The Garden History Society

Gardening Books and Plant Lists of Moorish Spain Author(s): John H. Harvey Source: Garden History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Spring, 1975), pp. 10-21 Published by: The Garden History Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1586375 . Accessed: 29/09/2013 10:12
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Gardening

books

and

plant

lists

of

Moorish

Spain;

by John

H. Harvey

from one country The introduction of plants to another has gone on for afd thousand main movements been towards several the have the highest years, of civilisation. centres Thus the expedition of the Chinese Chang general K'ien in transporting succeeded under Emperor Wu-ti IJucerne (as B.C.) (141-87 for blood-horses) in 126 B.C. fodder from Persia and the grapevine Pliny from Pontus tells us of the cherry to Rome in 68 B.C. Plants of brought for beauty, economic medicinal and flowers only sought importance, herbs, or rarity, in all the age of were carried directions long before perfume modern science. as well Western as much horticultural owes many plants technique Europe Under the Westo the dominion from A.D. 711 to 1492. of the Moors in Spain centre was the highest of Cordova Andalusia tern (929-1031) Omayyad Caliphate and produced in the Euro-mediterranean scientific of civilisation region in Arabic. culture with in all linked the immense Islamic literature fields, branches formed and with the Agriculture Botany, Pharmacopoeia, Horticulture, and and collectors of a subject scholars by practical eagerly pursued by Arato of modern cultivators. the debt of and civilisation, Though Europe, to contribution the importance is well bic science of the Islamic known, horticulture has not been sufficiently recognised. in the parts best of the In Spain, even today, is at its cultivation Moorish under Moorish took pains to preserve or which country longest rule, and their from the Muslims Much knowledge was conveyed methods. personally the to the Christian the Moriscos descendants Long before Spaniards. baptised from Arabic the Christians were learning (1492-1609) agricultural expulsions into and Castilian. literature translations Latin many Besides, through Toledo in were still and Christian bilingual. Spaniards Andalusia, Aragon, and practical both on the scholarly was preserved Plants, planes. Continuity into carried further were were likely and once introduced, to survive Europe able were climatically to whatever or roots, bulbs, places cuttings by seeds, made to European to grow them. additions gardens Many of the most important Roman times arrived since Spain. by way of Moorish of increasing after centuries came late, The peak of introduction of Islam was the cultural centre AoDo century sophistication. By the ninth in question were mostly and the plants in Persia, Syria, Iraq and northern but About our King Alfred's to Iran or long cultivated there. native time, the estawith a dawned new science of miles three thousand nearly age away, for the transat Baghdad. of a research institute blishment (c. largely 830) The and Indian in Greek, into of works Arabic lation languages. Pahlavi, son Ishaq and his al-'Abadi ibn Ishaq were Hunain translators chief (809-877) of the was the whole and among the works translated ibn Hunain (d. 910), in Arabic A new Book of Plants was written of Dioscorides. Materia Medica of Arab Father "the al-Dinawari the Persian (c. Botany". 820-895), by to Spain it was brought became available new knowledge Just when this his from called so 880. about Ahmad Al-Harrani, ibn Yunus al-Harrani, by the and Urfa between modern Harran (in Syrian frontier), Turkey, birthplace as and plants him to Cordova took with of learning, an ancient seat drugs comtime an extensive About this botanical information. advanced well as alwas later produced by quoted by authorities, agriculture, pilation6on his is known beyond born before but of whom nothing great 912, Kaldani,
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reputation.

