Overview of Eurocodes

9 Scope of Eurocodes 9 Introduction to EN 1990 b i of basis f design d i limit state design combination of actions 9 Introduction to EN 1991 9 Introduction to EN 1993

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Scope p of Eurocodes
A total of 10 codes comprising 58 parts The first 2 codes are material material-independent: independent: EN 1990 - Basis of structural design EN 1991 - Actions on structures

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Scope p of Eurocodes
Remaining 8 codes are material-specific: EN 1992 - Design of concrete structures EN 1993 - Design of steel structures EN 1994 - Design of composite structures EN 1995 - Design of timber structures EN 1996 - Design of masonry structures EN 1997 - Geotechnical design EN 1998 - Design of structures for earthquakes EN 1999 - Design of aluminium structures
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EN 1990 Basis of Design

EN1990 states t t th t a structure that t t shall h ll be b designed adequately and you are required to demonstrate adequacy in: Structural St t l resistance i t Serviceability Durability Fire resistance Robustness

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Eurocode Subscripts
Extensive use of sub-scripts sub scripts generally helpful:
Subscript
Ed Rd El Pl

Definition

Example
MEd Design bending moment MRd Design resistance for bending Wel Elastic section modulus Wpl Plastic section modulus

Design value of an effect Design resistance property p y Elastic p Plastic property

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Actions, Effects and Resistances

Actions (F):
direct actions - applied loads indirect actions - temperature changes, vibrations both essentially yp produce same effect

Effects of action(E):
on structural members and whole structure for example bending moments, shear deflections forces,

Resistance (R):
capacity of a structural element to resist bending moment, axial force, shear, etc.

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Types of Actions (EN 1991)

Permanent actions (G): are those that essentially do not vary with time such as self-weight of structure, , fixed equipment q p Variable actions (Q) (Q): leading g and non-leading g actions, and those that can vary with time such as imposed loads, wind loads and snow loads Accidental actions (A): are usually of short duration, but high magnitude such as explosions, impacts

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Eurocode Design Approach

Outlined in EN 1990 Basis of structural Design Based on limit state design Principal limit states
Ultimate limit state, , concerned with collapse p

yielding; buckling; overturning Deflection; vibration

Serviceability limit state, concerned with function

Other limit states

Fire resistance Durability y robustness

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Limit State Design

Limit states: states t t b beyond d which hi h the th structure t t can no longer meets its original design intention Ultimate limit states: states associate with collapse collapse or other similar forms of structural failure, for e.g. strength fatigue strength, Serviceability limit states: states correspond to function, beyond which specified service requirements cannot be met, for e.g. deflection, vibration
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Limit State Design Principles

Define relevant limit states Determine appropriate combined actions {F}, e.g. applied loads temperature changes Determine D t i design d i effects ff t {E} bending moments deflections g resistance { {R} } Determine design Ensure no limit state is exceeded {R > E}

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Characteristic and Design Values

Characteristic values of actions Representative value of action above which not more than a small percentage of the action may exceed during the design working ki lif life Design values Design D i values l used dt to check h k limit li it state t t condition diti Design value of actions The characteristic value of action multiplied by the relevant partial factor for action

Design value of strength The characteristic value of strength divided by the relevant partial factor for material

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Partial Factors
Partial safety factors are applied to characteristic values for both actions material to account for y variability The value of depends on: Th The li limit it state t t under d consideration id ti The variable to which it is applied The context e.g. is an action beneficial in relation to the considered effect F for actions (loading) M for resistance (material and modeling uncertainties)

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Partial Factors
Action Ultimate limit Permanent Action (G) state Unfavourable conditions Favourable conditions F Variable Action (Q) Unfavourable conditions Favourable conditions Serviceability Permanent Action (G) limit state Variable i bl Action A i (Q) M M M0 M1 M2 EC 3 value (SG NA value) 1.00 (1.00) 1 00 (1 1.00 (1.00) 00) 1.25 (1.10) Partial factor G = 1.35 G = 1.00 1 00 Q = 1.50 Q = 0.0 G = 0.0 Q = 1.00 1 00 application Cross-sections Member buckling fracture

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Load Combinations
Fundamental combinations of actions may be determined from EN 1990 using Equation 6.10: 1.5 combination factor other variable actions

j >= > 1

G, j

G k , j + Q ,1Qk,1 + Q ,i 0,i Qk ,i
i >1

(6.10)

1 35 permanent 1.35 t actions ti

1.5 1 5 leading combination factor variable actions Load factors 1.35 and 1.5 are applied pp when actions are unfavorable

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Load Combinations
Identify y leading g variable action Qk,1 k1 The leading variable action is the one that leads to the most unfavourable effect (i.e. the critical combination) To generate the various load combinations, each variable action should be considered in turn as the leading one. one Other variable actions reduced by a combination factor Accounts for probability of simultaneous occurrence of multiple variable loads Imposed load = 0.7 Wind load = 0.6 (SS NA = 0.5)

