SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN SULTAN BADLISHAH, 09000 KULIM, KEDAH.

NAME IDENTIFICATION NUMBER CLASS T.NAME DATE T.SIGNATURE

: TARMASELEN S/O PURUSHOTMANAN : 970928-26-5215 : 4SC 2 : PUAN. JUHAILA : 18.08.2013 :

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CONTENT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM CAUSE SOURCE GREENHOUSE EFFECTS AND THE THINNING OF OZONE LAYER STEPS TO MAINTAIN STABLE ENVIRONMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCE

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A healthy yet picturesque environment is always a significant dream to others. human However activities numerous have negative impacts our from dream

irresponsible

greatly

affects

environment. It has not only cause in balance in environment but also causes various environmental problems besides endangering the

ecosystem. The only way for us and the future generation to have a sense of peace mind living in the dream picturesque environment is mainly by planning development activities with great care which will possibly not affecting the environment at all.

So the environment should be preserved starting from now onwards so that the future generation will be able to feel the environment which we are experiencing now.

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The reason for the paperwork is being done is due to several objectives as stated below:

To instill awareness among human about the importance of the preservation and the conservation of the ecosystem. To sensitize humans on various type of negative effects of their activities towards the environment. To raise the efforts of creating a convenient, safer yet conducive environment for ourselves and the future generations. To deduce the time for the depletion and the destruction of the environment due to the environmental problems caused by human beings.

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I, Tarmaselen s/o Purushotmanan from 4SC 2 would like those who have been indirectly or directly involved in the making of this folio titled ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM. Ministry Of Educations effort in organizing the making of this folio is highly appreciated in a way of increasing students understanding in Biology. Hence, not only increasing students level of understanding, but also increasing the value of studying Biology as it is related to our living.

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By doing this folio, it does not only increase my understanding towards Biology, also it makes me grow enthusiastic towards the intriguing subject, Biology .I have now completed a paperwork on the topic ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM based on the last chapter in the form 4 syllabus. Nevertheless, I felt relief and grateful upon having such fabulous companion and references who were my Biology teacher Madam Juhaila, my parents, helpful friends and also siblings. I was really thankful to those who have helped me out ,being supportive yet helpful especially in providing extra information on the topic which is given to make folio. Without their help surely I will not be able to make this folio as a satisfying piece. Last but not least, thank you once again to those who helped me directly or

indirectly in the making of the folio.

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HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT ENDANGER AN ECOSYSTEM

The world s population might reach to 10 billions in the next fifty years .Hence, when there are increments in the number of the worlds population, it generally means that there is an increasing demand for shelter, food, medicine, transport and raw materials.

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Today, due to expectation of modern living and industrial revolution, the world has to confront the destruction of forests to build more houses, to being use as plantation areas and build roads, just to fulfill humans needs. Unplanned developments and mismanagement of ecosystem give rise to vast amounts of environmental crisis. Among those environmental problems are greenhouse effect, global warming, pollution, soil erosion, landslide, flash flood and ozone depletion. The human activities that we are talking about are like agriculture, burning or combustion, industrialization, urbanization and last but not least, deforestation.

DEFORESTATION CAUSED

Soil erosions Landslides

BURNING CAUSED

Green House effects Pollutions

Industrial urbanization caused

Pollutions

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Large agriculture of forests is cleared for extracting timber of fuel wood, agriculture needs, and for the sake of urbanization. The impacts are enormous and outrageous. Let see what the drawback of deforestation are.

LANDSLIDES
Soil erosion is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash flood and landslides. When it rains for a long time especially during rainy season, the top layer of soil loosens and slides down, thus causing landslides.

SOIL EROSIONS

Leaning of trees causes the loss of tree leaves that protect the soil from a massive impulsive force of heavy raindrops and also causes the loss of tree roots that hold the soil in place.

The wide exposure to the raindrops forces, give arise to soil erosion. Here, the top layer of soil is easily being washed away by heavy rainfall. The eroded soil, is then, deposited in rivers or streams.

FLASH FLOODS

During heavy rains, rainwater flows harshly into rivers because there is a nonexistence of retention of water by plant roots as well as proper water catchments areas.

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Due to silting in the rivers, the water flow is blocked. Thus, water flows inland and causes flash floods in low areas.

In addition, soil erosion contributes in the depletion of minerals in the soil, causing the land trouble to be used as a place of cultivation.

FARMING
In order to full fill the demands of todays food supplement, large areas of lands have been used and will be used for farming purposes.