During

the

tenth

century

Cordova

became

the

main

centre

of

bot-

of Dioscorides on account of an illustrated studies anical manuscript VII Porphyrogenitus (913-959) 949 by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine

sent in to the

coloured its of This III book with 'Abdarrahman pictures (912-961). Caliph in from the Emperor obtained that the Caliph so much interest excited plants to to translate the book and also monk Nicholas, able 951 the Arabic-speaking even by the prime miniattended in Cordova, lectures Greek in public teach an for under Hisham II (976-1009) This was not the end of the story, ster. in 983 to Dioscorides on the of Spain was written plants important supplement Ibn Juljul. by the Caliph's physician, reto an end, and the Christian was coming Cordova of The Golden Age and its horticulture the best Andalusian greatest but conquest setting in, in 1031 the end of the Western After to come. Caliphate books were still the Taifas, the most important succession Muslim broke up into Spain states, maintained The sultans of both states important and Toledo. Seville being is near the railway at Toledo, of that and the site gardens palace station, botaniboth became8 genuine What is more, del Rey. still known as the Huerta on and carried created at Toledo that cal gardens, by Ibn W-fid (999-1075), a great himself Ibn Bassal, plant death after his colleague by his botanist, of 1085 the Christian Until conquest on agriculture. and writer collector, for he worked Later Toledo. of sultan under he was in charge al-Ma'mun, He seeds. he sowed where imported Sultan al-Mu'tamid at (1069-1091) Seville, northern Khorasan (in in Sicily, had botanised Mecca, Cairo, Alexandria, whom botanist another He told Valencia. around and in eastern Spain Persia), in both an iris) "the Blue Lily" he had seen that he met in Andalusia (susan, and at Alexandria. Sicily

The great

importance

of

Ibn Bassal

lies

in the

survival

of

the

masterly

which and practical, both lcientific and gardening, on agriculture handbook text has been reThe Arabic al-Ma'mun. master to his royal he dedicated translation Castilian as an incomplete as well in our own time, discovered a diswith and starts in tone modern The book is thoroughly made c. 1300. its and of choice and the manures ground of water cussion supply, soils, of methods then species, by Particular species chapters give, preparation. the different and of and sowing grafting seeds, pruning trees, planting, In conand bulbs. and aromatic herbs flowering of vegetables, plants classes everthe on that as such of miscellaneous there is a selection clusion tips, ashes of inch them an on strew "Form your beds, of slugs: problem present the thus then lay on your manure and sow the seed; from the Public Baths, with meet will of the in search the earth plants, on leaving animal mentioned, confounded." and retire the ashes

To us it

is

the

chapters

enumerating

all

the

kinds

of trees

and plants

interest the special that of each, culture provide the appropriate with grown, detailed another that is increased value Their by the fact of the book. a from the next showing survives century, on Andalusian treatise agriculture is the Book of This in cultivation. in the number ol species advance great in time to be used by J.C. printed Loudon; of Ibn al-'Awwam, Agriculture him to and assigned name as "Ebn-Alwan" the author's he garbled unfortunately 1200. about died and the twelfth in late he wrote the eleventh though century,

Ibn al-'Awwam's more expressly

treatise concerned

and is than that of Ibn Bassal scale is on a larger into and wild plants trees with transplanting
11

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gardens.

He adds

sections

on

cattle,

horses,

poultry

and

bee-keeping.

The

lists
the

of plants
present

grown by these on to the

two writers cultivated

are

compared flora

in the revealed

appendix by these

to

article.

Before
authorities, are works lost.

passing
it is

Spanish

a few worth mentioning In the eleventh century,

other though writers, Ibn Wafid and besides

most of their Ibn Bassal,

both of Toledo, there was Ibn Hajjaj of Sville, whose compendium on simples, in 1073-74. Ibn Amr (died 1094) The geographer The Sufficiency, was written A and trees of Andalusia. later came a bok on the plants little produced a treatise to the prince who dedicated of Granada, Abu Tahir al-Tignari,
Tamim (d. 1125). Great medical botanists too were at work: Ibn Zuhr (Aven-

Ibn Bajja (Avempace) of Toledo zoar) who died in 1161; of all author of one of the greatest (d. 1166), Ghafiqi

and al(d. 1138); herbals.5 mediaeval

Later To this still later or a slightly Ibn al-'Awwam. generation belonged the the the tradition traveller work of (c. was carried Ibn by Mufarraj g and the lost books Ahmad alon Dioscorides, of Abu al-'Abbas 1170-1240) at Seville mother Nabati born of a Christian ("the about 1170, Botanist"),

and known to hav

as in the the Red poem Sea. on

studied
All this

plants
led

in Spain

and throughout Finally,

Georgics")

