Pipes and Fittings Technical Appendix

Group: Alessa Peterson, Nicholas King, Julian Montoya-Zapata Section: W2-805

Date: October 10, 2013

Table of Contents Intro and Theory Objective Table of Responsibilities Variables and Units

Lab Apparatus Measurement Devices Apparatus Diagram

Safety and Operating Procedure Start Up/ Shut Down Safety Concerns Experimental Procedure

Experimental Data Raw Data Tables Assumptions

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results Sources of Error Quantitative Results

Introduction and Theory: Objective: The objective of this experiment is to determine experimentally the friction loses of a pipe in different pipe fittings configurations, and to understand and characterize the unit operations that relate to fluid flow systems of these fittings. Compare the experimental results with different published and theoretical values. Identify the different factors that influence the differences of these values. In this laboratory, an equivalent resistance in pipe diameters (fD) method is used to determine the pressure drop across valves and fittings. This method uses the equivalent length of a pipe dived by the internal diameter of the pipe the results are independent of the size of the pipe of the fitting in the laminar regions. Table of Responsibilities: Table 1: Table of Responsibilities
Responsibilites Julian Montoya-Zapata Alessa Peterson Nicholas King Tables and Figures x x x Lab Objectives & Theory x x Lab Apparatus x Safety and Procedures x x x Experimental Data x x x Experimental Data Collection x x x Analysis x Results x x Initials:

Variables and Units: o o o o o o o L= length of pipe (in) o o o = The pressure drop for the fittting (inches of water) = The pressure drop for the fitting and (conecting pipes) = Lenght of connecting pipe in point A (beginning) (ft.)
(5)

(1) = The pressure at the entrance of the pipe (inches of water) = The pressure at the end of the pipe (inches of water) = Gravity constant (32.3 ft/s2) = Gravity constant conversion factor (lbm*ft2/lbf*s2) = Flow speed square related to the entrance of the pipe. (ft/s) = Flow speed square related to the end of the pipe. (ft/s) (2) (3) (4)

o o

= Length of connecting pipe in point B (end) (ft.) = Pressure drop for the long length of pipe of same diameter and material as the connecting pipes and measured at the same flow condition o = Length of long pipe over which was measured (ft)
( )( ) (6)

o Lab Apparatus:

= Internal diameter of the pipe (in)

Measurement Devices: Rotameter (% max flow) Manometer (inces of water) Meter Stick (inches, centimeters, and millimeters) 2 Pipe systems Pressure gage on Rotameter system (psi) Apparatus Diagram:

Figure 1: Pipe system and numbered connecting tubes for manometers

Figure 2: Rotameter system, rotameters labeled A, B, C and D and valves numbered

Figure 3: Pipe with numbers connecting tubes for manometers

Safety and Operating Procedure: Procedure: Rotameter: 1) Open the source stop valve to start-up water flow to the rotameter stand. It should be clearly marked with a red tag. 2) Open the rotameter stand ball valve. An orientation parallel to the pipe is the open position for all ball valves. Water should now be flowing to the inlet ball valves of each rotameter. 3) Open the inlet ball valve to the rotameter(s) you intend to use. For this experiment, we will be using the smallest, by volume rotameter. However, the pressure of the water coming from the main is usually at 60psig with all necessary valves completely open. The o-ring on the smallest rotameter cannot handle 60psig and it will bust if exposed to such pressure. So, begin by using one of the larger two rotameters and later adjusting the pressure to nearly 40-45psig, which will allow the use of the smallest rotameter. 4) Open the rotameter outlet ball valve, followed by the main outlet stop valve of the stand. Water should now be flowing in and out of the system. 5) Adjust the outlet stop valve carefully to obtain the desired flow rate. 6) Shutting down the rotameter is simply the reverse of start-up. Manometer: 1) Attach the outlet hose from the rotameter stand to the straight pipe being used in this procedure. 2) Open all stop valves on the pipe. 3) Attach the two ends of the plastic manometer to any two inlet/outlet positions that are marked along the length of the pipe. 4) Start water flow by following the procedure for the rotameter stand above. 5) If too much air is trapped in the manometer, and water will not flow into either side of the manometer, slowly close the outlet stop valve on the end of the pipe until it does so. Then, reopen the valve. 6) Measure the height difference of water on either side of the manometer in order to obtain the pressure difference. 7) Repeat this process with the curved pipe, and different manometer attachment locations, making note of any curves in the pipe that will affect the water pressure. Safety:

Standard lab safety precautions used o Goggles worn o Feet and legs covered
Water-MSDS (Sciencelab.com):

Health 0 Fire 0 Reactivity 0 Personal Protection A o First aid measures not applicable for skin contact, inhalation, eye contact, or ingestion. o Non corrosive and non-irritant for skin and eyes. o Non-corrosive to lungs/respiratory system. o Non-hazardous in cases of inhalation and ingestion o No chronic health effects. o Non-flammable, non-explosive, and no applicable fire hazards. o Required personal protection often only includes safety goggles, and preferably a lab coat.