Excessive use of land for farming and stock rearing lead to infertile land and may expose the soil to erosion by wind or heavy rainfalls.

Inorganic fertilizers usage in farming also results to eutrophication.

URBANISATION

Industrialization gives off industrial waste and heated waste water causing water pollution and thermal pollution.

Toxic gases released by industries contribute to a major concerning problem; air pollution.

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What are the Greenhouse effects?

Greenhouse effect is a process by which radioactive energy leaving a planetary surface is absorbed by some atmospheric gases, called greenhouse gases. They transfer this energy to other components of the atmosphere, and it is reradiated in all directions, including back down towards the surface. This transfers energy to the surface and lower atmosphere, so the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism. This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection.

Who discovered the Greenhouse effects?

The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by Vantec Arrhenius in 1896. If an ideal thermally conductive blackbody was the same distance from the Sun as the Earth, it would have an expected blackbody temperature of 5.3 C. However, since the Earth reflects about 30% (or 28%) of the incoming sunlight, the planet's actual blackbody temperature is about -18 or -19 C, about 33C below the actual surface temperature of about 14 C or 15 C. The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual temperature and the blackbody temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

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Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, is believed to be the result of a strengthening of the greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases.

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The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet could be catastrophic. Ozone is present in the stratosphere. The stratosphere reaches 30 miles above the Earth, and at the very top it contains ozone. The suns rays are absorbed by the ozone in the stratosphere and thus do not reach the Earth. Ozone is a bluish gas that is formed by three atoms of oxygen. The form of oxygen that humans breathe in consists of two oxygen atoms. When found on the surface of the planet, ozone is considered a dangerous pollutant and is one substance responsible for producing the greenhouse effect. In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion. And rightly so, because the ozone layer protects both plant and animal life on the planet .The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-1980s. The main cause of this is the release of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction. A massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now threatens not only that continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's melting ice caps. In the future, the ozone problem will have to be solved so that the protective layer can be conserved.

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There are many steps can be taken to maintain the balance of nature such as :

ENFORCEMENT OF THE ENVIROMENTAL LAWS Environment quality act, 1974 Controls and prevents the pollution of the environment Controls the type of licensing, content and quality of environment Tests and examines the samples of substances and gas from industries Natural forestry act, 1984 -Aims at protecting and preserving our forests and wildlife Pesticides act, 1974 -Aims at controlling the use of pesticides Protection of wildlife act, 1972 -Aims at protecting wildlife animals, birds and plants Fisheries act, 1985 -Aims at controlling marine pollution USES OF TECHNOLOGY Use modern equipment and chemicals to control oil spills. Recycle rubbish.

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 To look for methods to do research. Change organic rubbish to biogas. Use less polluting and clean fuels in motor vehicles. Control and treat the toxic and dangerous waste before disposing. EDUCATIONS

To increase the awareness and sensitivity of the individual to the environment. To provide the basic knowledge of environmental problems and effects of pollutions.

To teach the public the necessary skills to protect and maintain a healthy society.

To help the individuals to become responsible and sensitive to the environment.

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Force the development companies to replant the forest trees after deforestation.

Remaining the mangrove swamps area so that the ecosystem is protected. Restore the mining and used land for agriculture. Put effort in rivers cleaning to ensure there is sufficient supply of water in future) Practice of biological control.

A method of controlling the animal pests by using natural predators instead of using chemical substances.

Factors to choose the animals predators.

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Energy plays an important role in our life Non-renewable energy will be exhausted in one day. For example, coal, oil and fossil fuels.

Solar energy can be used as a substitute of fuel Renewable energy, such as solar energy, wave power and tidal power are environmental friendly and need to be developed.

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The effects of unplanned development and mismanagement of the ecosystem can lead to damaging consequences such as soil erosion, flash floods, landslides, eutrophication, pollution global warming, ozone depletion, climatic changes and loss of biodiversity. There are four types of pollution which are air, water, thermal, and noise pollution. Greenhouse gases released by various human activities can trap heat in the atmosphere and raise the Earths average temperature. Such an overall rise in the Earths temperature can leads to global warming. The thinning of ozone layer is mainly due to the accumulation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) in the atmosphere. Sustainable development must take into consideration of proper management of the ecosystem to ensure a balance of nature is maintained.

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 BIOLOGY FORM 4 TEXTBOOK. SUCCESS (OXFORD FAJAR) BIOLOGY <2013 EDITION> REFERENCE BOOK

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