North

Africa
of Luyun, Ibn

as far
alat

up to ththimmense

encyclopaedia

Baitar

on the

medical

virtues

of plants.
Andalusian

gardening
of Ibn

was included
born

agriculturey1"the

who died in 1349. Almeria, c. 1080 and of Andalusia the cultivated The two books listing plants had doubled. the number of species c. 1180 show that in one century Though
does the increase more thorough due to Ibn al-'Awwam's partly treatment, or to cultivato Spain, that was a real there wave of introductions suggest than useful: rather were decorative 1100. soon after Many new plants tion, the varieties of the Judas Mallows, many Myrtle, Hibiscus, Oleander, Tree, had numerous cultivated Some plants and Water-Lilies. varieties, already also the wallflower (Cheiranthus including though notably cheiri), al-khairi, to have eight kinds: In both books this is said the stock incana). (Matthiola a and the common purple, white scarlet yellow, white, "turquoise", mingled, wild a small a tawny, also and a "sky-blue"; a very brilliant purple brown, and the "Water Wallflower", Moricandia moricandioides*) sort purple (possibly matlike last and flowering in summer. This sounds Sweet Rocket (Hesperis could flowers and sky-blue but it is hard to say what the turquoise ronalis), have been. of lily: over the kinds There is a similar brown, difficulty white, the brown and The white Lilium and sky-blue. was certainly candidum; yellow were fulva and H. flava, since these yellow may have been Hemerocallis Arabic in under name true uses their guise: al-Ghafiqi assigned by medicinal the Arabic an iris since The blue was almost Imaruqalis. certainly lily "the On the other had that hand, meaning. primary Spanish azucena, susan, narcissus The white is separately described small blue as an iris. lily" and ala small circle in the middle" is clearly "with yellow described, to the knowhint: "Some persons dedicated cultural the standard 'Awwam gives as bulb have dried, of this when the leaves of floriculture say that ledge

Mr Richard

Gorer's

suggestion.
12

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the until it should then be 2aken the summer, up and stored happens during two in September".* viz. time comes for planting, The violet only comprised "Seed and Cordova. and the at the Seville grown cultivated, wild kinds, in new flower-pots, and also should be sown on sheltered perforshady beds, on the surface after of the bed or pot some ated (for putting drainage), an equal mixed with from old wall or similar crumbled brick-dust material, amount of pigeon's dung".

The deliberate

naturalisation

of wild

plants

forms

one of the

most

He tells us: as practised features of gardening significant by al-'Awwam. is a or Convolvulus spp.) sepium perhaps "Bell-ivy Calystegia (Bell-bind, a It is like flower. with a beautiful Poor Man's Cord, wild called plant which a wild is kind of ivy. The ivy called small kissus ) (Hedera plant spp. down from them. Both these and hangs climbs trees may be moved to gardens, in February, their near the water-channels them up with roots and planted taking For these established. until become from time to time are watered they they

climbers

2ne

makes a trellis

of

stakes

on which

both

kinds

climb

and are

sus-

. tained" at in both books can be identified, most of the plants Although are due these as to genus, are several there difficulties. Generally and Arbic Persian fusion of nomenclature, from Greek, sources, coming Sometimes beset all the same kind that botany. pre-Linnean exactly

