) =0.005 pu
Stator leakage
inductance (L
s
) = 0.171
pu
Rotor leakage
inductance (L
r
) =0.156
pu
Magnetizing
inductance (L
m
) = 2.9
pu



Simulation Configuration of the DFIG Based Wind Turbine
under Three-Phase Grid Fault:

Fig. 7. Simulation configuration of DFIG under Three Phase Fault
Using the MATLAB/SIMULINK the above model is used to
simulate under the three phase short circuit current in voltage
dip situation. When three phase fault occurs at 25KV Bus, the
voltage sag at 575V will depend on the percentage impedance
drop of DFIG. Using the MATLAB/SIMULINK the above
model is used to simulate under the three phase short circuit
current in voltage dip situation. When three phase fault occurs
at 25KV Bus, the voltage sag at 575V will depend on the
percentage impedance drop of DFIG
Simulation Results
Case 1. DFIG during Grid fault (Voltage dips to 20%)
Voltage at Bus 575 V ~ Time

Fig.8. Voltage at Bus 575V under 20% voltage dip
Current at Bus 575 V ~ Time

Fig. 9. Current at Bus 575 V under 20 % voltage dip
Rotor Speed ~ Time

Fig. 10. Rotor Speed under 20 % Voltage dip






Total Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 11. Total Active Power under 20% voltage dip
Reactive Power ~ Time

Fig. 12. Reactive Power under 20 % Voltage dip
4.4.3. k. Rotor Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 13. Rotor Active Power under 20% voltage dip
DC link Voltage ~ Time

Fig. 14. DC link Voltage under 20 % Voltage dip

In this situation the active and reactive power fluctuates
slightly. Unity power factor is not maintained but it does not
result in a cause of great damage. Hence the decrease in value
of power factor is of no great consequence. Since the DC link
voltage also varies slightly, there is no risk of the link
capacitor getting damaged.
Case2. Wind Turbine DFIG during Grid fault (Voltage dips to
40%)
Voltage at Bus 575 V ~ Time

Fig. 15. Voltage at Bus 575V under 40% voltage dip
Current at Bus 575 V ~ Time

Fig. 16. Current at Bus 575 V under 40 % voltage dip
The duration of voltage sag in this simulation is 120ms.
Rotor Speed ~ Time

Fig. 17. Rotor Speed under 40 % Voltage dip
Total Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 18. Total Active Power under 40% voltage dip
Reactive Power ~ Time

Fig.19. Reactive Power under 40 % Voltage dip

Rotor Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 20. Rotor Active Power under 40% voltage dip
DC link Voltage ~ Time
Fig. 21. DC link Voltage under 40 % Voltage dip

For the duration of fault, active and reactive powers start
fluctuating as rotor speeds up and down. Similarly, the DC
link voltage fluctuates throughout sag. In this case the
majority power flows through the rotor. This phenomenon
might lead to the damage of the converters. Hence rotor
protection is of paramount importance in case of majority fault
condition. Since the DC link voltage varies in this case, there
is considerable chance of damage to the capacitor.
Case 3. Wind Turbine DFIG during Grid fault (Voltage dips
to 90%)
Voltage at Bus 575 V ~ Time

Fig. 22. Voltage at Bus 575 V under 90 % Voltage dip
Rotor Speed ~ Time

Fig. 23. Rotor Speed under 90% Voltage dip
Total Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 24. Total Active Power under 90% voltage dip
Reactive Power ~ Time

Fig.25. Reactive Power under 90% Voltage dip
Rotor Active Power ~ Time

Fig. 26. Rotor Active Power under 90% voltage dip
DC link Voltage ~ Time

Fig. 27. DC link Voltage under 90% Voltage dip

In case of a 90% dip in voltage, a spiky swell in the
fluctuation range is observed. The voltage starts to pull
through very sluggishly. For the duration of fault, active and
reactive powers continue to swing as rotor speed varies.
Correspondingly, the DC link voltage fluctuates all the way
through. In this case the majority power flows through the
rotor. This phenomenon might lead to the damage of the
converters.

