Chapter 2 Section 3 Muslim Ways of Life

In Section 2, you learned that many Muslim rulers brought peace and order to their empires. Peace and order helped trade to increase. Trade, in turn, brought great wealth to the Muslim empires.

Although Muslim traders enjoyed great success and cities grew, most Muslims lived in villages in the country. (page 191)

Muslims made valuable contributions in math, science, and the arts. (page 193)

Granada Agra

Mosque bazaar minaret crier

Mamun

al-Razi
Ibn Sina Omar Khayyam Ibn Khaldun widespread innovate

Muslims follow Islamic dietary laws. They are required to eat only pure meat, or halal. Pork, monkey, dog, cat, and any type of carnivore are prohibited in the Muslim diet. Other animals must be slaughtered according to Islamic laws to be considered pure.

I. Trade and Everyday Life (pages 191193)

A. Until the 1400s, Muslim traders were the most successful merchants in the Middle East and North Africa for several reasons: the expansion of the Arabic language, the provision of coins by Muslim rulers, and banking practices.

B. Mosques are Muslim houses of worship. C. Bazaars, or marketplaces, were important to cities.

I. Trade and Everyday Life (pages 191193)

D. Most Muslims lived in small villages and farmed. Wealthy landowners began taking over farms, and the farmers worked for the landowner. E. Muslim social classes were based on power and wealth. Government leaders, landowners, and traders were in the higher class. Below them were artisans, farmers, and workers. Slaves made up the lower class. Men ran government, society, and business. Women helped run families. Women could inherit wealth and own property, and in many places they had to cover their faces and wear long robes in public.

F.

I. Trade and Everyday Life (pages 191193)

Why do women follow the custom of hijab?

The teachings of Muhammad state that womens clothing should not attract attention. Some women also think covering their faces and bodies allows them to be judged for themselves and not for their bodies.

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

A. Arabic language helped different people trade goods and share knowledge.

B. Mamun was an Abbasid caliph who founded the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

C. Muslim scholars preserved much of the learning of the ancient world, such as the works of Aristotle and other Greek thinkers. Muslims invented algebra and perfected the astrolabe, a tool used to study the stars. They also experimented with metals.

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

D. Al-Razi, a Muslim chemist, developed a system for categorizing substances as animal, mineral, or vegetable.

E. F.

Ibn Sina, a Persian doctor, showed how diseases spread from person to person. Muslims created great works of literature. Omar Khayyam was a Persian poet who wrote the Rubaiyat, a poem considered to be one of the finest ever written, and The Arabian Nights is one of the most well-known works of Muslim literature.

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

G. Ibn Khaldun, a great Muslim historian, was one of the first people to study the effect of geography and climate on people.
H. Muslims developed a distinct form of art based on Islam. Muslims do not show images of Muhammad in their art. I. Muslim architecture includes great mosques, many with domes and minaretstowers from which a crier, or announcer, calls believers to pray.

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

J. Islamic rulers lived in lush brick palaces, with courtyards, pools, porches, and fountains. Most palaces were surrounded by walls. The Alhambra is a famous Muslim palace located in Granada, Spain.

K. The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, was created as a tomb for the wife of Shah Jahan, a Mogul ruler.

II. Muslim Achievements (pages 193197)

What discovery did Muslim scientists make using the astrolabe?

They used the astrolabe to measure the size and distance around the earth. Based on their findings, they realized the earth was round.

There were many Muslim cities such as Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus, but most Muslims remained farmers in small villages.

Muslim scholars made important discoveries in fields such as algebra and chemistry, and Muslim writers, artists, and architects also produced important works.

1. Describe the three Muslim social groups.

In the top social group, there are government leaders, landowners, and traders. In the middle, there are artisans, farmers, and workers. In the bottom, there are enslaved people.

2. What contributions did Muslims make in the field of medicine?

Muslims discovered how blood circulates and how diseases are spread.

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3. Organizing Information Draw a chart like the one below. Fill in details about Muslim contributions in the areas of math, science, and the arts.

Charts will vary.

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4. The Big Idea Which Muslim contribution do you think had the greatest effect on later civilizations?
Answers should be logical.

5. Summarize Describe several factors that made Muslim trade strong.

Arabic became the language of trade. Muslim trade was also made strong by the use of coins and detailed records, which led to banking.

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6. Analyze How did the Arabic language and Muslim leaders help preserve and advance the worlds knowledge?
Arabic helped people share learning. Scholars rewrote Greek, Persian, and Indian texts in Arabic.

Write the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.

1. A crier called Muslims to prayer from minaret the _____________ of a mosque. 2. After Muhammad died, his followers caliph chose a _____________ to lead them. sultan 3. The most famous _____________ was Suleiman I. bazaar 4. In each Muslim city, a _____________ sold goods to local and out-of-town merchants.

5. Arab merchants traveling in a caravan _____________ used camels to carry goods across the desert. 6. Each tribe of early Arabs was lead by sheikh a _____________. Shiites 7. The ____________ believed that Muhammads son-in-law should succeed him. Sunnis 8. According to the _____________, the Umayyad dynasty were the rightful caliphs.

9. How did geography affect Arab life?

Early Arabs traveled from oasis to oasis.

10. What guidelines did the Quran provide for the governments of Muslim states?
Its ideas were used in government.

11. How did the Arabs spread Islam?

Islam was spread through preaching, conquest, and trade.

12. Why did Muslims split into two groups?

The two groups disagreed over who should be caliph.

13. What two empires continued to spread Islam after the Arab Empire collapsed?
The Ottoman empire and the Mogul empire continued to spread after the collapse of the Arab Empire.

14. What three major Muslim cities were on trade routes from the Mediterranean?
Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus were the three major Muslim cities on the trade routes from the Mediterranean.

15. What scientific advances were made by early Muslims?

They perfected the astrolabe, measured the earth, realized the earth was round, experimented with metals, founded chemistry, discovered that blood circulates, and identified how disease spreads.

16. What is significant about Ibn Khalduns recording of history?

He studied the effects of geography and climate on people.

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17. Compare How are Islam, Judaism, and Christianity similar?

They all are monotheistic, have laws, and believe in an afterlife.

18. Evaluate Do you think a government that allows people to practice any religion they choose will be stronger than one that does not? Explain.
Answers will vary.

Study the map below and answer the following questions.

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19. Movement Why was the Abbasid empire unable to expand to the Black Sea?
The Byzantine Empire stood in the way.

20. Region What bodies of water could Abbasid merchants use to trade with the outside world?
The Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf (Arabian Sea) and Aral Sea could be used to trade with the outside world.

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21. Place Look at the locations of Damascus and Baghdad. Which do you think would have been the best location for a capital city? Why?
Answers will vary. Some students may state that Damascus is near the Mediterranean Sea, or that Baghdad is in a more central location on the Tigris River.

30. The Religion of Islam is based on the teachings of A Abraham. B Omar Khayyam. C Muhammad. D Bedouin herders.

31. How did Islam spread throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia? A Followers made pilgrimages to Makkah (Mecca) B European kings converted to Islam

C the Quran was printed in China

D through Arab merchants and traders

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Of the three ways that Arabs spread Islam (conquest, preaching, and trade), which one do you think was most effective?
Answers will vary. Information from the chapter and current events will help to provide answers.