least to conof the

problem

merely

concerns

the

particular

species

of

a known group

such

as the

marshmallow Hibiscus there were shrubby mallows: forms syriacus), (probably as to is doubt and or hollyhock, and several of mallow. There varieties or even Chelidonium a Hypecoum, the "glaucous whether poppy" was a Glaucium, A plant as a yellow described "Lavender" is not specific. ox-eye majus. Asteriscus more a was be but probably perhaps theoretically might Buphthalmum been have which a The sorts included maritimus. of jasmine may purple one, There was a some unrelated of similar Periploca graeca. plant perhaps habit, of macedonica "Macedonian to be the Iris thought by Clment-Mullet bulb", been have already I. varie-ata). Problems of the "Lily" (probably Pliny inis the kidney-bean, discussed. there linquistically Among the vegetables all our of the genus from modern products though distinguishable Phaseolus, Ibn al-'Awwam are now believed to come from America. garden kidney-beans to 12 varieties, the plant had long been in cultivation that refers showing 26 lablab. before the twelfth it was Dolichos century: probably a blue rose to include The varieties are said of the rose by al-'Awwam and yellow and blue without and roses and blue within, without within, yellow There may have been two the last in Syria. common at Tripoli particularly Rose) Christmas of confusion: (as with different the use of "rose" sources for "blue" of a mistake to describe as and unrelated such plants hibiscus; foetida Rosa of be forms could of mixed colour the in roses case which red, rosa-sinenThe Chinese rose bicolor. (ward al-sini) may have been Hibiscus had alits one of or but it is conceivable that Rosa chinensis hybrids sis, available roses of to give7rise the remontant to some reached the West, ready the eighteenth before century. there was the wild roses the many cutivated Besides commonly dog-rose, as a bulbous is described in Arabic. The "nisrin", nisrin called however, and a hanging scent a very sweet with in two sorts, white and yellow, plant come out in the flowers in meadows; flower. and grows The bulb is small

13

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9 and are the first October flowers of the season from the earth. to spring of course, the logical season of the "farmer's implies This, year" starting from the autumnal From the description Mr Richard Gorer suggests equinox. that of Narcissus these were colour forms or related From tazetta species. as distinct from horticultural Mr and botanical James literary, sources,

Dickie has drawn up a parallel of some 50 plants list grgwn in Andalusian of the and eleventh twelfth centuries. pleasure gardens from this modern gardening Did we benefit in the Spain of eight or nine
centuries from 1248 taken for but indirectly. From 1085 Yes, ago? Seville to Castile. Valencia belonged the realm in 1238. of Aragon Granada, from 1236 Cordova, Toledo, and its were huerta rich Muslim until 1492, though

was tributary

to Castile

and often

an ally

of the

Christian

Castilians.

We

know that Englishmen of Bath ably Adelard from Petrus Alphonsi

in Spain and brought stayed when he collaborated c. 1120, later to physician Aragon,

- notback Arabic science Jew the converted with Daniel de Morley, Henry I.

who studied land "with

remained scholarly

at Toledo a precious

under Gerard of Cremona (1114-187), multitude of books" about 1185.

very was until close after 1500. in of by way MontpellierAnother southern

to Engreturned England and Spain

main route France, for where a

politically information

medical

school

was founded

by Arab and Jewish

physicians

from Spain

in the

twelfth and incorporated century From 1204 to 1349 the lordship an outpost and it was thus of

in 1221; the University to of Montpellier belonged It is influence. Spanish

in 1289. was founded the Crown of Aragon that the of interest

in 5Fance and earlier Botanic Garden, founded in 1593, is the oldest of the post-mediaeval gardens in England or Spain.

than

any

and in the books of Ibn Bassal The plants whose cultivation is detailed Ibn al-'Awwam have been rearranged in main categories and put into alphabetiin parcal order In a few instances have been repeated (see below). plants it be to than one can when they more but enthesis notably class; belong in to practically all that medicinal uses were assigned assumed every plants the to the plants In addition Ibn al-'Awwam described category. listed, of the cereals cultivation Wheat, Rice, Barley, Millet, Italian4Millet, and Zeocrithon. Summer Wheat (Triticum dicoccum),
* * * * * *

Appendix:

Plants

cultivated

in

Southern

Spain,

c.