V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a fault ride through ability of variable
speed DFIG based wind turbine when the power system is
subjected to asymmetrical grid faults. The dynamic behavior
of DFIG under power system disturbance is simulated by
using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform using space vector
control concept. Exact transient simulations are required to
investigate the influence of the wind power on the power
system stability. In the Stator Voltage Orientation vector
control method, the magnetic saturation, electro-magnetic
transients and other nonlinear factors are neglected. With the
SVO based control of RSC & GSC, connected to DFIG one
can control the flow of active and reactive power from DFIM
to grid and maintain the DC link voltage constant under
normal operating conditions at constant wind speed (12 m/s).
This controller and system performances have been studied
under different voltage sags. Up to 20% sag fluctuation in
active power, reactive power and DC link voltage are in the
tolerable range and system recovers after the fault is cleared.
With 40% sag fluctuations are more as compared to previous
and may become harmful for converters and capacitors but
beyond this limit say at 90% sag, components like converter,
capacitor etc may be permanently damaged. During fault the
active and reactive powers start fluctuate in the wide range of
its steady state value. After 130 ms, the fault causing the
voltage sag on the 575V bus bar is cleared, as the duration of
the fault is 120ms, then the wind turbine is operated under the
normal condition and produces the nominal power. Using the
SVO, the reactive power flow to the grid is maintained zero.
This ensures the unity power factor operation of DFIG. It has
been observed that under steady-state condition out of total
power (4.9MW) flowing to the grid, 1.4MW is flowing
through the rotor circuit (DC link) of DFIG which is about
twenty eighty percent. This indicates that under normal
condition the converter power rating will be around thirty
percent to that of DFIG power rating.
REFERENCES
[1] Bansal, R.C., Bhatti, T.S., and Kothari, D.P. (2001) Some aspects of grid
connected wind electric energy conversion system,Interdisciplinary Journal of
Institution on Engineers (India), May, Vol. 82, pp. 25-28.
[2] Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, and Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca,
Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators, GE Power
Systems, October 27, 2003.
[3] S. Mler, M. Deike, and R. W. De Doncker, Doubly fed induction
generator systems for wind turbines: A viable alternative to adjust speed over
a wide range at minimal cost, IEEE Ind. Applicat. Magazine, pp. 2633,
May/June 2002 (www.ieee.org/ias).
[4] Saad-Saund, Z., Lisboa, M.L., Ekanayka, J.B., Jenkins, N. and Strbac, G.
(1998) Application of Statcoms to Wind farms, IEE proceedings Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, Sept. Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 511-516.
[5] Indian Wind Grid Code-Version 1.0, July 2009.
[6] World Wind Energy Report 2009 : world wind energy Association.
[7] T. Ackermann and L. Soder, An overview of wind energy-status 2002,
Renew. Sustain.Energy Rev., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 67128, Feb./Apr. 2002.
[8] M S Vicatos, J A. Tegopoulos, Transient State Analysis of a Doublyfed
Induction Generator under Three Phase Short Circuit [J], IEEE Transactions
on Energy Conversion, 1991,6(1):62-68.
[9] Johan Morren. Short-Circuit Current of Wind Turbines WithDoublyFed
Induction Generator [J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
2007,22(1):174-180.
[10] Hu Jia-bing,Sun Dan,He Yi-kang. A Model and Control Method of the
DFIG during Grid Voltage Dip [J]. Automation of Electrical Power System,
2006, 30(8):21-26.
[11] Hu Jia-bing, Yi-kang. Control and Operation of DFIG Fault Ridethrough
Ability [J]. Automation of Electrical Power System, 2008, 32 (2):49-52.
[12] L. Morel, H. Godfroid, A. Mirzaian, and J. Kauffmann, Double-fed
induction machine:converter optimisation and field oriented control without
position sensor, IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 360368,
July 1998.
[13] L. Xu and C. Wei, Torque and reactive power control of a doubly fed
induction machine by position sensorless scheme, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Applicat., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 636642, May/June 1995.
[14] Ned Mohan, Ted K. A. Brekken Control of a Doubly Fed Induction
Wind Generator Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions IEEE
Transaction Energy conversion, vol.no22. 1, march 2007 page 129-135.
[15] Johan Morren, Sjoerd W. H. de Haan, Ridethrough of Wind Turbines
with Doubly-Fed Induction Generator During a Voltage Dip IEEE
transaction on energy conversion june, 2005 pages 435-441 vol. 20.
[16] Muller, S. et al., Doubly Fed Induction Generator System for Wind
Turbines, IEEE Industry Application Magazine, May/June 2002.
[17] Jesus Lopez, Pablo Sanchis. Dynamic Behavior of the Doubly Fed
Induction Generator during Three-Phase Voltage Dips [J]. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2007, 22(3):709-717.
[18] R. Pena, J.C. Clare, G.M. Asher, Doubly Fed Induction Generator using
Back-to-back PWM Converters and Its Application to Variable speed Wind-
energy Generation[J]. IEE Proc-Electr. Power Appl, vol.143, no.3, May 1996.
[19] Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, and Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca,
Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators, GE Power
Systems, October 27, 2003.
[20] S. Mler, M. Deike, and R. W. De Doncker, Doubly fed induction
generator systems for wind turbines: A viable alternative to adjust speed over
a wide range at minimal cost, IEEE Ind. Applicat. Magazine, pp. 2633,
May/June 2002 (www.ieee.org/ias).