Data Sources and Gathering Methods: Pressure readings obtained from Manometer (inches of water) Rotameter used to change the % of maximum flow into the system Different inputs to the manometer were used at different lengths, different angles in the pipe, and across different fittings (measured with meter stick)

Experimental Data: Data: Figure 1: Pressure Readings over Different Lengths and Fittings of Pipe
Pipe Configuration 1 to 2 Figure 3 1 to 2 Figure 3 1 to 2 Figure 3 1 to 2 Figure 3 1 to 2 Figure 3 4 to 5 Figure 1 4 to 5 Figure 1 4 to 5 Figure 1 3 to 5 Figure 1 3 to 5 Figure 1 3 to 5 Figure 1 9 to 10 Figure 1 9 to 10 Figure 1 9 to 10 Figure 1 7 to 4 Figure 1 7 to 4 Figure 1 7 to 4 Figure 1 1 to 6 Figure 1 1 to 6 Figure 1 1 to 6 Figure 1 7 to 6 Figure 1 7 to 6 Figure 1 7 to 6 Figure 1 7 to 6 Figure 1 Rotameter 1st Manometer 2nd Manometer Used % Max Flow Reading Reading 1 45 15.7 14.5 1 25 9 8.5 1 25 14.5 14 1 75 20.4 20 1 45 12.8 12.6 1 25 13.1 13 1 50 12.6 12.5 1 75 6.4 6 1 25 13.7 13.6 1 50 5.6 5.5 1 75 9.8 9.7 1 25 11.4 11.3 1 50 17.3 10.8 1 75 9.1 8.8 1 25 10.8 10.7 1 50 16.4 5.5 1 75 4.6 4.1 1 25 19.7 15.9 1 50 15.6 11 1 75 6.6 5.5 1 25 16.1 5.4 1 50 25.9 8 1 75 7.2 5.5 1 25 16.9 16.8 psi 48 53 53 40 48 55 49 40 55 49 40 55 48 40 55 48 40 55 48 40 55 48 40 55

Figure 2: Pipe Lengths and Configuration Descriptions

Pipe Configuration Length (in) Angles in Pipe (Degrees) Description 1 to 2 Figure 3 81.055 0 Straight flat pipe 4 to 5 Figure 1 8.3 45 One 45 degree angle 3 to 5 Figure 1 18.1 45 One 45 degree angle 9 to 10 Figure 1 13.7 90 One 90 degree angle downward 7 to 4 Figure 1 53 90, 90 Consisted of two 90 degree angles, one downward and the second back upward 1 to 6 Figure 1 68.2 45, 90, 90 Consisted of one 45 degree angle upward, one 90 degree angle downward, and one 90 degree angle bringing the pipe back to flat 90, 90, 45, 90, 90 Consisted of two 90 degree angles, one downward and the second back upward, then one 45 degree angle upward followed by two 90 degree angles, one downward and the second back to flat

7 to 6 Figure 1

78.5

Assumptions: Room Temperature = 20 o C (293 K) Density of water at Room Temperature = 998 Kg/m3 Assumed machine readings were accurate/correct Assumed all fluids tested are incompressible Assumed flow was laminar

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results: Sources of Error: Human Error Misuse of Equipment/Device not calibrated Difficult to get all of the bubbles out of manometer tubes. Bubbles can change the reading that the manometer gives.

Often manometer readings moved up and down very slightly make it hard to get a completely accurate reading

Quantitative Results: Figure 3: Change in Pressure Over Different Lengths of Pipe and Flow Rates
Pipe Length Rotameter DP (in) Used % Max Flow (in of water) 81.055 1 45 1.2 81.055 1 25 0.5 81.055 1 25 0.5 81.055 1 75 0.4 81.055 1 45 0.2 8.3 1 25 0.1 8.3 1 50 0.1 8.3 1 75 0.4 18.1 1 25 0.1 18.1 1 50 0.1 18.1 1 75 0.1 13.7 1 25 0.1 13.7 1 50 6.5 13.7 1 75 0.3 53 1 25 0.1 53 1 50 10.9 53 1 75 0.5 68.2 1 25 3.8 68.2 1 50 4.6 68.2 1 75 1.1 78.5 1 25 10.7 78.5 1 50 17.9 78.5 1 75 1.7 78.5 1 25 0.1

Sources:
Cengel, ,. Y., & Cimbala, J. M. (2014). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.