A.D. to the

1050-1200 Royal Horticultural

Society's Ibn

names are in most Scientific of Gardening, Dictionary c. 1080

cases according 1956/1965. Ibn al-'Awwam,

Bassal,

c.

1180

FRUITS *Almond *Apple Apricot

AND NUTS *Almond *Apple Apricot Azarole (Crataegus *Banana (Musa sp.) Bramble *Carob (Ceratonia

azarolus)

siliqua)

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Ibn

Bassal

c.

1080 FRUITS

Ibn

al-'Awwam,

c.

1180

AND NUTS continued Black *Cherry, Chestnut Citron *Date Palm and Red

*Cherry Chestnut (Castanea Citron *Date Palm (Phoenix *Fig * Grapevine and Filbert Hazel

sativa) dactylifera)

Melon White (Morus alba) *Mulberry, Olive *Orange Freestone Peach, Clingstone, *Pear vera) Pistachio (Pistacia *Plum (Punica granatum) *Pomegranate *Quince Service (Sorbus domestica) regia)

Walnut (Juglans Water Melon

*Fig * Grapevine and Filbert Hazel Jujube(Zizyphus jujuba) * Lemon Lotus (Celtis australis) *Medlar (Mespilus germanica) Melon White *Mulberry, Olive *Orange Peach *Pear Pistachio *Plum and wild sort* *Pomegranate, *Quince (Sebesten) (Cordia myxa) Service Shaddock (Grape Fruit) Walnut Water Melon, two sorts

FOREST AND ORNAMENTALTREES AND SHRUBS Acacia arabica) (Acacia Althaea (Hibiscus syriacus) Arbutus Ash (Azarole) Azedarach *Bay Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Broom (Ruscus Butcher's sp.) (Chestnut) *Cypress

shrubby ?Althaea, unedo) Arbutus (Arbutus Ash (Fraxinus sp.) azedarach) Azedarach (Melia nobilis) (Laurus *Bay

(Chestnut) sempervirens) *Cypress (Cupressus * (? Poplars "Elm, Black")Tt tI Populus White") spp. * )

Hawthorn spp. ) (Crataegus helix) Ivy (Hedera officinale) *Jasmine (Jasminum * " Yellow (J. fruticans) " (? Periploca Purple 15

graeca*)

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Ibn Bassal,

c.

1080

Ibn

al-'Awwam~

c.

1180

FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS continued

Tree Judas (Cercis siliquastrum) *Lavender (Lavandula spp.) communis) (Myrtus *Myrtle Holm Oak oleander) *Oleander (Nerium 'Kadi '" called "Palm, small, Pandanus tectorius) (? Pine Plane (Platanus orientalis) donax?) Reed(Arundo Rose Rue and Wild Rue Sebesten (Cordia myxa) (Service) (Walnut) *Willow (Salix spp.) FLOWERS AND HERBS

Holm Oak (Quercus

ilex)

Pine

(Pinus

pinea?)

Rose (Rosa spp.) Rue (Ruta graveolens)

(Service)

(Walnut)

Anise

(Pimpinella

anisum)

Balm (Melissa officinalis) *Basil (Ocimum basilicum) *Bindwind (? Calystegia

sepium)

*Camomile (Anthemis nobilis) Caraway (Carum carvi) ? Celandine, Greater (Chelidonium *Colocasia antiquorum) (Colocasia (Citrullus *Colocynth colocynthis) Coriander sativum) (Coriandrum Cumin (Cuminum cyminum)

Anise Wild (Daucus Anise, gingidium) Balm *Basil * Bindweed ' s Broom) (Butcher *Camomile Caraway ? Celandine, Greater majus) *Colocasia *Colocynth Coriander Cumin Dill (Peucedanum graveolens) (Dracunculus vulgaris) Dragons helenium) (Inula Elecampane Fennel(Foeniculum vulgare) officinalis) (Fumaria Fumitory ? Hellebore, Black Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) Hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis) rosea?) (Althaea Hollyhock *Iris (Iris spp.) I. variegata*) bulb'? ( 'Macedonian (Lavender) *Lily Mallow, it
It

Leadwort (Plumbago europaea) candidumn) (Lilium *Lily

Cordova Garden
Sicilian

) )

16

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Ibn

Bassal,

c.