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Load Combinations
the load combinations about EC 3
Gk = Dead load (permanent action); Qk = imposed load; Wk = wind load Load combination Dead load & imposed load Dead load & wind load Dead load, imposed and wind load Design load 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk 1 35Gk + 1.5W 1.35G 1 5Wk 1.35Gk + 1.50Wk + 1.05Qk or 1.35G . Gk + 1.50Q . Qk + 0.75W .7 Wk *1.05 = 0.7 1.50 0.75 = 0.5 1.50

Leading variable action

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Sub-Parts Sub Parts of EN 1991 1991-1 1

EN 1991-1 contains the following sub-parts: EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads EN 1991-1-2: Fire EN 1991-1-3: 1991 1 3 Snow S l loads d EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions EN 1991-1-6: 1991 1 6 A Actions i during d i execution i EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions ( (Impact p and explosions)
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Overview of EN 1993 ( (Eurocode 3) )

Eurocode 3 ( (EC3) ) contains 6 p parts: EN 1993 1993-1: 1: Buildings EN 1993-2: Bridges EN 1993-3: Towers, masts & chimneys EN 1993 1993-4: 4: Silos, Silos tanks & pipelines EN 1993-5: Piling EN 1993-6: Crane supporting structures

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Sub-Parts Sub Parts of EN 1993 1993-1 1

Eurocode 3 Part 1 has 12 sub-parts: EN 1993-1-1: General rules EN 1993-1-2: 1993 1 2 Fire Fi EN 1993-1-3: Cold-formed thin gauge g g EN 1993-1-4: Stainless steel EN 1993-1-5: 1993 1 5 Plated Pl d elements l EN 1993-1-6: Shells

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Sub-Parts Sub Parts of EN 1993 1993-1 1 (cont (contd) d)

EN 1993-1-7: Plates transversely loaded EN 1993 1993-1-8: 1 8: Joints EN 1993-1-9: Fatigue EN 1993-1-10: Fracture toughness EN 1993 1993-1-11: 1 11: Cables EN 1993-1-12: High strength steels

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National Standard & Annex

Every Eurocode will contain a National Annex The National Standard implementing Eurocode (e.g. SS EN 1993-1-1: 2010) must comprise the full, unaltered text of that Eurocode, including all Annexes. Th The National N ti l Annex A may only l include i l d information i f ti on those parameters within clauses that have been left open for national choice (e (e.g. g NA to SS EN 1993-1-1: 2010)

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Eurocode Conventions

Major axis Minor axis Longitudinal axis of element

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y y y-y z-z x-x

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Eurocode Conventions

Major axis Minor axis Longitudinal axis of element

y-y z-z x-x

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Material Properties
Nominal values of yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu for hot-rolled structural steel can be taken from T bl 3 Table 3.1 1 of f EC3 EC3-1-1 1 1
Table 3.1 of EC3-1-1 (part) Standard and steel grade EN 10025-2 10025 2 S235 S275 S335 S450 235 275 335 440 360 430 510 550 215 255 335 410 360 410 470 550 Nominal thickness of the element (mm) T40mm fy (N/mm2) fu (N/mm2) 40mmT80mm fy (N/mm2) fu (N/mm2)

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Material Properties
The National Annex may give the choice for the value of fy and fu which could be obtained from either the Product Standards (EN 10025 for hot-rolled sections) or by using Table 3.1. The National Annex of Singapore (NA to SS EN 1993-1-1) choose the earlier. The nominal values of the fy and fu for structural l steel l should h ld b be those h obtained b i d from f the h product standards. In I Singapore, Si non-EN EN materials t i l are allowed ll d to t be b used. d Further information on the values of fy and fu for steel grades manufactured to non-EN product standards is given in BC1: 2012a.
a

BC1: 2012 Design Guide on Use of Alternative Structural Steel to BS5950 and Eurocode 3, Building and Construction Authority, Singapore (ISBN: 978-981-05-9754-2)

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Material Properties

Values of yield strength for the most common grades of non alloy structural steel hot-rolled non-alloy hot rolled sections (S275 and S335) form Table 3.1, the product standard EN 10025-2 and BS 5950 are given in the follow table for comparison.
EN 10025 fy(N/mm2) S275 275 265 255 55 245 235 BS 5950 py(N/mm2) S275 275 265 255 55 245 235 EC 3 fy(N/mm2) S335 355 355 335 335 EN 10025 fy(N/mm2) S335 355 345 335 325 315 BS 5950 py(N/mm2) S335 355 345 335 325 315

Thickness EC 3 (mm) fy(N/mm2) S275 16 40 63 80 100 275 275 255 55 255

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Material Properties
D Design i values l of f material t i l coefficients ffi i t to t be b used d in i EN 1993-1:
Modulus of elasticity E = 210 000 N/mm2 Shear modulus: G = E/2(1 + ) = 81 000 N/mm2 Poissons ratio: = 0.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion: a = 12 10-6/ (f temperatures below (for b l 100 )

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