1080

Ibn

al-'Awwam,

c.

1180

FLOWER AND HERBS continued *Mandrake *Marjoram Marshmallow Melilot *Narcissus, * It Nigella (N. officinarum) (Mandragora (Origanum majorana) (Althaea officinalis) officinalis)

(Melilotus White Yellow sativa)

Wild (Origanum vulgare) Marshmal 1 low Marumn (Teucrium maru?) Melilot *Mint (Mentha spp. ) White and Yellow* *Narcissus,

*Marjoram 11

"Nisrin" tazetta?*) (Narcissus Nigella White valentinus?) * Ox-eye, (Anacyclus Yellow Yellow maritimus*?) (Asteriscus Ox-eye, Ox-eye, - see VEGETABLES, (Parsley Celery) Plantain (Plantago spp. ) White somniferum) (Papaver *Poppy, Rocket (Eruca sativa) 4 *(Rose) '(Rose) (Rue) (Rue) * (Saffron) (Saffron) (Satureia Savory sp.) Lesser" (Pancratium "Squill, maritimum?) 4 *Violet OViolet (Viola odorata) 3| (Wallflower *Wallflower cheiri) (Cheiranthus i| *Stock Stock (Matthiola incana) k(and White *Water Lily, alba) (Nymphaea nIt n1 Red (--var. rubra) "' " Yellow lutea) (Nuphar Wormwood Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) VEGETABLES AND SALADS Artichoke scolymus) (Cynara Asparagus Broad (Vicia faba) *Bean, I' lablab?) Kidney (Dolichos Blite Cabbage Carrot Cauliflower (? also Parsley) Celery Chick Pea (Cicer arietinum) Pea (Lathyrus sativus) Chickling Cress Cucumber

Asparagus

Blite capitatum) (Chenopodium and Roman Cabbage Cabbage Carrot Cauliflower

Cucumber

17

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Ibn

Bassal,

c.

1080

Ibn al-'Awwam,

c.

1180

VEGETABLES AND SALADS continued (Solanum Egg-plant Egg-plant melongena) or Endive) (? Chicory Endive (Trigonella Fenugreek foenum-graecum) Garlic Garlic Gherkin Gourd Gourd Leek Leek Lentil (Lens esculenta) Lettuce Lettuce (Lupinus albus) *Lupin Onion Onion Orach (Atriplex hortensis) dissecta) (Pastinaca "Parsnip" Pea Pursl ane (Portulaca Purslane oleracea) Radish Radish Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) oleracea) Spinach Spinach (Spinacia Beet Beet (Beta cicla) Spinach Spinach vulgaris Turnip Turnip C PLANTS ECONOMIR Caper (Capparis spinosa) Caper Chufa esculentus) (Cyperus Clover alexandrinum) (Trifolium Cotton arboreum) (Gossypium *Flax (Linum usitatissimum) indica) Hemp (Cannabis Henna (Lawsonia inermis) tinctoria) Indigo (Indigofera Lucerne sativa) (Medicago Madder Mustard alba) (Sinapis Nigella Safflower tinctorius) (Carthamus Saffron Sesame officinarum) Sugar Cane (Saccharum Sumach (Rhus coriaria) Tares (Vicia spp.) Teasel fullonum) (Dipsacus Woad (Isatis tinctoria) marked t hus have
* * *

Madder Nigella Pepper Saffron Sesame

(Rubia

tinctorum)

(N. sativa) (Piper nigrum) (Crocus (Sesamum sativus) indicum)

* See * The

note

30. identifications

proposed

been made by Mr Richard

Gorer,

who kindly

allows

me to

include
* *

them.
*

18

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Acknowledgments

I am greatly
sive of books list Miss M. Winder for Dr Latham has also

obliged

to Dr Derek

Latham for

providing

me with

an exten-

and editions of where detailing read a draft of

as for other as well and to texts, help; in London. be seen many rare works might Mr Richard this Gorer has contripaper.

both of buted to the proposed from his botanical identifications knowledge the history of Andalusia of cultivated and of the flora and the Mediplants
terranean. Medicine; the India To the libraries of the Wellcome the School and African of Oriental the Royal Botanic Office; Gardens, Institute of for the History of University London; Studies, Hortiand the Royal Kew;

cultural
personal Talbot. Notes A.M. Plant

Society
thanks

I am grateful
go also to

for

generous
Desmond,

hospitality
Mr V.T.H.

and much help.

Parry and Dr C.H.

My

Mr R.G.C.

Coats, Hunters

The Quest for Plants pp. 2-4., (1968), (Chicago, Laufer 221.

(1969);

K. Lemmon,

The Golden

Age

of

B. Laufer, XV No. 3,

Sino-Iranica 210, 1919),

Field Museum Anthropological other shows that several

Series, plants

allegedly
later.

introduced

to China

by Chang K'ien

did not

arrive

until

much

De Lacy O'Leary, M. Nakosteen, 169; Colorado (Boulder,

How Greek History 1964).

to the Arabs Science (1949), pp. passed of of Islamic Education Western Origins

164-

A modern edition al-Dinawari. Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Da'ud B. Lewin Wiesbaden in Bibliotheca continued (Uppsala, 1953)! M. Meyerhof, les musulmans "Esquisse d'Espagne", d'histoire Al-Andalus, de et la pharmacologie III (1935), 1-41;

was

begun Islamica,

by 26 chez op. cit.,

(1974).
botanique O'Leary,

pp.

172-175.
Ahmad ibn Sulaiman p. 252). Ali ibn ibn al-Wahshiyya ibn Juljul al-Kaldani (O'Leary, (Nakosteen, . cit., p. p. 274).

Abu Bakr Abu Da'ud Nakosteen,

Hassan

171;

Abu-l-Mutarrif Wafid al-Lakhmi

'Abd al-Rahman (Abenguefidh).

ibn ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Kabir on agriculture a treatise He wrote

Yahya of Saintp. viii. Toledo).

ibn

which

a fourteenth-century
El

Castilian

translation
281-332); Particulars ibn Bassal

survives

(J.M.

Millas

Vallicrosa, Germain, Abu 'Abd

1943, VIII, Al-Andalus, de les Medecines Libre Muhammad ibn Ibrahim

L. Faraudo de cf. (Barcelona 1943), al-Tulaytuli (of

Allah

de Agricultura, Ibn Bassal, Libro and M. Aziman Millas Vallicrosa cf. Millas Vallicrosa, Al-Andalus,

edited (Tetuan, XIII, 19

translation with Spanish Instituto Muley el-Hasan pp. 347-430. 1948,

by J.M. 1955);

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Abu Zakariya

Yahya ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn

al-'Awwam

al-Ishbili

(of

The manuscript survived in the Royal Seville). were translated in 1751 by command and extracts The whole book was published in parallel 1759). a canon of Tortosa translation by J.A. Banqueri,

at the Escorial Library VI (1746of Ferdinand and Spanish text Arabic Madrid (2 vols. 1802).

A French

translation,

with
de

improved

identifications,
d'Ibn

was made by J.J.

al-Awam (2 vols., Paris

Clement-Mullet, 1864-67). Abu-l-Khair Al-Andalus, al-Shajjar from Abu 3 Abu 'Ubaid (Nakosteen, Abu

Le Livre

l'Agriculture

Muhammad ibn Hajjaj al-Ishbili (E. Garcfa Gomez, p. him Abu-l-Khair called Millas Vallicrosa 137). 1945, X, him p. 101), al-Ishbili distinguishing XX, 1955, (Al-Andalus, 'Umar ibn Hajjaj 274). (Nakosteen, p. 'Abd Allah p. 235). ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad ibn Aiyyub ibn Amr

Ahmad ibn

of 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Malik born in the neighbourhood al-Tignari, X, 1945, p. 137; Gomez, Al-Andalus, to Granada close (E. Garcia Albolote, pp. 129-142). J.M. Millas XIX, 1954, Vallicrosa, ibid., 15 to be some M. Asln Palacios, There seems 255-299. Al-Andalus, V, 1940, Zuhr (d. and Ibn Zuhr (d. 1161); cf. confusion between 1131) Nakosteen, of The Book of Simple of an abridgement Part Drugs of Abu pp. 255-256.

Ja'far

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ghafiqi

and

was edited
University,

and translated
Faculty of

by M.
Medicine,

Meyerhof Publication

G.P. Sobhy Egyptian (Cairo, No. 4, 4 fasc., 1932-40). Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn information

Abu al-'Abbas 17 Nakosteen, p.

Mufarraj sent

(Nakosteen, by Dr Derek

p.

257).

171,

and

kindly

Latham.

al-Din Abu Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn al-Baitar al-Malaqi, Dhiya His great work was translated and died 1248 at Damascus. born at Malaga and von Sontheimer into German by Joseph (2 vols., Stuttgart 1840-42), de la et Extraits manuscrits des French Lucien Leclerc into (Notices by 1877-83). Bibliotheque XXV, XXVI, Paris, XXIII, Nationale, 9 Abu 'Uthman ibn Luyun al-Tujibi; see E. Garcia X, Gomez, Al-Andalus, for Ibn design garden general Luyun's p. 258. Nakosteen, precepts 1945; of his at pp. 240-241 are translated and planting by Mr James Dickie Bulletin and Function", Garden - its article "The Hispano-Arab Philosophy of Oriental and African of the School XXXI, 1968, Studies, pp. 237-248. and Sobhy II, pp. pp. p. (above, 275; note ed. 15), p. 130, No. II, 42. p. 265.

Meyerhof ed. 22 ibid., ibid.,

Banqueri, II II,

Clement-Mullet,

280/270 280/270.

20

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23

ibid.,

II,

pp.

321/312.

24 This

was particularly

due to the

medicinal

use

of substitutes

for

unobDrugs 1971).

tainable names were transferred whose drugs, in Early Arabic Medicine, Veroffentlichungen der Pharmazie, fur Geschichte Gesellschaft 5 Clement-Mullet See M. Levey, (above, The note 11), II, of 267.

Substitute (M. Levey, der Internationalen NF, Band 37, Stuttgart

Medical

Formulary

Al-Kindi

(Madison,

University

of

Wisconsin
27 On the ed., rose 1963);

Press

1966)

p.

331.
in Graham Thomas, of The Development The Old Shrub Garden Flowers Roses (4th (1970),

see C.C. Hurst and R. Gorer,

pp. 87-105.
M. Levey & N. (Philadelphia 29 30 Ibn al'Awwam, al-Khaledy, 1967), p. II, The Medical 230. Formulary of Al-Samarqandi

279/269. than the The literary list is considerably shorter be expected, as might but it is noteworthy one, and the carnation daffodil trumpet qadushi) (narjis or may be the red anemone or a poppy (shaqir, The as acanthus and thyme, as additions. well on our lists. an asterisk* marked with to of Oxford the University see and the general background Mediaeval Science (New York

note See above, 19. technical-scientific that it includes the and what (qaranful), as al-nu'man), shaqiq are plants 'literary' A.B. A.D. C.H.

A Biographical of Register Emden, II for Adelard 1315; 1500, (1958), in the History of Studies Haskins,

1924/1960).
32 The famous king of Aragon, Jaime I el Conquistador (1208-76), was born at

Montpellier.

33 For the Jardin

4 January 1964. xx.

des Plantes

at Montpellier

see

Gardener's

Chronicle,

34

Chapter

21

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